72 H 6 T H ! KISU OANH, PHAN TH| XUAN HA
TUC N G C SO SANH TRONG TIENG ANH VA TIENG VIET:
NHtJ^G TlTONG DONG VA KHAC BIET
H 6 THj Kieu OANH*
PHAN TH! X U A N H A * *
I.Datvande
Tuc ngtt la "nhttng cau ndi truygn thdng cd dpng, d nhflng dang thflc cd djnh thfldng cd van dieu de de nhd ve nhflng chin ly hien nhign dfldc Ittu truygn trong d i n gian tfl thg he n i y sang the he khic" (Mieder, 2004) va dflflc xem nhu la bd bach khoa thu ve cudc sdng mudn mau mudn ve cfla moi mdt cdng ddng/ dan tdc bao gdm nhttng tri thflc, nhflng kinh nghiem sdng... Trong do, cd fyc ngd so sanh - "nhttng tuc ngtt dien dat ba cap dp so sinh: gidng nhau, stt hfln kem hoac bac nhat". Vi the tuc ngtt, nha't la tuc ngtt so sinh ludn thu hflt dttdc sU quan t i m cfla nhieu n h i nghign cflu cflng nhfl ngfldi hpc tap ngdn ngfl. Cho den nay, d i cd rat nhieu cdng trinh nghign cflu vg tuc ngfl d cic khia canh nhu tim hieu ngudn gdc, hoin canh ra ddi, sU luu truyen hay p h i n tich bien phap tu ttt an du, cau trflc dg - thuyet trong tuc ngfl ... TrUdc tinh hinh do, vigc nghign cttu, tim hieu vg nhttng tuong dong v i khic bigt gitta tuc ngfl so sinh la rat can thiet. Qua do, sg giflp ngudi hpc, ngUdi day tieng Anh va tieng Viet thay dupc nhttng die diem khic nhau cfla moi mdt ngdn ngtt cung nhu thay dupc net tinh hoa cfla nhttng ngdn ngtt dd;
" Tnrcmg Dai lipc Ngoai ngir, Dai I19C Da Nang.
de hieu va sfl dung mdt cich cd higu qua tuc ngfl, nhat la tuc ngfl so sanh tieng Anh va tigng Viet.
2. CosddCrlifu va phuong phip nghien cilTu
Ve cfl sd do lieu, b i i viet n i y duoc chung tdi tign hanh dUa trgn co sd p h i n tich 200 c i u tuc ngtt so sinh tieng Anh v i 200 cau tuc ngtt so sinh tieng Vigt trong quyen tfl dien Thanh ngd tuc ngd tiing Anh (Xuin Ba, Quang Minh, 2008); Td diin thdnh ngd tuc ngdca dao Viit Anh, Quyin Ha (Viet Chuong, 2003); Tddien thanh ngd tuc ngdca dao Viet Anh, Quyen Thddng (Vigt Chuong, 2007); Tuc ngd Viet Nam (Chu Xuan Dign v i cdng sU, 1975); Tyc ngd -Cadao-Ddnca Viet Nam (Vu Ngpc Phan, 2008); Tddiin thdnh ngdtucngd Viit Nam (Nguyen Lan, 2010), The Penguin Dictionary of Proverbs (Fergusson, R.,1991);
Proverbs: A Handbook (Mieder, W., 2004); The Facts on File Dictionary of Proverbs (Manser, M., 2007).
Vg phuong phap nghign cflu, chflng tdi sfl dung hai phuong p h i p co b i n la phflflng phap md t i va phttong p h i p so sinh nhim phit hien nhttng tuong ddng va khic bigt ve die dig'm tfl vflng va ngfl nghia cua tuc ngtt so sinh trong tieng Anh v i tieng Viet.
Tap chi Khoa hoc xa hpi midn Trung, so 3 (41)-2016
I 73
3. Ket quA nghien cuTu
3,1. NhC^g diem ti/ang dong vd khdc biet ve mat tvf vi/ng
3.1.1. Nhi/ng diem tUcing dong a.Tye ngOso sAnh bang tidng Anh vA ridng Viet ddu sd dyng nhOng danh tO chl don vj edy nghTa tinh toAn, do lodng de the hidn su so sanh. Tue ngO tidng Anh sd dung nhOng td nho ounce, pound nhong rat hiem (cd 04 trudng hpp, chiem 2%).Trong khi do, tyc ngO tidng Viet sd dung khA nhieu (ed 54 trOdng hpp, ehiem 27%). Dd nhdng danh tO chi dOn vj sti vat, dd vat, vat dyng gAn vdi nghe ndng, vdi sinh hoat hang ngay eda ngOdi ndng dAn nhd: sdng, gdnh, bdi, ao, nang...
Vidu:
(3.1) An ounce of luck is better than a pound of wisdom.
(Manser, 2007, tr.216).
(3.2) Mpt gigt mAu dao hon ao nUde la.
(Chu Xuan Dien vA cdng sU, 1975, tr.232).
(3.3) Mpt/cho vang khdng bang mdt nang chd.
(Chu XuAn Didn va edng sti, 1975, tr.308).
b. Tuc ngd tieng Anh va tieng Viet ddu sO dung nhOng sd tOxuat hien thAnh cap sdng doi dd didn dat y nghTa so sAnh vdi tan sd va tan suat nho nhau (ed 30 trOdng hpp, chiem 15%). Xet mpt sd vi dtj sau:
(3.4) One volunteer is worth two pressed man.
(Manser, 2007, tr.215).
(3.5) Two heads are betterthan one.
(Manser, 2007, tr.282).
(3.6) Mdt chen thudc ta bang ba chdn thude tau.
(Chu XuAn Didn va cpng sti, 1975, tr.229).
(3.7) Mdt mat ngudi bAng mudi mat cda.
(Chu XuAn Didn va cdng sii, 1975, tr.263).
3.1.2. NhOng diem khdc biit a.Tye ngO tidng Viet sO dung nhOng t o chi quan he thAn tdc lAmtd chl quan he so sanh (cd 40 trudng hpp, chidm 20%). NgUpe lai, dae diem nay khdng dugc tim thay trong cAc cAu tye ngO so sAnh tidng Anh. Vi dtj:
(3.8) Bang gia la bd gd lim.
(Viet Choang, 2007, tr.51).
Bang la cay khdng dupe xep thudc nhdm gd tdt hon so vdi lim - vdn la loai go lau nay dugc xem la tdt. Qua phep so sAnh vdl tO ehi quan he thAn tdc"bd", ta cd the thay dope giA trj eda go bdng so vdi "go lim": Bang gia la ba gd Iim - bang gia tot hon gd lim.
(3.9) Oau nanh la onh node IA.
(Viet Chuong, 2003, tr.l 13).
DAu nAnh la loai hat dung che blen dd udng bd dOdng mA ta thodng gpi IA (sOa) dAu nAnh, vi vay nd la thOthUc uong tdt eho sOe khde hon nude IA, ndn nd dUpc xdp la
"anh" nude la.
b.TyengOtieng Viet thodng sOdung cap danh t d chi thdi gian xuat hien sdng ddi va ddi khi kdt hpp vdi cAc sd tO de the hidn y nghTa so sanh hon (cd 18 trudng hpp, chiem 9%). Dae diem nay the hien kha rd trong eae vidy sau:
(3.10) Mpf cAu nd( ngay bang an chay cd thdng.
(Vd Ngpe Phan, 2008, tr.301).
(3.11) Mpt ngay dUa man thuyen rdng cdn hon chin thdng dtrong thuydn chai.
(Vd Ngpe Phan, 2008, tr.350).
cTue ngOtieng Viet sOdung danh t d bieu hidn dPn vj tien te xuat hien thanh cap dd
7 4 H 6 T H ! KISU OANH, PHAN THI XUAN HA
chi sfl so sinh it - nhieu (cd 20 trfldng hdp, chigm 10%). Chflng gdm cic tfl nhfl: quan, dong... trong cic tuc ngtt so sinh nhu sau:
(3.12) Mdt quan tien cdng khdng b i n g mdt dong tign thudng.
(Nguyen Lin, 2010, tr123).
(3.13) Mdt cJdng chac xa, ba dong chic g i n . (Nguyen Lin, 2010, tr.212).
d. Tuc ngfl tieng Viet sfl dung cap tfl ddi flng chl toan the - bd p h i n cfla cfl the ngUdi hoic ddng vat nham the hien sU so sanh hon kem (cd 14 trudng hop, chiem 7%).
Vidu:
(3.14) Mdt trdm con trai khdng bang Id tai con gdi.
(Nguygn Lin, 2010, tr.212).
(3.15) Mpt trdm dng chd khdng b i n g mpt cdiblmbdcd.
(Nguyen Lan, 2010, tr.214) e. Tuc ngtt tieng Viet sfl dung cap danh tfl chl suddi l i p gifla ca nhan vdi t i p hop: ddng hp, lang, hdi phfldng de the hign y nghTa so sinh hon kem (cd 24 trudng hop, chiem 12%). Vidu:
(3.16) Mot miing ngang, ba idng c i i khdng iai.
(Chu Xuin Dign va cdng sU, 1975, tr.352) (3.17J Mdt ngddi dflng dang cd iang nham mit.
(Chu Xuan Dign v i cpng sfl, 1975, tr369) 3.2. NhuTng diem titcfng dong va khdc biit xit vi mat ngCf nghia
3.2.1. Nhdng diem titang Song a. Mdt sd tuc ngfl tieng Anh va tigng Vigt cflng sfldung nhttng hinh tfldng gidng nhau de so sinh nhSm dUa ra nhttng Idi khuygn
tttong t u nhau trong cich ddi nhan xtt thg.
Vidu:
(3.18) Blood is thicker than water.
(Manser, 2007, tr.87) (Mdt giot mdu d i o hon ao nu'dc Id).
(Xuin Bi v i Quang Minh, 2008, tr.71) Qua vi du tren chflng ta thay rd ring ci tuc ngfl tieng Anh v i tigng Viet deu sfl dung hinh tuong mdu (.blood) va nu'dc Id (water) ti khuyen ran mpi ngudi trong gia dinh phii biet ygu thflong nhau, bdi quan he rudt thjt l i mdi quan he t h i n thigt hon ca.
Die diem n i y cflng dUdc the hien trong cac cau tuc ngfl so sinh bang tieng Anh v i tieng Viet nhu sau:
(3.19) Better late than never.
(Fergusson, 1991, tr.l 5) (Mugn cdn hdn khdng).
(Xuan Ba va Quang Minh, 2008, tr.66) (3.20) Better the foot slip than the tongue trip.
(Mieder, 2004 tr.79}
(Sdy chdn hon sdy miing)
(Xuin Bi v i Quang Minh, 2008, tr.67) b. Ci trong tigng Anh va tieng Vigt deu xuit hign nhttng cap ciu tuc ngfl so sinh vdi nhflng tfl ngtt trai nghia nhau khi cung ndi ve mdt chfl dg. Chflng ta hay xet nhflng vl du sau:
(3.21) Blood is thicker than wofer (Mieder, 2004, tr.71) Better a neighbour that is near than a brother that is ofar.
(Mieder, 2004, tr.66) (3.22) Silence is the best policy.
Tap chi Khoa hgc xa hoi mien Trung, sd 3 (41) - 2016
I 75
(Fergusson, 1991,tr.217) Outspoken is the best policy.
(Fergusson, 1991, tr.232) (3.23) Mot giot mdu ddo hdn ao nddc id.
(Xuin Bi va Quang Minh, 2008, tr232) Ban anh em xa mua idng gieng gdn.
(Xuin Bi v i Quang Minh, 2008, tr.258) (3.24) Van hoa ching qua nd; thgf.
(Xuan Bi v i Quang Minh, 2008, tr.329) That tha \a cha thang dai.
(Xuin Bi va Quang Minh, 2008, tr.329) Hign tflpng trai nghia xuat hien trong tuc ngtt so sanh cflng nhim khuyen ran mpi ngudi phii biet linh hoat trong cich cfl xd, tuy theo hoan cinh ma cd thai dp flng xfl phu hpp.
3.2.2. NhOng diem khac biet a. Tuc ngtt so sanh tieng Anh stt dung nhttng tfl hoic cum tfl t r i i nghia d^ the hien y nghia so sinh hon kem. Trong khi dd, sd tfl hay nhflng danh ttt chl sU do ludng lai dupc diing nhu ttt chl sU so sinh trong tuc ngfl tieng Vigt. Die diem n i y dflflc the hien qua cic vi du sau:
(3.25) A living dog is better than a dead lion.
(Mieder, 2004, tr.55) Ngddi sdng, ddng vang.
(Xuin Bi v i Quang Minh, 2008, tr.25) Trong vi du (3.25), tuc ngtt tieng Anh stt dung hinh i n h cfla 2 loai ddng v i t chd (dog) v i stt t f l (lion) ket hpp vdi cap tlnh ttt t r i i nghla sdng - chet (living - dead) d^ tao thanh hai cum danh tfl t r i i nghia nham the hign y nghia mang sdng con ngudl cd g i i trj hfln bat cfl dieu gi. Trong khi dd, tuc ngtt tigng Viet lai stt dung tfl ddng vdng - gia tri vat chat
to Idn de the hien cflng mdt Idi khuygn.
Chflng ta cflng cd the nhan ra die di^m n i y qua hai cau tuc ngfl so sinh tigng Anh va tieng Viet sau:
(3.26) A bad compromise is better than a good lawsuit.
(Manser, 2007, tr.89) Mot cdu nhin, chin cdu Idnh.
(Xuin Bi va Quang Minh, 2008, tr.5) b. Bgn canh vigc sfl dung nhttng hinh tflong tfldng ddng de cflng t h ^ hien mpt ndi dung, tuc ngfl so sanh trong ti^ng Anh v i tigng Vigt cflng chtta dung k h i nhieu hinh tfldng va tfl ngfl thudc ve van hda cfla mdi mdt cdng ddng sfl dung ngdn ngtt. Dieu n i y xuat phat ttt sfl khic biet ve nhflng d i e trflng v i n hda khic nhau cfla mdi mdt cdng ddng ngdn ngfl. Vi du:
(3.27) All cats are gray in the dark.
(Fergusson, 1991, tr.251)
"lat den nhd ngdi cung nhu nhd tranh.
(Xuan Bi v i Quang Minh, 2008, tr.23) Cflng mdt ndi dung n h i m khuygn r i n mpi ngttdi khdng nen q u i kgn chpn, tuc ngfl tigng Anh sfl dung hinh i n h con mgo (cats) va tuc ngfl tieng Viet vdi nen van hda ndng nghigp truyen thdng sfl dung hinh i n h nhd ngdi v i nhd tranh de so sinh.
Ding chfl y hon l i , tuc ngtt tieng Viet cd sfl dung nhflng ttt thd tuc - nhflng ttt ngfl m i ngudi ta thudng tranh ndi ra trong giao tigp hang n g i y - d e dien dat sUsosanh.Trong khi do, dac diem nay khdng duoc tim t h i y trong tuc ngfl tigng Anh. VI du:
(3.28) Thiy viec nhu dT thdy cha, thdy dn Idn vdn nhfl g i thay ngd.
76 1 HO THI Kieu OANH, PHANTHIXLJAN HA
(Chu XuAn Didn va cdng sti, 1975, tr.224) (3.29) Gai phAi hOi trai nhU thai IAI gap cUt chd.
(Chu Xuan Didn va cdng sU, 1975, tr.244) (3.30) MUdi dda con gai khdng bang hon dd/dOa con trai.
(Chu Xuan Didn va cdng sO, 1975, tr.239) Doa vAo hoan canh ra ddi cua tiJC ngd tieng Viet, ehung ta cd the ly giAi nguyen nhan sd dung td thd tuc trong ttJC ngd tidng Viet. That vay, tue ngO tieng Viet ehu ydu dupe hinh thanh trong tang Idp nhAn dAn va tdn tai dUdi hinh thde truydn khau ndn ddi khi to ngO eua nd khA dAn dA, chat phAc.
3.3. NhCfng tUdng dong vd khdc biet ve mat ngi/dm
Trong tuc ngO, dac diem vd Am thanh eua Idi ndi rat dupc chu trpng; do vay, trong tiic ngO so sanh thudng cd yeu td lap van hoac lap am dau. Tuc ngd tidng Viet nhd dac thd cua ngdn ngd don tiet vdi sAu thanh didu, di ddi vdi sd lupng t d didp van do dan gian tti sang tao kha Idn, ndn da chidm uu thd hon han tye ngd tieng Anh ve mat nAy (cd 111 trudng hop, chiem 55.5%).
Vidu:
(3.31) Chj em ddu nhU bau nUdc la, chj em gdi nhu cdi nhAn sam.
(Chu XuAn Didn va cpng sti, 1975, tr.254).
(3.32) An com khdng rau nhu danh nhau khdng cd ngudi gd.
(Chu XuAn Didn va cdng sU, 1975, tr.217).
(3.33) Mdt le sdng bang ddng le chdt.
(Chu Xuan Dien va edng sU, 1975, tr.227).
(3.34) Mdt ngudi lo bang kho ngUdi lam.
(Chu Xuan Didn va edng sti, 1975, tr.337).
Cd the tim thay tfnh chat nAy trong tue ngd Anh, nhdng vdi sd lUpng han ehe hon (cd 24 trudng hpp, chidm 12%):
(3.35) Fact is stranger than fiction.
(Manser, 2007, tr.84).
(3.36) Words cut more than sivords.
(Fergusson, 1991, tr.233).
4. K^t luan
Kdt quA nghidn cOu eho thay, ed mdt sd didm toong ddng va khac biet ve mat td vting, ngO nghTa, ngd Am trong kho tang ttJC ngd so sanh tidng Anh vA tieng Vidt.
Ve mat tO vting, danh tO ehi don vj do lodng va sd tO xuat hien thanh cap sdng doi de didn dat y nghTa so sAnh deu dugc ddng trong tuc ngO so sanh bAng tieng Anh va tieng Viet. Tuy nhien, nhOng t d chi quan he than tpe, cap danh t d chl thdi gian xuat hien sdng ddi va ddi khi ket hpp vdi eae sd tO, cap t d ddi Ong chi toan thd - bd phan cda ca the ngUdi hoac ddng vat, cap danh t d chi sti ddi lap gida ca nhan vdi tap hpp... chiem Uu the trong tiJC ngd so sanh bAng tidng Viet hon han tuc ngO so sanh bang tieng Anh.
Vd mat ngO nghia, nhdng hinh tupng gidng nhau dupe sO dtjng trong mdt s6 cau tye ngO so sAnh tieng Anh vA tieng Vidt nham dua ra nhOng Idi khuyen trong each ddi nhAn xO thd. Nhdng cap cAu tuc ngO so sAnh trAi nghTa nhau khi cung ndi vd mot chu de eung ddu xuat hien trong tieng Anh va tidng Vidt. Tuy nhidn, mdi mpt edng ddng sd ditng ngdn ngO cd nhOng lua chpn khac nhau trong vide sO dung tO ngO: trong khi nhOng t d hoac cym t d trai nghTa duoc sd dung ehd ydu trong tyc ngd so sAnh tidng Anh thi nhOng danh tO chi so do ludng hay
Tap chi Khoa hgc xa hgi m i l n Trung, s6 3 (41) - 2016
I 77
sd ttt lai dfldc dflng trong tuc ngfl so sinh tieng Wet. Ngoii ra, trong tuc ngtt so sinh cfla moi ngdn ngfl cd k h i nhieu hinh tflpng va ttt ngfl khac nhau thudc van hda cfla moi mdt cdng ddng sfl dung ngdn ngfl dd.
Bgn canh dd, xuat p h i t ttt die diem loai hinh ngdn ngfl khic nhau ngn tuc ngfl so sanh tieng Anh va tieng Viet cd sfl khac biet khi xet vg mat ngtt i m : Neu nhtt tuc ngfl so sinh trong tieng Anh chfl ygu l i nhan manh den yeu td ttt vung thi tuc ngfl so sinh trong tiSng Vigt vdi die diem cfla mdt ngdn ngfl don lip, p h i n tich tinh da sfl dung trigt de yeu td ngfl i m nhfl lap van, lap am d i u , diep tfl... de nhan manh ndi dung can so sinh.
TAILlfeU THAIVI K H A O
1. Xuin Bi, Quang Minh (2008), Thdnh ngd tuc ngd tieng Anh, Nxb H i Ndi, Ha Ndi.
2. Viet Chfldng (2003), Tddiin thdnh ngd
tuc ngdca dao Viet Anh, Quyen ha, Nxb Tdng hflp Ddng Nai, Ddng Nai.
3. Viet Chflong (2007), Td diin thdnh ngd tuc ngdca dao Viit Anh, Quyen thuong, Nxb Tdng hop Ddng Nai, Ddng Nai.
4. Chu Xuan Dien v i cdng su (1975), Tuc ngdVlitNam, Nxb Khoa hpc X i hdi. H i Ndi.
5. Fergusson, R. (1991), The Penguin Dictionary of Proverbs, Bloomsbury Books, London.
6. Nguyen Lin (2010), Tddiin thdnh ngd tuc ngd Viit Nam, Nxb Vin hda - Thdng tin.
H i Npi.
7. Manser, M. (2007), The Facts on File Dictionary of Proverbs, Infobase Publishing.
8. Mieder, W. (2004), Proverbs:A Handbook, Greenwood Press, Westport, USA.
9. Vu Ngpc Phan (2008), Tuc ngd-Ca dao - Ddn ca VietNam, Nxb Van hpc. H i Ndi.
