STJ TUONG DONG VA KHAC BIET
TRONG QUAN NIEM VE "DAO" CUA HAI NHA NHO THE KY XIX:
N G U Y I N DUTC
DAT (1824-1887) VA CHOI JAE U (1824-1863)
TRAN NGUYfiN VIET '*>
Sii tlidng dong vd khde biet trong quan niem vi "Dgo' cua hai nhd Nho theky XIX - Nguyin Ddc Dgt (1824 - 1887), Viet Nam vd Choi Jae U (1824 - 1863, Hdn Qud'c) diidc tac gid chi ra vd ludn gidi tii: 1) Quan niem vi "Dgo"; 2) Quan diem ve bdn chdt cua "Dgo" vd 3) Quan diim vi con diidng dgt din "Dgo" Tii dd, tde gid dd diia ra nhiing suy nghi biidc ddu vi tii tiidng cua hai nhd Nho ndy.
hau A trong the ky XIX la diem de'n tang Idp tri thfle phfldng Dong von bi bd cua chu nghia de quoc phUdng Tay hep trong khuon kho he tU tUdng vi muc dich md rong thi p h i n va truyen tho'ng, gay ra nhflng phan tfl d khai thae tai nguyen. Nhflng nfldc Idn ho vdi nhflng mflc do khac nhau. Cd ca ve dien tich l i n dan so', nhU An Do, ngfldi quye't tam the hien tinh than bao Trung Quo'c, cung l i n lUdt rdi vao sii thu de'n cung nhflng noi dung tU tudng tho'ng tri cua chung va di kem vdi sfl cua Nho giao, khang dinh chung nhU la tho'ng tri a'y la viec truyen ba cac hoc cai cflu canh cho viec cung co' trat tU va thuyet ton giao - trie't hoc phfldng Tay sfl hai hda cua xa hoi; cd ngfldi muo'n vao cac nfldc Ddng va Ddng Nam A. lam rd sfl khac biet ve noi ham cua Vd'n la mot hoc thuyet ton giao trie't hoc cung mot khai niem nhfl "Dao", "Thfldng ra ddi vao dau Cong nguyen, Thien de", "Trdi", "Than trdi", v.v., tfl dd xay Chua giao dUde sfl hd trd cua cac nUdc diing nen mot chu thuyet rieng dung de tfl ban phfldng Tay thfle hien viec md do'i trong vdi trie't thuyet Thien Chua rong "nfldc Chua" ve phia Dong, b i n g giao. NhQng hien tfldng tren, cd the ndi, chflng cho tha'y, cac nha truyen giao la kha pho' bien d cac nfldc phfldng cua nd da cd mat d Viet Nam tfl gifla Ddng, nhfl Viet Nam va Han Quo'c.
the ky XVI. Sfl hien dien cua nd d khu Trong bai viet nay, chflng toi co' ging di vfle nay da gay r a nhflng phan flng gay tim sfl tfldng dong va khac biet gifla hai git tfl phia cac trieu dai phong kie'n nha Nho eiia hai nUdc so'ng trong cung dang tri vi d phfldng Dong, bdi trie't thdi ky day bien dong a'y dd la Nguyin thuyet ciia nd cd nhieu diem trai ngUdc Dfle Dat (1824 - 1887) va SuUn Choi vdi nhflng chuan mflc dao dfle Nho giao Jae U (1824 - 1863).
va tfl hang the ky da ddng vai trd be dd Nguyin Dfle Dat que d huyen Nam cho sfl tdn tai cua che do phong kie'n ay.
Nhang bien ddi do y«u to' khach quan < ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ t ' t ? ^ " i t i dUa Iai da cd tac dong khong nho tdi vietNam.
T R A N NGUYEN VIET
Dan, tinh Nghe An. Ong sinh nam 1824 va dUdc danh gia Id tai gioi tdi do "van trong mot gia dinh co truyen thdng hieu cudn thi thd vo thong tn"', va khi Ien 10 hoc va khoa bang. Sau khi do Thani hoa tuoi, ong da noi tieng la ngUdi thong tai khoa thi Quy Siiu nam Tii Dfle thfl 0 minh, nhay bdn.
(1853), ong dflde bo chfle Thi giang d Ngoai sfl thd'ng nhat gifla hai dng vdi Vien Hien tap lam viec d kinh do Hue. tfl each nhflng nha Nho nhfl da ndi ci Ong tflng ba lan gifl chfle Ddc hoc Nghe tren, edn cd nhflng khac biet ma d moi An, tflng dflde thdng Bd chanh xfl kieiri ong deu cd ly do rieng. Mot ngfldi di lmh chfle Tuan phu tinh Hflng Yen. Do theo su nghiep cong danh khong phai lu lut mat mua, thang Gieng ndm 1876, cot de vinh than phi gia nhfl Nguyen Nguyen Dfle Dat tau len vua Tfl Dfle Dfle Dat, rdt cuoc cung vi dan ma chiu xin hoan thue cho dan, Tfl Dfle khong sfl trflng phat ciia trieu dinh va danh phe chuan, lai khien trach ong va giang phai cao quan ve que md Idp day hoc cot xuong hai ca'p. Cuoi thang 3 nam 1876, de vdt vat lai mot phan nao dd y nghia ong xin cao quan ve nhd, tfl dd chuyen cua dao thanh hien cho hau the; con tam vao viec den sach va day hoc. SuUn thi di buon, tuy cd Iflc dflde, luc Nguyin Dfle Dat cd mot so' trflde tac, md't, nhflng cung de'n luc nhan ra ring, song trong so' dd, tac pham Idn nhat Iai dd khong phai la nghiep cua nha Nho, khong phai do chinh ong viet, ma la lai cang khong phai la sfl menh ciia mot nhflng hoc trd cua ong ghi chep lai ngfldi tai gioi hoc thuat nhU ong. Cuoi nhflng cuoc dam thoai gifla ong vdi ho cung, cung nhfl Xf,Hi\en Dfle Dat, SuUn ve nhflng noi dung ciia Nho giao va Nho den \di linh vfle "day ngfldi" va md ra hoc. Sach gom 32 thien, la'y nhan de la mot triet thuyet mdi la Dong hoe. Hai Nam Sdn tung thogi, tfle nhflng ldi tflng tac pham Idn nhat cua SuUn la Dong dam cua dng Nam Sdn. Dflde sfl dong y kinh dgi todn vk Long Ddm di sii deu la cua ong, cac hoc tro da quyen gdp tien nhflng tac pham ban ve "dao hoc" theo de in cuo'n sach ndy vao nam 1879. tinh t h i n minh triet phfldng Dong,
vao dau nhflng nam 80 cua the ky ddng thdi dat nen mdng eho phong trao XIX, Nguyin Dfle Dat tham gia nhiet Dong hoc ciia Han Qude ve sau.
tinh vao phong trao C i n Vfldng chong Trong Dong kinh dgi todn, nhflng Phap do vua Ham Nghi phat dong. Tuy khai niem "Thien ehii", "Thfldng de" da nhien, do tuo'i cao sflc yeu, ong phai lui dflde SuUn de cap va Iy giai cung vdi v e d a n t a i q u e n h a v a mat nam 1887. viec phat trien manh me cua phong
Cflng thdi vdi Nguyin Dfle Dat, d trdo Dong hoc. Viee lam nay da lam cho Han Quo'c cflng xuat hien mot ngfldi cd chinh quyen dUdng thdi nghi ky ong la nhflng diem tfldng dong ve nguon goc tU ngfldi mang tfl tfldng phfldng Tay. Vi tfldng Nho hoc la SuUn Choi J a e U vay, nam 1863, SuUn Choi J a e U cung (1824 - 1863). Hai dng deu sinh cung 20 de til eua ong da bi b i t tai Kyongju mot nam, trong nhflng gia dinh cd va vao mfla. xuan nam 1864, dng bi cao truyen thong Nho hoc. Tfl nam 8 tuo'i, bude vdi toi danh "loi keo, lam mi dan"
Choi Jae U da dxicic guti vao trUdng hoe va bi xvL toi tfl hinh tai Daegu Jangdae.
Trong pham vi han hep cua bai viet, td va chi cd thanh nhan mdi thau hieu chung toi ehi ed the budc dau tim hieu dflde qui luat van dong ciia trdi da't va sfl tfldng dong va khae biet trong tfl van vat de tim ra ten goi chung eho qui tfldng ciia Nguyin Dfle Dat va SuUn luat a'y, dd la "Dao" NgUdi binh thudng Choi Jae U ve "dao" khd nhan biet, tham chi ngUdi ngu cd Thd nhdt, quan niem eua hai dng vi ndi cho biet cung khong hieu dao. Tuy 'dgo" nhien, du cd hieu de'n mflc nao thi dao Trong "Nam Sdn tflng thoai"(l), v i n cdn la cai gi dd tiem i n , ehfla dflde Nguyin Dfle Dat danh rieng ehfldng 2 kham pha diy du. Sfl khac nhau trong de ban ve "dao", n h a n de la "Dai dao'' each trinh bay cua hai ong b day thuoc Cdn SuUn thi de cap de'n "dao" dfldng ve "the cua dao'' Ngfldi nay k h i n g dinh nhfl trong ta't ca cac p h i n cua sach 'dao la dao ciia trdi", ngfldi kia dong
"Dong Kinh dai toan"(2). Vdi tfl each nhat trdi da't vdi dgo. Tuy nhien, "dung nhflng nha Nho, ca hai ong deu cd diem cua dao" trong quan niem cua hai ong ehung trong quan niem ve "dao" la tho'ng nha't, dao dflde xem la "con
Trong Bd DUc vdn ciia cuon "Dong dfldng tfl nhien'', d i n d i t con ngfldi de'n kinh dai toan'', SuUn cho r i n g , "thanh vdi nhan thfle chan Iy. Nguyen Dfle Dat nhan xuat hien, phat hien ra qui luat cho ring: "Dao la dao dan. Tfl dao dan van dong lien tue cua trdi dat — he't hay dao dan ngfldi cung la mot" {Dgi dong lai tinh, he't len lai xud'ng cua da't, dgo); cdn SuUn thi khang dinh, "Dao eua trdi, ciia sao, eua mat trang, mat ciia ta rong ldn ma gian ddn <...> Dao trdi. cai hdp nha't vdi qui luat a'y dUdc ldn nay dung de flng vdi viec nhd"
goi la thien menh, va viec ton kinh (Thdn dgo Nho tdm edp).
thien menh cung chinh la viec thuan Thd hai, quan niem cua hai dng vi theo thien ly... Dao Iuc ay i t la dao cua bdn chdt cua Dgo.
trdi, dfle luc a'y i t la dfle ciia trdi (Bd' Ve ban cha't cua Dgo, hai ong deu DUc vdn, 1.3.). NhU vay, theo SuUn, qui chiu anh hudng ciia Lao - Trang khi ban luat van dong a'y la thien Iy, tfle la dao de'n hinh tich va tinh huyen bi cua nd.
trdi. Trong sfl van dong lien tue ciia cac Cd ngUdi hdi Nguyin Dfle Dat: "The do'i tfldng trong vu tru, thanh nhan da nao la Dai dao?"
phat hien ra cai cot loi, ba't bien va Ong dap r i n g : "Dai dao nhfl trdi che trfldng ton - dd chinh la dgo. da't chd".
Nguyin Dfle Dat cho r i n g , "Dao nhfl Lai hdi: "Ai che ehd dao?"
trdi da't <...> Dao ciia thanh la menh Ong dap: "Dao tfl che ehd la'y, vi nd trdi... Ngfldi ngu khong hieu dao, dao ra't cao khong gi vUdt Ien tren thi che vin d da'y" (Dgi dgo). Tuy each trinh sao dUde? Vi nd ra't rong khong gi ra bay cd khae nhau, song d day, chung ta
v i n t h a y sU t r f l n g h d p t r o n g q u a n n i e m (^ Nguyin Diic Dat. Nam Son tung thogi, 4 quyin. Tii c u a N g u y e n Dfle D a t v a S u U n . D d l a : lieu Vien Triet hoc, Vien Khoa hoc xa hoi Viet Nam.
TJA-V 1 * J - j^A ^ J,,?A; j ^ v , ^ „ ^ « (2) Choi Jae U. £)onff iiCin/i Sai Todn (Kim Seong
Bat luan sfl van dong dfldi dang nao, 1,' ... ... . *, , ... v^v , , . \ r - , .' • • • ° • Beom bien dich va chu giai; Dao Vu Vu chuyen
dao v i n dflde cac t h a n h nhan lam sang ngG). Nxb Th§'gi6i, Ha Noi, 2008.
T R A N NGUYEN VIET
khoi ngoai thi chd sao dflde?" (Dgi dgo). Ong dap: "Dao ma cd tfl Ifl the la Trong khi dd, SuUn cho biet, ong nhan mUu tri, chfl khong phai dao, dfle ma dflde than khai ve viec trao cho ong [cai] dung tam, the la Idi, chfl khong phai la
"dao vo cung Idn" {Ludn hoc vdn). dfle. Khong tfl Ifl ma yen lang mdi la Ndi den sfl t h i n dieu ciia dao, cd dac dao, vo tam thi dfle mdi to Idn" (Dgi ngfldi hdi: dgo). Quan diem nay g i n vdi SuUn, khi
"Mit khong trong thay, tai nghe SuUn phe phan sfl dung tam cua hoc khong rd, dao than dieu den the fl?" thuat phfldng Tay
Nguyin Dfle Dat dap: "[Dao] khong Nguyen Dfle Dat cdn cho r i n g , nguon trong thay, nhflng ehfla tflng khong cua "dao"' la d tinh, ddng chay tfl nguon trong thay bin, khong nghe tieng, nhflng dd la tinh. Cho nen, "ngfldi quan td ton khong tflng khong nghe tieng hin" trong trdi de ton trong chinh minh, bao Lai hdi: "Tha'y va nghe d dau?", ton tam minh de bao ton thien Iy. Tam Ong dap: "Khong phai tai m i t minh vdi tinh la mot, la trdi. KJiong ton trong cd the tdi dflde. Cai gfldng d trong hop cdi dang ton trong goi la "khinh man khong cd bdng, khong the bao b i n Id trdi", khong bao tdn cai dang bao ton khong bdng dflde. Cai chuong treo d gia goi la "bd trdi" Kliinh man trdi, bd trdi khong cd tieng vang, khong the bao b i n thi trdi cung khinh bi. Lam toi ma vua la khong keu dflde" (Dgi dgo). khdng cho la trung, lam con ma cha me Cdn SuUn thi giai thich sfl huyen khong cho la hieu thi trdi eon cho mmh dieu do mot each rat gian ddn: "Dao cua ra gi" (Dgi Dgo). Xem ra each dien dat ta, con ngUdi bay gid chUa nghe tdi bao tren day cua hai ong la muo'n hudng eon gid ma xUa kia cung chUa tflng biet tdi. ngfldi tdi sfl tu dudng, chinh don nhan Gid khong cd gi ed the so sanh vdi nd tam de cd sii thdnh, kinh vk tin nhfl la ma ngay xfla cung khong cd gi cd the so dieu kien tien quye't cho sU dgt dgo.
sanh b i n g nd. NgUdi tu hanh dao nay Thd ba, quan diem cua hai ong ve trdng cd ve nhfl trong rong ma thfle con dUdng dgt dgo.
hanh Iai cd, ngfldi chi nghe thoi thi cd Trong linh vfle tu dudng de dat dao, ve nhu cd thfle hanh ma hda ra Iai r i n g gifla Nguyen Dfle Dat va SuUn cung co tuyech" (Ludn hge vdn). nhflng diem tfldng ddng. Trflde het la
SuUn cdn ndi: "Dao ciia ta rong ldn muc dich.
ma gian ddn,/Kh6ng viet chi nhieu SuUn cho r i n g , Dao ciia phfldng nghia nhieu Idi./Khong cd ca dao Iy Dong eung gio'ng nhfl Dao ciia phfldng rieng Ie,/Chi gon trong ba chfl "thanh - Tay, song qui luat thi khac nhau.
kinh - tin" (Thd, Tga chdm). Chung toi hieu r i n g , qui luat d day Ban ve ban cha't va nguon goc ciia dao, muon ndi den mat dung eua Dao, dieu Nguyin Dfle Dat khong the hien lap ma ong muo'n am ehi ngfldi phfldng Tay trfldng duy tam chii quan, ma chiu anh muo'n hfldng cai dung ciia dao thanh hfldng cua Phat va Dao. Cd ngfldi hdi: "thfle dung" Ong ndi: "Thien ha don
"Dao dfle cd phai do tam tfl ma t h a n h tho'i khien the gian khong ngfliig xon khong? xang, hoang mang. NgUdi phfldng Tay
dat dflde dao, dflng dflde dfle, khien moi bing khu true sfl can rd" (Dgi dgo). Thu thfl hai hda, chang cd viec gi la khong cai tam phdng tung va khu true nhflng lam dflde. Vfla dung vu Iflc, vfla cong sfl can rd, theo ong, la "trfl bo bon dieu kich khien chang ai dam do'i mat <...> khong phai (tfle dieu gi trai le thi khong Nhflng ngfldi nay goi dgo \k dao Tay, nhin, trai II thi khdng nghe, trai ll thi goi hoc la Thien chu, cdn giao la thanh khong ndi, trai II thi khong nhin(3)), con giao'' Theo SuUn thi "Tay hoc cd y cau thu cai tam phdng tflng la khuyech khan nhieu chfl thfle cha't thi khong cd" trfldng bon moi (tfle tfl doan: trie an la (Ludn hge vdn). Vay, cai ma SuUn goi dau moi cua nhan, tu 6 la dau moi cua la thiic cha't cua Thien dao la gi va lam nghia, tfl nhfldng la dau moi cua le, thi the nao de nam bat dflde nd? phi la dau moi cua tri(4)). Khac vdi SuUn Chung ta thay SuUn ly giai muc dich trong lap luan ve sfl no Iflc thfldng xuyen eua ngfldi phfldng Tay muo'n dung tri cua viec tu dao nhflng khong can ep buoc, thfle ve tfl nhien de. khai thae, cai tao tfl Nguyen Dfle Dat cho ring, tu dao den nhien vi muc dich "thfle dung", vi the dkc dao la mot qua trinh khd khan, do dd ho da dflng den phfldng phap cfldng ep, phai bat ep ngfldi hoc, cot de tao thanh b i t buoc ngfldi khac phai nhfldng bo. thdi quen tfl nhien, cdn do'i vdi viec khac.
Con d phfldng Dong, muo'n n i m dflde nhfl "danh cd, da cau, an no ngii ky thi Thien dgo phai hieu thiic cha't ciia nd la cin gi phai ep'', Tap thanh thdi quen tfl
"vo vi ly hda", nghia la khong lam gi ma nhien, theo Nguyin Dfle Dat, phai bing [ta't thay deu] bien hda theo le tfl nhien. phfldng phap tie'n dan: "Cai lo'i dan dan Mat khac, nghia cua "vo vi ly hda" cdn d thfle la te vi. Tien d i n dan cho bing cho yeu c i u ngfldi hoc phai nd Iflc ngfldi thi b i n g ngfldi, tien dan dan cho khong gidi han, nhflng lai khong cfldng bing trdi thi bing trdi <...> Cho nen hoc ep, b i t buoc. Them nfla, de biet dflde khong nen bd dd, ciing khong nen voi"
''vi" cua dao, ong keu goi phai "cot tam (Dgi dgo).
ta that chic chin, ne'u nghi suy nhU Ne'u Nguyin Dfle Dat cho viec hoc nha't thi moi chuyen se dUde theo y phai d i n din, cho dd la phUdng phap te minh. Hoac: "Khong biet dao d dau thi vi, thi SuUn muo'n ngUdi hoc dao phai do xem long ta cd cdn nhU nha't hay "thanh, chinh, tin'', song dieu dd ehfla khong" (Thd, Bdt tie't). Chd nay ra't du, dng lo ngai moi ngfldi khong hieu trung hdp vdi quan diem cua Nguyin dflde sfl t h i n ky ma ong tie'p nhan dflde Dfle Dat ve hoc dao. bdi than khai giang xud'ng cho ong, nen
Nguyen Dfle Dat eho ring, con ngfldi dng da viet ra ldi hat de moi ngfldi muo'n cd tri thfle ve dao can phai hoc, hoc khong quen ton chi cua Dong hoc gom cho tdi khi die dao. Cach hoc, theo ong, la 21 chfl:
"d tfl long ta. Ldng ta la mot cdi "thai hfl" "Chi khi kim chi nguyen vi dgi gidng Chan thfle thi hfl khong, can rd thi lam thi thien chu tgo hda dinh vinh the bd't cai hfl khong dd bi due ban. Cho nen eau
dao ching gi b i n g thu cai tam phdng (3) ^^^^^ „^^. Nhan Uyen.
tiing, t h u e a i t a m p h d n g t u n g k h o n g (4) Manh Tii, Tan tam, ChviOng Cvi ha.
TRAN NGUYfiN VIET
vong vgn sii tri", nghia la dao nam trong khoang trdi dat, vfla diy Iai vfla vdi, vfla thanh Iai vfla tro'ng, vfla Iinh thieng Iai vfla tdn qui den cflng ciic. Sfl tao hda ciia dao la vo vi Iy hda, do dd tam phai luon thanh, chinh va tin, ngfldi tu dao khong dUdc quen va phai cd tinh t h i n no Iiic khong gidi ban de dat tdi hieu biet ve van sii, tfle la dat dao.
Theo SuUn, "cfl tu luyen tam minh se biet dflde dfle, lam sang dfle d'y se thanh dao <...> [Dao] cd d ndi g i n ta chfl chang d dau xa, ndi tinh cam chfl khong d ndi ta ciu". Trong khi dd, cd ngUdi hoi: "La'y kie'n thfle va ging sflc lam ciu dao, thi ding nao trong?", Nguyin Dfle Dat dap ring: "Kien thfle trong hdn. Vi nhfl muo'n di de'n Nam Ky ma Iai ra tram Bic, ngUu chay cang nhanh, day td cang khoe, di nhU bay thi each Nam Ky cang xa. Ne'u do'i hfldng di ma di ve phia Nam, sang di toi nghi, khdng sai phfldng hfldng thi lo gi ma khong de'n" SuUn cung nhfl Nguyin Dfle Dat deu de cao tri thfle. Khi dflde hdi ve hien tfldng cd ngfldi di ngfldc vdi dao roi quay Iai, the nghia la sao", SuUn ddp ring: "La'y nhflng ngfldi nhfl vay ra luan ban la khong nen". Lai hdi: "Sao lai khong nen luan ban a? Ong dap: Kinh nhi viln chi (nen biet sd ma xa ra)" Ong cdn ndi them ring, "viec dat dao va diing dfle la phu thuoc vao con ngUdi. Tinh cd nghe nhflng Idi gid thoang ma luyen dao thi sao lai khdng sai dUdc"
Thie't nghi, d day c i n phai ban them ve khai niem "cau dao" va "tu dfle"
trong tfl tfldng eua hai ong.
0 tren, chung ta b i t gap quan diem cua SuUn cho r i n g , "[Dao] d ndi g i n ta chfl ching d dau xa, ndi tinh cam chfl khong d ndi ta eau..." Va, con ngfldi "cfl
tu luyen tam minh se biet dflde dfle, lam sang dfle a'y se t h a n h dao'' Chung toi cho r i n g , quan diem nay cd nguon goc tfl sach Dgi hge, ci do cd ndi "Lam sang dfle sang" (Tgi minh minh ddc) va ddng thdi ket hdp vdi hoc thuyet eua Lao - Trang ve moi quan he gifla dgo vk ddc. Ddc, theo Lao Tfl, la sfl the hien (phan anh) cua dgo trong tflng sfl vat cu the. Sfl phan anh dd dat de'n cung cfle thi dUc trflng hdp vdi dgo. Theo SuUn, nhan thfle ve dao la mot qua trinh phflc tap. Con trfldng hdp eua Nguyen Dfle Dat, khi dflde hdi: "Den dflde dao cd khd khdng?" ong dap ring:
"Dao von khong khd cau, khd thi khong phai la dao' O day, chfl cdu cua SuUn khong phai hoan toan khac vdi quan diem cua Nguyen Dfle Dat. Sfl khac nhau cua nd la d chd, SuUn muo'n dung chfl "cau" de chi muc dich cua Tay hoc.
Cdn sfl tho'ng nhat gifla hai ong la dao khong khd cau, bdi nd d g i n ta, trong tinh cam va tam nguyen trong sang eua ngfldi hoc dao.
Viec nghien cflu so sanh tfl tfldng eua Nguyin Dfle Dat va SuUn Choi Jae U do chflng toi thfle hien d tren chi la bflde khdi dau, bdi bai viet chi diem qua mot so van de ve dao hoc va tu dao theo quan diem ciia hai ong. De cd mot nghien cflu so sanh day du hdn quan diem cua hai ong ve dg,o, theo chflng toi, can phai xem xet mot each toan dien hdn nhflng noi dung khac cd hen quan, ching han tfl tfldng ve dao dflde tiep tue trien khai tren phfldng dien xa hoi nhxi the nao, y nghia ciia nd trong thdi dai ngay nay ra sao, v.v.. O day, chflng toi xin dfla ra mot so n h a n dinh ban dau ve tfl tfldng ciia hai ong nhfl sau:
Tha nhdt, trdng quan niem ve dao ci
ho cd sfl thdng nha't ve nguon goc cua Dong. Ke't qua ma ong da rut ra la dao hoc — dd la vai trd cua thanh nhan nhflng quan niem ve dao thi gio'ng ddi xUa the theo so'ciia trdi va tfldng cua nhau, nhflng hoc thuat thi khac. Hoc da't, nghien cflu qui luat van dong cua thuat d day chi muc dich phat huy mat cae sfl vat, hien tfldng de tim ra le huyen "dung" cua dao, phUdng Tay dung sfl vi ciia cd may tfl nhien trong khoang trdi cfldng bflc, chiem doat, cdn phfldng dat menh mong vo cung tan. Dao la dao Dong thi "vd vi ly hda" Phai chang, he cua trdi da't hay dao la trdi da't la each qua cua "vo vi ly hda" da lam giam di sii hieu tfldng dong. Tuy nhien, dung ciia nang dong cua con ngfldi phfldng Dong dao dflde ho trinh bay theo each rieng, trong lich sfl, dac biet la ve phfldng dien khong hoan toan gio'ng nhau. tfl duy thfle dung. Song, nhfl SuUn
ThU hai, <;a hai ong deu chu trong tflng trai long minh trong Thdng vdn, nhieu de'n tu dao, eau dao. Moi ngfldi r i n g "Nhieu nam troi qua ta khong dfla ra nhflng phfldng phap khac nhau, nghi ngd la se cd chflt hoa nao, vay ma tham chi g i n nhfl trai ngfldc nhau, song Iai bi chfli la dao tac, khong hieu la cd ve nguyen tac, ho khong xa rdi dao Nho, lam sao <...> Hdn the nfla, dao tot nhfl dd la chu trong khdng ngflng lam sang the nay Iai bao gio'ng vdi Tay hoc, thi dfle sang de tie'n tdi n i m bat dflde dao. viec nay cd phai dang ho then vdi long Trong qua trinh nhan thfle ve dao, ho thanh cua ta khong?" Chflng toi cho deu cho ring, dao d gin, tham chi d ngay ring, lap ngon cung la sU da'n than, cd trong tam kham ciia mdi con ngUdi, do the chinh quyen thdi dd khong hieu dd ho de cao chinh tam, thanh y, kinh ong, cho ong la dao tac, nhflng chu thien va dat niem tin tuyet do'i vao thuyet cua ong, vai trd cfla ong vdi tfl nhflng chi d i n cua thanh nhan ddi xfla. each la ngfldi dat nen mdng ly luan cho ThU ba, ca hai ong deu sinh ra cung phong trao Dong hoc thi ngay nay mot nam, trong cung mot khung canh chung ta da ro.
xa hoi A chau bi ta'n cong nhieu mat tfl Chflng toi cho ring, cflng la nhflng phia ciia chu nghia banh trfldng phfldng nfldc chiu anh hudng cua van hda Tay. Nguyin Dfle Dat co' g i n g bao ton Trung Hoa, Nho giao deu da cd mat h nhflng gia tri hoc thuat cua phUdng Viet Nam va Han Quo'c va gdp p h i n tao Dong, dac biet la ciia Nho giao vdi nen nhflng net chung ve van hda. Tuy nhflng nguyen ly can ban tflng gdp nhien, tfly thuoc vao hoan canh cu the phan xay diing nen nhflng gia tri van cua tflng nfldc, vao truyen tho'ng hoc hda cua Viet Nam. Tuy nhien, chung ta thuat ma d moi nUdc cd sfl ban dia hda khong tim thay sfl phan iing ciia Nguyen theo each rieng. Sfl tfldng dong va khac Dfle Dat trflde xung dot van hda Dong - biet trong quan niem cua hai nha Nho Tay, do dd ong khong dUa ra dflde mot so'ng cflng thdi, trong cflng hoan canh chu thuyet nao mdi. Trong khi dd, SuUn cua khu vfle phai do'i dau vdi sU banh Iai cam tha'y lo au cho so' phan cua cac trUdng cua van hda phUdng Tay, theo hoc thuyet trie't hoe phUdng Dong, tfl do chflng toi, la de tai thu vi, cd the la bflde ong tap trung suy n g i m khai niem dao md dau cho viee nghien cflu so sanh tU ciia phUdng Tay cd gi khae vdi phUdng tudng trie't hoe Viet - Han. Q
