TRifT HOC, S 6 2 (297), T H A N G 2 - 2016
NGUYEN NHAN VA PHUDNG HIUDTNG KHAC PHUC MAU THUAN GIUA CAC LOAI L0I ICH TRONG VIEC KHAI
T H A CCAC NGUON
TAI NGUYEN THIEN NHIEN ^ NUdC TA HIEN NAY
H 6 CONG DlJC •'*
Viec khai thac cdc nguon tdi nguyen thiin nhiin 6 nudc ta hien nay dang dgt ra nhiiu vdn dig&y bde xuc trong dU luan xa hgi Mpt trong nhitng vdn di bite xdc nhdt la mdu thudn giQa cdc loai ldi ich. Trong bdi viet ndy, sau khi khdi qudt mdu thudn giQa cdc loai ldi ich, tdc gid neu ra mpt so'nguyen nhdn vd phUdng hudng khdc phuc mdu thudn giQa cdc loai ldi ich do, nham gdp phdn cdn bang giQa cdc loai ldi ich trong viic khai thac cdc nguon tdi nguyin thiin nhiin cua ddt nUdc.
1. M a u t h u d n giiia c a c l o a i Idi i c h d nttdc t a h i e n n a y t r o n g v i e c k h a i t h a c cac n g u d n t a i n g u y e n t h i e n n h i d n
Hidn nay, d nflde t a viec k h a i t h a c cac ngudn tdi n g u y e n t h i d n n h i e n d a n g gdy r a n h i l u bflc xflc t r o n g dfl l u a n xa hfli. Mdt t r o n g nhiing bflc xuc n h d t Id mau t h u d n gifla cac loai ldi ich, ddc biet la mau t h u d n gifla ldi ich ridng vdi ldi ich chung, m a u t h u d n gifla ldi ich trudc m I t vdi Idi ich l a u dai.
Thit nhdt, m a u t h u d n gifla ldi ich rieng vdi ldi ich c h u n g t h e hien d ehd, cac ngudn tdi n g u y e n t h i e n nhidn Id tdi san c h u n g c u a n h a n dan, nhUng hidn nay d a n g bi mdt sd' ca n h a n , doanh nghiep k h a i t h d c chiem doat, n h d m phuc vu cho ldi ich ca n h a n , ldi ich nhdm, bdt c h a p ldi ich c h u n g cua n h a n d a n ciing nhU ldi ich lau dai cua ddt
nude, vdi n h i e u h i n h thflc khac n h a u . Dd la mdt sd' c a n bd thodi hda, bien c h a t ldi d u n g q u y i n lUc d l bao ke, cd'u kdt, t h d n g ddng vdi n h a u n h d m vd vet, v u n v e n cho Idi ich ca n h a n , ldi ich nhdm.
Dd Id ldi d u n g c h u trUdng, ehinh sach cua D a n g vd N h a nUdc de cap phep k h a i t h a c mdt each t r d n lan, vd td chfle, cap p h e p d a u t u vdo ca nhflng ndi chfla dUde d i l u t r a , k h a o sat, d i l n h i n h Id mdt so dfl an t h u y dien, trdng cao su, s a n golf, k h u cdng nghidp, v.v.. Cae dfl a n ndy da a n h hfldng n d n g n l de'n ldi ich c h u n g cua n h a n dan, nhfl gdy d n h i l m mdi t r u d n g t r i m trpng, d a n m a t ddt san xudt, ddn de'n t i n h t r a n g d a n t h a t nghiep, ngheo ddi, b e n h tdt gia
(*) Thac si, Nghien cflu sinh, Hoc vien Khoa hoc xa h6i, Vien Hfin lam Khoa hoc xa hoi Viet Nam.
NGUYEN N H A N V A PHUDNG H U O N G KHAC PHUC MAU THUAN.., tdng. Chang han, "vide thu hdi ddt hang
nghin hecta tai Kien Giang dang dly hang tram hp dan rdi vao hoan canh khd khdn, that nghiep, nghdo doi, phai di ldm thud, Idm mfldn khdp ndi d l kiem sdng"(l). Ciing vdi viec ldi dung quyen Iflc, chu trUdng, chinh sdch Id hoat ddng khai thac trai phdp nhlm chiem doat ldi ich chung cua nhan dan vl phuc vu cho ldi ich cd nhdn, Idi ich nhdm didn ra tran Ian tren khip mpi mien ddt nfldc. Chi tinh rieng linh vflc khoang san hien nay da "cd de'n 47/63 tinh, thdnh phd cd boat ddng khai thac khoang san trai phep"(2), v.v..
Mdu thudn gifla ldi ich rieng vd Idi ich chung cdn the hien d chd, cac ngudn tdi nguyen thien nhidn tuy Id tdi san chung cua nhan dan song dang bi mdt sd' cd nhdn, doanh nghiep khai thac, chiem doat dfldi nhieu hinh thfle khac nhau, nhdm phuc vu cho ldi ich ca nhdn, ldi ich nhdm. Trong khi dd, ngfldi ddn tai ndi cd ngudn tdi nguydn thidn nhidn dd lai khflng dfldc hfldng ldi ich gi. Trai lai, hp edn ganh chiu nhieu hdu qua ndng n l cua vide khai thac do, nhfl thdt nghiep, nghdo doi, mdi trfldng d nhiera, dich benh, v.v.. Tdt ca nhiing sfl that dd dang gay ra xung dot gay git gifla ldi ich chung cua nhan dan vdi ldi ich rieng cua mdt sd'cd nhan, doanh nghiep.
Thit hai, mau thudn gay gdt gifla ldi ich trfldc radt vdi ldi ich lau dai.
Vdi rapt qufl'c gia dd't chat, ngfldi dflng, ngudn tdi nguyen thien nhien ed han, nhflng lai bi khai thdc theo kieu chiem doat, thidu quy hoach, ke' hoach, vi ldi ich, ldi nhudn trfldc rait, ma khdng
quan tam den ldi ich lau ddi, da ddn den cac ngudn tdi nguyen thien nhien nhanh chdng hi can kiet, mdi trfldng bi tdn pha nghiem trpng. Sfl can kidt nhanh chdng cac ngudn tdi nguyen thidn nhidn, dac bidt Id cac ngudn tdi nguyen thien nhien khdng tai tao dfldc, ke ca tdi nguyen trdn rUng vd tdi nguyen dfldi bien, nhfl than da, diu khi, titan, vdng, v.v. tdt yeu se ddn din he qua la trong tfldng lai chung ta se phai nhdp khiu nhiing thfl md chung ta da tiing xuat khau vdi gia qud re mat.
Viec khai thac tai nguyen thien nhien theo kilu tfldc doat ndy ludn gin lien vdi van de mdi trfldng, g i n liln vdi sfl tdc ddng trd lai hay sfl tra thfl cua tfl nhidn ddi vdi con ngfldi. Tren thflc te, hien nay nhflng ndi nao dien ra vide khai thac cac ngudn tai nguydn thidn nhidn kilu nhfl vay, thi ndi do ngfldi dan dang phai ganh chiu nhflng hau qua ndng n l ve mdi trfldng song. Hp cdn phai chiu canh thdt nghidp, nghdo ddi va bdnh tdt hodnh hanh. Chang ban, viec khai thac titan d Binh Dinh, khai thac bauxite d Lam Ddng, khai thac vdng tai Nghd An, Quang Nam, v.v. dac bidt, viec khai thac than d Quang Ninh vfla qua Id nhflng minh chiing sinh ddng. Tai Quang Ninh, "xi than vd bun
(1) Nguyen Hfinh. Vu thu hoi hdng ngdn ha ddt: Se kien nghi Chinh phu thdnh IdP dodn thanh tra lien ngdnh, 1/8/2015, httpy/dantri.com.vn/8u-kien/vu-thu- hoi-hang-ngan-ha-dat-ee-kien-nghi-chinh-phu-thanh- lap-dDan-thanh-tra-lien-nganh-2015080108493471 .htm (2) Khodng sdn chdy mdu trong thidng canh bd xudt, 28/8/2013, http://baodatviet.vn/kinh-te/doanh- nghiep/khoang-san-chay-mau-trong-the-ong-canh- ba-xuat-2353507/
78
HO CONG Dtfc
ddt da vui Idp hang trdm ngdi n h a , l a m hdng chuc ngfldi chit, hdng n g h m ngfldi bi a n h hfldng, moi trfldng bi t a n p h a nghiem trpng"(3), "gay thidt h a i h a n g nghm ty ddng^(4), v.v.. D a y l a nhflng hdu qua ndng ne raa ngfldi d a n d a n g ngdy ddm phai o i n m i n h g a n h chiu. C6 t h i ndi, chinh vide k h a i t h a c t h i e u quy hoach, ke hoach, vi ldi ich, ldi n h u d n trfldc m I t dd gay r a n h i i n g a n h hfldng nghiem trpng dd'n Idi ich lau d a i nhfl da thdy. Day dang Id van d l bflc xuc, nhflc nhdi trong dfl ludn xa hdi.
Tfl ddy cd t h e thdy, viec k h a i t h a c cac ngudn tdi n g u y e n t h i e n n h i e n d nfldc t a hien n a y d a n g gay r a radu thudn gay g i t gifla eac loai Idi ich, n h a t Id mau t h u d n gay gdt gifla ldi ich rieng vdi ldi ich chung, gifla ldi ich trfldc rait vdi Idi ich lau ddi, a n h hfldng n d n g n e den qua t r i n h p h a t t r i e n k i n h t l - xa hpi ben vflng. Vdy, d a u la n g u y e n n h a n gay r a nhflng radu t h u d n nay?
2. M o t s o n g u y d n n h a n c h u y i u gay r a m a u t h u d n giiJa c a c l o a i l d i ich t r o n g v i e c k h a i t h a c c a c n g u d n t a i n g u y e n t h i e n n h i e n of nfldc t a h i e n n a y
Cd n h i l u n g u y e n n h a n gay r a m a u thudn gifla cae loai Idi ich t r o n g viec khai thdc cdc n g u d n tdi nguyen thien nhien hidn n a y d nfldc t a . T u y nhien, tfl thUe tidn, theo chflng tdi, cd mdt sfl nguyen n h a n chu yd'u nhfl s a u .
Thit nhdt, do buong long qudn ly trong viic khai thdc cdc ngudn tdi nguyen thien nhiin.
Trong rady ndra g i n day, m a u t h u d n
k h a i t h a c cac n g u d n t a i nguydn thien n h i e n d i l n r a d k h I p ndi vd h l u nhfl t r e n t d t ca cac linh vflc. Mdt trong nhflng n g u y e n n h a n d i u tidn ddn d i n cac m a u t h u d n do Id do cong tac q u a n ly ye'u k e m cua cac cd q u a n q u a n ly n h a nfldc, dac bidt la doi vdi cac ngudn tai n g u y e n k h o a n g s a n . Hien nay, cdng tac k i e m ke, thd'ng ke vd bao cao cua cac cd q u a n q u a n ly n h d nfldc hodn todn dfla vdo s d h e u do cac doanh nghiep cung cdp. Tuy nhien, khdng p h a i mpi doanh nghiep d i u thfle hien thdng kd, k i l m kd va bao cao mdt each day du. Hien "chi cd 30% doanh nghiep thara gia bao cao, vdy 70% kia d dau t h i khdng cd quan n a o h a y biet. \ ^ vdy, N h a nfldc hien khdng ndra dfldc thflc t r a n g "tdi san"
eua m i n h cung nhfl khdng k i l m soat dfldc san Ifldng k h a i thac eua eac doanh nghidp"(5).
Ben canh dd, cung do budng Idng q u a n ly md cae ngudn tdi nguyen khac, nhfl rflng, t h u y dien, ddt, nfldc, dflng thflc vdt, t h u y h a i san, v.v. dang bi mdt sd ca nhdn, nhdm ngfldi khai thdc, chiera doat, n h l m phuc vu cho Idi ich ca n h a n , ldi ich nhdm, md khdng t h e m q u a n tdm den ldi ich chung cua n h a n
(3) Minh Khang. Gdn trdm ho ddn bi nhdn chim sau tran "dgi hdng thuy" biin ddt. xi than. 27/7/2015, http://vt£.vn/gan-tram-ho-dan-bi-nhan-chim-sau-tran- dai-hong-thuy-bun-dat-xi-than.2.564596.htra (4) Dflc Hieu. MUa Idn d Qudng Ninh: Thiet hat 1.000 ty dong, 15 ngUdi chet, 28/7/2015, http://tuoi tre.vn/tin/chinh-tri-xa-hoi/20150728/thiet-hai-gan- l000-ty-dong-15-nguoi-chet-do-mua-!on/784452.html (5) Bich Ngoc. Rut rugt tdi nguyen khodng sdn phdi hi hinh!, 01/10/2014. httpy/moitniong-Com.vn/Home/
Default.aspx?portaIid=33&tabid=19&di8tid=21936.
NGUYEN N H A N V A PHUONG H U 6 N G KHAC PHUC MAU THUAN... _ _ _ dan cung nhfl Idi ich lau ddi cua ddt
nfldc, gay mau thudn gifla cdc loai Idi ich. Do dd, khai thac tdi nguydn cdng nhilu thi ldi ich cang chay vao tfli cua eac ca nhan, eac doanh nghiep, cdn ngfldi dan ndi ed khoang san h l u nhfl khdng thu dUdc Idi ich gi, thdm chi hp phai di mot khoang san tren chinh raanh ddt cua minh d l kilra sfl'ng. Hp lai con phai ganh chiu nhflng hau qua khung khid'p tfl mdi trfldng bi d nhiem.
Thu! hai, do cdp phep khai thdc cdc nguon tdi nguyin thien nhiin mpt cdch trdn lan, tiiy tiin, thieu dieu tra, khao sdt.
Vide cd'p phep khai thac tran lan vd tfly tidn trong nhflng ndm qua da ldm cho cdc ngudn tdi nguyen thien nhidn bi can kiet mdt each nhanh chdng, mdi trfldng bi d nhiem nghidm trpng; trong khi dd, Nhd nfldc vd nhdn ddn h l u nhfl khdng thu dfldc ldi ich gi. Hidn nay, nudc ta "ed khoang 5000 dilm mo da dUdc phat hien thi cac cd quan quan ly tfl trung fldng cho den dia phfldng dd cap phep khai thac gin het"(6). Trong hang nghin gid'y phep dfldc ca'p, cd khdng it gidy phep dfldc cap rapt each tfly tien khi chfla co dilu tra, khao sat, chfla cd danh gia tac ddng radi trfldng, cdp khflng dung ddi tfldng ddn den chuyin nhfldng gidy phep nhlm thu Idi bdt ehinh. Viec cd'p phep trdn lan, tuy tien do diln ra ddi vdi h l u h i t cac loai tdi nguydn. Theo k i t qua thanh tra, kilra tra, ehi trong vdng 2 ndra (2011 - 2013) "da phat hien 103 giay phep cdp khdng dflng thim quyen, 37 gid'y cap khi chfla cd quy hoach dfldc phd duyet,
52 gidy cap cho dfli tfldng khong cd nganh nghe kinh doanh, 29 gidV <^^P chfla ed danh gia tac ddng mfli trfldng, v.v.."('^.
Dfl cd'p phdp khai thac dien ra trdn lan vd d at nhfl vdy, nhflng Idi ich raa Nhd nfldc thu dfldc lai rat it, thdm chi khdng ddng k l do chu yd'u dfla vdo 30%
doanh nghidp bao cao, md phan Idn bdo cao khdng dflng thflc te d l trdn thue.
Chuih vi vdy, cap phep khai thac cdng nhilu thi ldi ich cang chay ve tui cua cac ca nhan, eac doanh nghiep, trong khi Nha nudc va nhan ddn h l u nhfl khdng thu dfldc Idi ich gi. Day ehinh Id mdt trong nhflng nguydn nhdn gay ra mdu thudn gifla ldi ich ridng vdi Idi ich chung, cflng nhfl mau thudn gifla Idi ich trfldc mIt vdi ldi ich lau dai trong vide khai thdc cdc ngudn tai nguydn thien nhien hien nay d nfldc ta.
Thit ba, do nhdn thitc cua mpt sdcd nhdn, doanh nghiep yiu kem, chi cham lo vun ven cho ldi ich cd nhan, ldi ich nhdm, ldi ich trUdc mat md khong quan tdm din ldi ich chung, cUng nhU ldi ich Idu ddi cua ddt nUdc.
Vi nhdn thflc yeu kem md mdt so' ea nhan, doanh nghiep da xem ldi ich, ldi nhudn cua minh Id tren hit, bdt chd'p ldi ich chung cua nhdn dan cung nhu ldi ich lau ddi ciia dat nUdc. Dang ndi Id da cd khdng it can bd lanh dao dUde giao
(6) Bich Ngoc. Rut rugt tdi nguyin khodng sdn phdi ti hinh!, 01/10/2014, http://moitruong.com.vn /Home/Defeult.aspx?portalid=33&tabid=19&distid
=21936.
(7) L6 Ki§n. Dicng ddo bdi qud nhiiu, Tudi tre, aS 224, ngfiy 21/8/2013, tr.3.
80
HO CONG DUC trpng trach quan ly cac nguon tai
nguyen thidn nhien, nhUng lai ldi dung chfle vu, quydn han cua minh de vd vet, vun vdn ldi ich vl cho ca nhan, cho nhdm cua minh. Chang han, tai tinh Ddng Thap vfla qua, "cac cd quan chfle nang da dfla 11 hi cao hen quan de'n viec bao kd cho nan khai thac cat trai phep ra trfldc vanh mdng ngfla xfl ly, trong do cd ca bi thfl vd phd bi thfl huydn iiy"(8). Ben canh dd, cung cd khdng it can bd thoai hda, bien chdt Idi dung chu trfldng, chinh sach dl diu tfl vdo nhiing cdng trinh, dfl dn nhlra vd vet, vun ven ldi ich cho cd nhan, cho nhdm cua minh, bdt chap Idi ich chung cua nhdn ddn, cung nhfl ldi ich lau ddi cua dat nudc. Chlng han, viec ldi dung chu trfldng, chinh sdch ldm thuy dien, trdng cao su, lara san golf, lap khu cdng nghiep dl khai thac gd rflng, dl chiem dung ddt dai eua nhan ddn, v.v. dang thUe sfl gay bflc xflc, nhflc nhdl trong du ludn xa hdi.
Ben eanh dd, ciing vi nhdn thflc yeu kem md mdt bd phdn ngfldi dan vd cdc doanh nghiep da "tham gia tich cfle" vdo vide khai thdc trdi phep cdc ngudn tdi nguyen thien nhien vi Idi ich cd nhan, Idi ich nhdm, nhfl khai thac khoang san, san bit, budn ban ddng vdt hoang da, chat pha rflng dfldc kiem lara bao ke...
Chi rieng "trong nara 2014, eac cd quan chfle ndng da phdt hien gan 2000 vu pha rflng trai phap ludt"(9), v.v.. Day la nhiing con so' khdng phai nhd, cho thd'y nhdn thflc yeu kem vd ca sfl cd' y cua
cham lo vun ven cho Idi ich ca nhdn, ldi ich nhdm, raa bat chd'p Idi ich chung cua nhan dan, cung nhfl ldi ich lau dai cua ddt nfldc. Day ciing la nguyen nhan quan trpng ddn den xung dot gay gdt gifla cac loai Idi ich hien nay.
Thit tu, do he thdng phdp ludt chi^
hodn chinh, con nhiiu ke hd ddn den bi mpt so cd nhdn, nhdm ngUdi ldi dung nhdm khai thdc cdc ngudn tdi nguyen thien nhien phuc vu ldi ich cd nhdn, ldi ich nhdm cua minh
Hien nay, he thdng phap ludt vl khai thae cac ngudn tdi nguyen thidn nhidn ehUa hodn ehinh, cdn nhieu ke hd. Cae vdn ban, nghi dinh di kem ciing khdng dly du. Vide giam sat khai thac chUa tdt, radi ehi ed 30% doanh nghiep bao cdo dinh ky, 70% cdn lai khdng chd'p hdnh nhiing chflng ta vdn chUa cd che' tai xfl ly dflt diem. Ludt thul thi quy dinh thue sudt theo kilu "tfl 5 - 10%, tfl 10 - 20%"(10), v.v. cflng la ke hd md cdc ea nhdn, doanh nghiep ed thd ldi dung dp mflc thud' thd'p nhdt, nhlm mang lai Idi ich cho minh. Dilu nay ddng nghia vdi vide gay thidt hai cho Idi ich chung cua xa hdi.
Bdn canh dd, quy dinh ve phi bao ve mdi trfldng cdn qua thd'p, thu khflng du
(8) Thanh Tfl. 11 cdt tgc Hdng NgU ra vanh mong ngUa, 1/7/2014, http://tuoitre.vn/Chinh-tri-xa-hoi/
Phap-!uat/615467/ll-cat-tac-o-hong-ngu-ra-vanh- mong-ngua.html
(9) Do HUdng. Chat phd rifng ngdy cdng tinh vi, 5/1/2015, http:/ftaodientu.chinhphu.vii/An-ninh- trat-tu/Chat-pha-rung-ngay-cang-tinh- vi/217565.vgp
(10) To Hoi. Mo vdng PhUdc Sdn mdt 15 tdn odng.
6/10/2014, http://moitruong.com.vn/ Home/ Default.
N G U Y £ N N H A N V A PHUDNG H U 6 N G KHAC PHUC M A U THUAN...
bfl chi cho vide khdc phuc vd cai tao mfli trfldng sau khai thac, dan den tinh trang radi trfldng bi tdn pha nang n l nhiing khdng t h i khie phuc dfldc.
Chlng han, "khi than Id 50 ddng/ra3, khi ddng hanh Id 35 ddng/mS, khoang san kira loai tfl 20.000 ddng - 270.000 ddng/t£ui"(ll). Da vdy, radt so doanh nghiep cdn de nghi giam thue xudiig mfle thd'p nhdt co thi, nhfl Tap dodn Than khodng sdn de nghi ha t h u l xudng 90%, tflc la cdn 4.000 ddng/t^"(12).
Hidn nay, phap ludt ciing chfla quy dinh rd rang ve viec bdi thfldng thiet hai do nhd diu tfl gay ra cho ngfldi dan. Vi vdy, nhieu cdng trinh, dfl an nhfl thuy dien, phd rflng trdng cao su, khai thac khoang san, v.v. gay d nhiem mdi trfldng, thidt hai ndng n l de'n kinh te' cua nhan dan nhflng khdng cd ai dflng ra chiu trach nhiem den bu hay khIc phuc.
Nhfl vdy, cd the thay nhiing nguyen nhdn ddn de'n mau thudn gifla cac loai ldi ich, nhfl do budng Idng quan ly, cdp phep khai thac trdn lan, nhdn thflc ye'u kem, he thdng phdp ludt chfla hodn ehinh, v.v. dang thflc sfl gay ra mau thudn gay gdt gifla cac loai Idi ich, nhat Id mau thudn gifla ldi ich rieng vdi ldi ich chung va mau thudn gifla Idi ich trfldc mIt vdi ldi ich lau dai. Nhflng mdu thudn ndy hien dang trd thdnh vd'n de cd'p thilt nhat rad chung ta cin phai quan tdra khdc phuc.
3. Mot so' phfldng hfldng khac phuc mau t h u a n giufa cac loai ldi ich trong viec khai thac cac nguon tai nguyen thidn nhien of nfldfc ta hidn nay
De khde phuc mdu thudn gi^a ^^^
Idai Idi ich trong vide khai thdc^ cac ngudn tdi nguydn thien nhien d nfldc ta hien nay, nhlm gdp phIn dam bao qua trinh phat trien kinh t l - xa hdi bdn vflng, chung ta phai thflc hien ddng bd nhilu bien phap khac nhau. Trong pham vi vdi vidt ndy, chung tdi xm de xudt rapt so phfldng hfldng khdc phuc nhfl sau:
Thi2 nhdt, ndng cao vai tro qudn ly cua Nhd nUdc ddi vdi viec khai thdc cdc nguon tdi nguyin thien nhien d nitdc ta hiin nay.
Nang cao vai trd quan ly cua Nhd nfldc la viec budc cac cd quan nha nfldc phai chu ddng, dieu chinh vi$c khai thac cac ngudn tdi nguydn thidn nhidn mpt each hdi hda, dam bao can bang gifla cac loai Idi ich, gdp phan han che mau thudn gifla cac loai ldi ich hien nay. Dl ldm dfldc dieu do, trfldc h i t Nha nfldc can thidt Idp dpi ngu can bd quan ly chuydn trdeh tdi nguyen thien nhien tai cac dia phfldng ed ngudn tdi nguyen trpng dilm. Ciing vdi dd Id viec phai tdng cfldng dilu tra, danh gia, xac dinh lai trfl Ifldng tdi nguydn de quan ly vide khai thac mdt each hidu qua, tranh hidn tfldng Nhd nfldc bd radc khdi tdi san qud'c gia do cho cac ca nhan, doanh nghiep khai thdc bfla bai, gay nhiing
(11) Thu Trang. L6 hong gdy that thodt ngudn thu khodng son, 9/10/2014, http://moitruoi^.com.vn/ Home/
De£aultaaiBt?pottaIid=33&tabi*=19&distid=22158 (12) Bich Ngoc. Bauxite xin giam 90% phi mdi trUdng: Vi sao gdy soc, 31/7/2015, http://baodatviet.
vn/khoa-hoc/quan-diem/bauxite-xin-giam-90-phi.
moi-truong-vi-sao-gay-soc-327963(V
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H 6 CONG DUC bat binh trong nhdn ddn. Nha nfldc
phai kidn quyet ydu cau doanh nghiep dp dung khoa hpc vd cflng nghd hien dai vdo khai thdc, tranh thdt thoat, lang phi tdi nguyen thien nhien. Tflng budc siet chdt viec xud't khdu khoang san, tiln tdi cd'm xud't khdu nhdm dam bao cho ldi ich lau ddi sau nay. Ben canh do, cac cd quan nha nUdc cin thilt Idp sU cflng khai, rainh bach mpi hoat dpng khai thac tdi nguyen, thiet Idp sfl binh dang, edng blng gifla cac ca nhan, doanh nghiep trong hoat dpng ndy.
Chiing ta cung can phai sdm gia nhap to chfle Sdng kiin minh bgch trong cdc ngdnh cong nghiep khai khodng (EITI), ma hien nay nhieu nudc trdn thd' gidi dang tham gia, de quan ly tdt hdn ldi ich tfl viec khai thdc cac ngudn tdi nguyen thien nhidn.
Thit hai, thitc hien viec khai thdc cdc nguon tdi nguyen thiin nhien mpt cdch CO quy hogch, ke hoach nhdm cdn bdng giita cdc logi ldi ich.
De gdp phIn khde phuc mdu thudn gifla cac loai ldi ich hien nay, nhdt Id mdu thudn gifla ldi ich rieng vdi ldi ich chung vd mau thuln gifla ldi ich trfldc mat vdi Idi ich lau dai, chiing ta phai tie'n hanh lap quy hoach, ke hoach khai thac mpt each hdp ly, phfl hdp vdi quy ludt khach quan cua tfl nhien vd xd hdi, nhlra dara bao hai hda gifla cac loai ldi ich. Mudn vdy, ehiing ta phai dieu tra, khao sat, ddnh gia lai trfl Ifldng de lap cae quy hoach, kd' hoach khai thdc cho tiing loai tai nguydn thien nhien, xem ngudn tdi nguyen ndo phai khai thac
tiet kidm, ngudn tai nguyen nao can dfl trfl cho mai sau, v.v. tranh hien tfldng cd'p phdp khai thac mdt each trdn lan, d at Idm can kiet cac ngudn tdi nguydn thien nhidn vd gdy d nhilm mdi trfldng.
Bdn canh do, cin phai quy dinh cu the cac dia phfldng chi dfldc cd'p phdp khai thac nhiing loai tdi nguyen thdng thfldng, nhd le, phuc vu nhu clu dan sinh. Ngoai ra, phai cd ke' hoach cd'm xud't khau cdc loai khoang san dfldi rapi hinh thflc, ddng thdi xuc tie'n nghidn cflu, triin khai tim ra cac loai vdt heu mdi, vdt heu nhdn tao nhlm han che' vide khai thac cac ngudn tdi nguyen thien nhidn, cung nhfl nhflng tac ddng tieu cfle trd lai cua tfl nhien ddi vdi con ngudi. Vide thUc hien khai thac cac ngudn tdi nguyen thidn nhien theo quy hoach, ke hoach se gdp phIn ngan chdn mdt each hieu qua mau thudn gifla cae loai ldi ich hidn nay.
ThU ba, ndng cao nhdn thUc cho dpi ngd cdn bp qudn ly vd nhdn ddn nhdm gdp phdn ngdn chgn mdu thudn giita cdc chu thi ldi ich.
De ndng cao nhdn thflc cho dpi ngu can bd vd nhan ddn, trfldc hit chung ta phai tuyen truyen giao due de mpi ngfldi dan vd doanh nghiep nhdn thflc dflng din ve mdi quan he gifla cac loai Idi ich, thd'y dfldc sfl nguy hai eua viec ldi ich cd nhan, Idi ich nhdra dang gdy radu thudn vdi ldi ich chung va Idi ich lau dai cua ddt nfldc, de dpa den sfl tdn vong cua che dp. Cin phai tuydn truyin, phd bien phap ludt vl bao ve cdc ngudn tai nguydn thien nhidn vd radi trfldng
NGUYEN N H A N V A PHUDNG H U O N G KHAC PHUC MAU THUAN..
tu nhien cho nhan dan; xfl ly nghiem minh nhfliig ca nhan, nhiing to chfle vi pham, CO tinh bao che, cau ket vdi nhau de chiera doat ldi ich chung cua nhan dan; keu gpi todn dan thara gia dd'u tranh chdng lai Idi ich ca nhan, Idi ich nhdm tidu cfle trong viec khai thac trai phep cac loai tdi nguyen thien nhidn hidn nay.
Ben canh dd, cin nang cao ndng luc nhdn thflc cho ddi ngu can bp quan ly bdng each ehpn Ipc dpi ngu can bd cd trinh dp chuydn radn, cd dao dflc, boat ddng vi ldi ich chung eua nhan dan, vi ldi ich lau ddi cua ddt nfldc. Cai each hanh chinh theo hfldng phuc vu ldi ich chimg cua cdng ddng vd xd hdi. Thflc hidn thanh tra, kilm tra va xfl ly nghiem minh; tich thu, sung cdng quy tdi san do tham nhung hodc ed dfldc mdt each bd't ehinh eua nhiing can bd vi pham nhdm rdn de, nang cao nhdn thflc vd trach nhiem eua ddi ngu can bp quan ly. Ngodi ra, eIn ndu gfldng ngfldi tdt, vide tdt trong eudc dau tranh ngan chan cdc loai ldi ich khdng chinh dang.
ThU tu, hodn thiin hi thong phdp limt nhdm gop phdn ngdn chgn mdu thudn giita cdc logi ldi ich trong viic khai thdc cdc ngudn tdi nguyen thien nhiin.
Hien nay, he thd'ng phdp ludt ve khai thae cac ngudn tai nguyen thidn nhien d nfldc ta chfla hodn thidn nen rapt so cd nhdn, doanh nghidp da Idi dung dl chiera doat ldi ich cho cd nhan, cho nhdra, gay radu thudn vdi ldi ich chung cua nhan dan vd ldi ich lau ddi cua ddt
nfldc. Chinh vi vdy, phai nhanh chdng hoan thien he thdng phap ludt, trfldc het ve cac mdt nhfl thd'ng nhdt viec quan ly tai nguyen thidn nhien, giao cho mdt bd ngdnh nhdt dinh quan I^, de ra radt mflc thue ddi vdi mdi loai tai nguyen thien nhien vd phai tdng mflc thue bao ve mdi trfldng len mflc cao nhdt hien nay nhlm ban che viec khai thae, huy hoai mdi trfldng, phai cd ludt quy dinh vide bdi thfldng thiet hai radt each tUdng xflng eho nhdn dan, do nhflng ngfldi ky quydt dinh, nhflng cd nhan, td chfle khai thdc gay ra. Ngodi ra, phai hodn thien ludt xut phat nghiem minh nhflng can bd dfldc giao quan ly tdi nguyen thien nhien nhflng lai d l xay ra nan khai thae trai phep, V.V.. Nlu chflng ta hodn thien dfldc hd thdng phdp ludt nhfl vdy, thi mdi gdp phan giai quyet rapt each tdt nhdt mau thudn gifla cac loai ldi ich hidn nay.
Tren day Id mdt so' giai phap cd tinh dinh hfldng gdp phIn khdc phuc mdu thudn gifla cac loai Idi ich, nhat la mau thudn gifla ldi leh rieng vdi ldi ich chung, mdu thudn gifla ldi ich trfldc radt vdi Idi ich Idu ddi trong viec khai thac cac ngudn tdi nguyen thidn nhien dang gay ra sfl bflc xuc, nhflc nhdl d nfldc ta hidn nay. Viec giai quylt mau thudn ndy Id mot qua trinh dly khd khdn vd phfle t^p; vi vdy, cin vdn dung ddng bp eac giai phap cd tinh dinh hfldng neu tren de giai quyet mdt each hai hda cdc loai ldi ich, nhlm phuc vu tdt nhat cho qua trinh phat triin kinh te - xa hdi ben viing. Q
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