II NGHIEN CLJU-TRAPDPI;
Nhan dien hanh vi ban pha gia trong Thifofng mai Quoc te
1. Mof dau
Phap luat ve chdng ban pha gia trong thffdng mai qud'c te nhflng nam gan day cd anh hffdng khdng nhd den viec xuat khau hang hda ndi rieng va tinh hinh san xua't, kinh doanh ndi chung cua cac doanh nghiep d nffdc ta. Hanh vi ban pha gia ludn di lien vdi canh tranh thffpng mai vii bi coi la hanh vi canh tranh khdng lanh manh nham dat dffpc nhflng lpi ich khdng chinh dang va khdng dam bao tinh cdng bdng.
Mdt hanh vi bi coi la pha gia phai bao ham ba dieu kien: gia tri cda san pham xuat khau dffpc ban tha'p hPn gia tri binh thffdng cda san phiim dd. hiinh vi dd phai gay ra hoac de doa gay ra thiet hai ve vat chat dd'i vdi nganh san xua't cdng loai san pham cda qud'c gia nhap khau va hiinh dd vi cd mdi quan he nhan qua vdi thiet hai.
Chd the cda himh vi ban pha gia dffdc xac djnh la doanh nghiep, cac doanh nghiep xuii't khau hang hda (qua bien gidi xet theo nghia thffdng mai qude te) cd hanh vi ban pha gia.
Ca'u thanh nen hanh vi ban pha gia gdm ba yeu td neu tren vii cac yeu td dd phai dffpc dieu tra, xac minh. nhan dinh
\ i ke'l luan theo ddng trinh Iff. thu tuc va tham quyen dii dffdc quy dinh trong Hiep
dinh chdng ban pha gia cda WTO.
Mdt hanh vi bi coi la ban pha gia khi vii chi khi cd ket luan chinh thffc cda cd quan cd Iham quyen cua WTO ve viec cd hanh vi ban pha gia. Hanh vi ban pha gia cdn cd the dffpc nguy trang dffdi met sd hinh thffc nhff: pha gia an, pha gia gian tiep. pha gia thff cap v.v...
Viec lam rd each thffc xac dinh hanh vi bi coi la ban pha gia trong khudn khd WTO cd y nghia trong viec gidp cac doanh nghiep. hiep hdi nganh nghe. cac cd quan hflu quan cda Viet Nam khdng chi phdng chdng bi ap thue chdng ban pha gia tff nffdc ngoai ma cdn gidp hp tham gia vao viec ap dung chinh sach cda Viet Nam ve chdng ban pha gia vdi cac doanh nghiep xual khau tff nffdc ngoai vao Viet Nam.
Trong ba dieu kien ciiu thanh cda hanh vi bi coi la ban pha gia ke tren. dieu kien gia tri cda san pham xua't khau dffpc ban tha'p hPn gia tri binh thffdng cda san pham dd la mpt dieu kien ma cac doanh nghiep cd the biet dffdc ngay iff khi ky hpp ddng \'di ddi lac. Tuy nhien, viec xac dinh dieu kien nay thffdng dffdc coi la vii'n de phffc lap dd'i vdi cac qud'c gia dang trong qua trinh xay dffng nen kinh le thi trffdng. Vi vay, trong pham vi bai viet nay chdng tdi chi lap trung l&m ro each thffc xac dinh dieu j
LE MINH TOAN Thgc sy Ludt hoc
2. Cach thiic xac dinh hanh vi bi coi la ban pha gia trong khuon kho WTO
Viec xac dinh hanh vi ban pha gia dffdc thffc hien tren cP sd so sanh ve gia giffa gia xua't khau va gia thdng thffdng.
Trong dd, gia xua't khau (P_ex) la gia xuat khau tfl nffdc nay sang nffdc khae:
gia thdng thffdng (P_po) la gia ban hang hda tffdng iff lai thi trffdng ndi dia cd the so sanh dffpc; khoang chenh lech giffa P_po va P_ex dffpc gpi la bien dp pha gia (P_dif). Theo dd. trffdng hpp P_dif <=0.
khdng cd hiinh vi ban pha gia; trffdng hpp P_dif >0, tiep luc xem xet mdt sd yeu id khae ca'u thanh nen hanh vi ban pha gia.
Ve cdch tinh bien dq phd gid:
P_dif = P_po - P_ex
P_dif cd the tinh bang tri gia tuyet dd'i hoac theo phan tram theo cdng thffc:
P_dif = (P_po-P_ex)/P_ex.
Vi du: P_po = 2.200 USD/sp.
P_ex = 2.000 USD/sp.
P_dif = 2.200 USD/sp - 2.000 USD/sp =200 USD/sp
Hoac = (2.200 - 2.000)/2.000
= 10%
Ve cdch gid xuat khdu:
P_ex la miJc gii ma nha san xuat
USd4-2011 TAI CHINH DOANH NGHIEP
NGHIEN CLJU-TRAP DPI
nffdc ngoiii ban san phiim sang nffdc nhap khau. Cd hai each thffc xac dinh mffc gia xua't khau, bao gdm:
- Cac7i /: Gia xuat khii'u lii gia trong giao dich mua ban giffa nha san xuiit hoac nhii xuat khau cda nffdc xua't khiiu vdi nhii nhap khiiu cda nffdc nhap khiiu;
- Cdch 2: Gia xual khii'u la gia dffpc linh loan tren cP sd gia ban san pham Iffdng Iff (SPTT) cho ngffdi mua ddc lap dau tien tai nffdc nhap khiiu; hoac mdi tri gia linh loan theo nhffng lieu chi hpp ly do cP quan cd tham quyen quye'l dinh.
Trong cac dieu kien thffpng mai thdng thffdng ffu lien ap dung linh gia xual khau theo each 1. Chi khi hoiin canh cu the khdng dap ffng cac dieu kien ap dung each 1 thi gia xuii't khau mdi dffdc tinh iheo each 2.
Chang ban cac trffdng hpp gia ban SPTT khdng lin cay dffdc do: Giao dich xuiit khiiu dffpc thffc hien trong ndi bd cdng ty; hoac theo mdt thda thuan den bu nao dd thi:
P_ex = giii mil san pham nhap khau dffdc ban lan dau tien cho mdt ngffdi mua dpc lap d nffdc nhiip khau.
Ve cdch tinh gid thong thffdng:
P_po dffpc hieu la mffc gia ban hang hda IffPng Iff vdi san pham bi dieu Ira ve hiinh vi ban pha gia lai thi trffdng ndi dia cua nffdc xuii't khii'u. Cd 03 Ciich Xiic djnh mffc giii thdng thffdng.
Cdch T. Giii thdng thffdng dffdc xiic dinh lii mffc gia ban san pham IffPng tff cd the so sanh dffdc lai Ihi trffdns; ndi
dffPc coi la dd dieu kien so siinh khi:
- Cd ban san pham, hang hda tffPng Iff tai thi trffdng ndi dia.
- Thi trffdng ndi dia dffdc van hanh theo cP che thi trffdng.
- sd Iffpng san phii'm tffPng Iff dffpc danh de lieu thu trong nffdc tiii nffdc xua't khau thdng thffdng dffdc coi la dd Idn de xac dinh gia tri thffc neu doanh sd ban hang dd chiem 5% hoac cao hPn sd Iffpng ban san pham dang xem xet dd tdi nffdc nhap khau. Trong trffdng hpp ty le thap hPn cung phai dffpc chap nhan neu nhff cd bang chffng cho tha'y rang ty le tha'p nhff vay van dat dd Idn de cd the so sanh mdt each hdp ly.
Cdch 2: Trong thffdng hpp khdng the so sanh vdi gia ban hiing hda IffPng Iff lai thi trffdng ndi dia vi mdt sd ly do dffpc neu tren diiy thi gia xua't khau se dffpc so sanh vdi gia xuat khau hang hda IffPng Iff Iff Ihi trffdng nffdc xuiit khiiu sang thi trffdng nffdc thff ba.
Vdi dieu kien la mffc gia cd the so Siinh dffdc nay mang linh diii dien.
Cdch 3: Gid thdng thffdng dffpc xac dinh thdng qua tinh loan vdi ciic chi phi san xual liii nffdc xua't xd bang hda cpng them mpt khoan hpp ly chi phi quan trj, biin hiing. ciic chi phi chung vii mot khoan lpi nhulin.
Trffdng hpp SPTT dffpc xuiii khau tff mdt nffdc cd nen kinh le phi thj Hffdng (gili biin hiing va giii nguyen lieu diiu vao do chinh phd an dinh) thi Ciic Ciich linh iren khdng dffdc iip dung de Xiic dinh P_po, cd quan cd tham quyen cua nffdc nhap khau se bd qua cdc sd lieu ve chi phf. gid ban tiii thi
thff 3 de ihay the (dung gia ban vao hoac chi phi san xua't tiii nffdc nay) de linh loan gid tri thdng thffdng cda san pha'm bi dieu tra.
Ve viec liia chon gid bdn sdn phdm tffOng tff de so sdnh:
Viec ban cac san pham tffdng iff tai thi trffdng ndi dia cua nffdc xuat khau hoac bdn sang mdt nffdc thff 3 vdi gid thap hPn chi phi san xual theo dPn vi san pha'm (bao gdm chi phi cd dinh va chi phi bien ddi) cdng vdi cac chi phi quan tri. chi phi ban hang va cdc chi phi chung cd the dffpc coi la gid bdn khdng theo cac dieu kien thffdng miii thdng thffdng va cd the khdng dffdc xem xet tdi trong qud trinh xdc dinh gid tri thdng thffdng cda siin pha'm.
Tuy nhien neu cdc cd quan cd tham quyen cda WTO quyet dinh rang viec ban hang do dffPc thffc hien trong mdt khoang thdi gian keo diii (Thdng thffdng. khoang thdi gian keo dai la I nam \a Irong mpi trffdng hPp khdng dffpc il hPn 6 thang), vdi mdt khdi Iffpng ddng ke va dffdc bdn vdi mffc gia khdng dd bu ddp chi phi trong mpt khoang thdi gian hdp ly. Neu nhff mffc gia ban thiip hdn chi phi liii thdi diem ban hiing nhffng liii cao hPn mffc chi phi binh quan gia quyen cho mdi siin phiim trong khoang thdi gian lien hiinh dieu tra thi mdc gid dd dffPc coi lii dd de bu ddp cho cdc chi phi trong mot khoang thdi gian hPp ly.
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