NHU CXU, PHAM VI VA N O I DUNG SUTA D 6 | H I I N PHAP N A M 1992
1. Nhu ciu su-a doi Hicn phdp ndm 1992 /. 1. Ve che dg chinh tri
1.1.1. Cae hinh thire thye bifn quyen lye nhan dan
Hinh thiic thyc hifn quyen lye nhan dan thd hifn trong Dieu 6 Hien phdp ndm 1992 ehua diy dii. Nhdn dan thyc hifn quyen lyc eiia minh khdng nhQng thdng qua Quoc hpi, hdi ddng nhdn dan ede cap Id ede eo quan dan cir md cdn thdng qua ede binh thiie dan ehu trye tidp nhu tnmg eau dan y hay sdng kidn phdp lugt eiia nhan dan. Hidn nay, tnmg edu dan y (referendum) Id hinh thiie thye hifn quydn lye nhdn dan khd phd bidn trdn thd gidi. Mat khde, nhidu nude quy djnh nhan dan ed quydn sang kidn phdp lugt nhu Hidn phdp Italia quy djnh tir 50.000 dan trd ldn thi ed quydn sdng kidn phdp ludt. Theo quy dinh ndy mdt edng dan binh thudng ed thd trinh mdt dy ludt ra nghj vifn ndu dy lugt dd duge sy iing hp eiia it nhit 50.000 edng dan cd quydn bau eii.
Phuang eham xay dyng Nhd nude eua nhdn ddn, do nhan dan, vi nhdn dan Id phuang eham duge qudn trift trong ede nghj quydt eiia Ddng vd ede bdn hidn phdp eiia nude ta.
Tuy nhidn, eho den nay ede thidt ehd dan ehii trye tidp ehua duge xdy dyng mdt edeh ddng bd. Hau hdt ede nude xay dyng nha nude phdp quydn ddu da ban hdnh lugt trung eiu
PGS.TS. THAI VfNH THANG*
y / f y
dan y de nhdn dan quydt djnh ede van dd quan trpng nhit eiia dit nude. Cde nude ehau Au kbi quydt djnh sira ddi hien phdp, gia nhjq) Lidn minh ehau Au, bd dong tidn qudc gia d§
sir dyng dong Euro deu tien hdnh trung ck dan y de nhan dan quydt djnh. O Vift Nam mdc dil trong Hidn phdp ed quy djnh cdng ddn ed quyen the hifn y kidn eua minh khi Nhd nude to ehire tnmg edu dan y, tuy nhien eho ddn nay do ehiing ta ehua ed Ludt trung edu dan y ndn quydn ndy trdn thye te van ehua thye hifn duge.
1.1.2. Quydn biu euvd ling eir eua cdng dan Mde du quydn bau cir vd iing eu cua edng dan nude ta dd duge xac lgp trong Hien phdp, tuy nhidn Lugt biu eu edn qua gian don, khd ndng lya ehpn cua ngudi dan khong eao, mudn khd ndng lya ehpn eua ngudi dan duge md rpng ein thay ddi hf thdng biu cir, thay thd ehe dp biu eir mpt vdng bdng chl dp bau eii hai vdng, thay thd ehd dp biu cu lidn danh bdng ehe dp biu eu don danh Chdng hgn, hifn nay chiing ta ed 500 dai bidu Quoc hpi thi cd nude phai chia thanh 500 khu vyc biu cu, moi khu vyc biu cii chl bill mpt dgi bidu Quoc hpi. CJ vdng mpt co thd cho phep tir 10 ddn 15, 20 bode co M
* Giing vi€n chinh Khoa hinh chinh - nhi nudc Trudng D?ii hpc Lu§t Hi Nfi
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nhidu ban nQ:a iing cur vidn iing eii bdng edeh quy djnh bit ki edng dan ndo ed li ljch tu phdp trong sgeh, ed diie, ed tdi vd ed nguyfn vpng giiip nude ed thd ra iing eir. NhQng ngudi ed nguyfn vpng iing eii phdi thu thap duge it nhit 300 ehur ki eua nhQng ngudi iing hp. Nhifm vy biu eir d vdng mpt la ehpn ra 2 ling eir vidn eho sd phieu eao nhdt dd biu d vdng hai. Ndu d vdng mpt dgi bidu eao phieu nhit ed so phidu trdn 50% so phieu biu thi
y t \
khdng edn thidt phdi bau eir vdng hai.
Trudng hgp khdng ed iing eir vidn ndo thu duge trdn 50% sd phidu biu thi nhit thidt phdi lya ehpn 2 iing eu vidn ed sd phidu eao
r ^ \ f y
nhdt dd bdu d vdng hai. Theo ehd dp bau eir hifn nay d Vift Nam, ehiing ta khdng ed bdu eu vdng mdt md thay vdo dd Id thye hifn ehd dp hifp thuang de tuydn ehpn iing eir vidn, dan ddn tinh trgng giai dogn bifp thuong quan trpng ban ed giai dogn bau. Vd quydn ling eir, trong eude bau eu Qudc hdi khod XII ed khodng 300 iing eu vidn ty do nhung sau khi hiep thuong ehi edn lgi 30 ung eu vidn vd kdt qud cudi cimg Id chi ed 1 iing eir vidn ty do tning eir. Nhu vgy, khd ndng tning eu eua eae umg eir vidn ty iing eii rat thap, didu ndy mdu thuan vdi tu tudmg eua Chu tjch Hd Chi Minh: "He ai ed tdi dire thi hay ra umg eu dk giiip nude, giiip dan"
1.1.3. Td ehiie vd hogt ddng eiia ede td churc xa hdi vd dodn the quin ehiing
Cde to ehiic xa hdi va dodn thd quin ehung d Vift Nam nhu Mat trgn td qudc Vift Nam vdi eae thdnh vidn la Tdng lidn dodn lao ddng Viet Nam, Hdi ndng dan Vift Nam,
Hpi thanh nidn Vift Nam, Hdi lidn bifp phu nii Vift Nam, Hpi cyu chien binh, Hdi nhd vdn, Hpi nhd bdo, Hdi nhgc sT, Hdi kidn tnic su... Id ede t i ehire t§p hgp ede lye lugng dan ehu trong xa hpi ed vai trd quan trpng trong hf thong ehinh trj. Tuy nhidn, do quan nifm cde to chiie ndy Id cdnh tay ndi ddi eua Ddng vd Nhd nude ndn tinh dpe lap trong td ehiic vd hogt ddng eua ede to chiic ndy chua eao. Cde td ehiie ndy khdng ed thii ITnh thd hifn bdn sde ridng eiia td ehiire minh, do vgy tinh phdn bifn xd hpi ehua eao, do dd siie sdng tgo vd sy ddng gdp eho xa hdi eung edn bj hgn ehd. Dd bdo vf ede quydn eon ngudi vd quydn edng dan ddi hdi phdi tdng cudng vai trd eua ede td ehiie nhu Hdi ludt gia Vift Nam, Lien dodn ludt su Vift Nam. Nhung Lidn dodn lugt su Vift Nam ehi vira mdi duge thdnh lap, vai trd eua nd trong vife bdo vf ede quydn edng dan vd quydn eon ngudi edn hgn ehd. Cho ddn nay Vift Nam van ehua ed Luat vd hdi ndn vife phdt huy vai trd eua cdc hdi ndi ridng, eua xd hdi dan sy ndi ehung edn hgn ehd.
1.2. Ve td chirc vd hogt dgng cua Qudc hgi Qudc hdi d Vift Nam eiing nhu nghj vifn eiia ede nude trdn thd gidi Id eo quan dgi bidu eao nhdt eiia nhdn dan do nhdn dan ed nude bau ra. O ede nhd nude tu sdn, quydn lap phdp tdi eao thude vd nghi vifn, ngodi ra nghj vifn trong ede md hinh ehinh thd d ehau Au edn ed quydn gidm sat ehinh phu vd ed quydn bd phidu bit tin nhidm ehinh phu, bupe ehinh phu phdi gidi tdn. Dd thye hifn quydn gidm sdt, nghj vifn ed hai
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thiet ehe quan trpng Id thanh tra quoc hpi vd kiem todn quoc hpi. Kbi cdng dan ho$e to ehiie ed dan tir to edo bode khieu kifn ldn thanh tra quoc hpi ve vin de tham nhung ho^e sy thieu minh bgeh eua ehinh phii ho$e CO quan, quan chiie banh ehinh nhd nude ndo dd vdi sy giiip dd eiia kiem toan quoc hdi, thanh tra quoc hpi se tien hanh dieu tra ede vy vife ndi trdn. Nhd ed thanh tra quoc hpi vd kiem todn quoc hpi md hogt dpng ehat vin cdc thdnh vidn eua ehinh phu eiia nghj vifn ed hifu lye vd bifu qud eao. 0 Vift Nam, trong cdc cupc hpi thdo, trong cdc tdi lifu nghidn ciiu, nhidu lan ede thidt ehd ndy dd duge nhdc ddn nhung eho ddn nay ede thidt chd ndy van ehua duge thdnh lap.
Theo quy djnh eua Hidn phdp, Qudc hpi ed quydn bdu eir Chu tjch nude, Thu tudng Chinh phii, Chdnh dn Tod an nhan ddn tdi cao vd Vifn trudmg Vifn kidm sdt nhdn dan
f y •*
tdi cao ddng thdi phd chudn ede thdnh vidn eua Chinh phu do Thii tudng df trinh. Tuy nhidn, do vife bdu eir eung nhu phd ehuan ddu ehi ed mdt iing eir vidn ndn bau eir vd phd chudn hau nhu khdng khde nhau. Bau eu Id lya ehpn nhung ndu khdng ed khd ndng lya ehpn thi dd ehi Id hinh thiire bd phieu phd chudn md thdi.
1.3. Ve td chitc vd hogt dgng ciia Chinh phu
Theo quy djnh eua lugt to ehire ehinh phii nhidu nudc trdn thd gidi, co eiu eua ehinh phu ehi bao gdm thu tudng, phd thu tudng, ede bp trudng vd thii trudng ea quan ngang bp. Tuy nhidn, theo Lugt to ehiire Chinh phu Vift Nam, eo eiu eua Chinh phu
bao g6m bf vd ea quan ngang bp. Quy djnh nhu v$y dd dan den sy nhim lan giQ:a boat dpng eua bf vd hogt dpng eiia Chinh phu, cdc bp trudmg eoi n ^ g hogt dpng d bp ma coi nhp hogt dpng d Chinh phu. Cdc bp \i ede CO quan chuydn mdn, dd Id ede eo quan tde nghifp hdnh ehinh trong khi dd Chinh phii Id ea quan ehinh trj tiire Id dd ra ede chu truang, quyit sdch vd thyc bifn ehiire ndng dieu hod phoi hgp todn bp bp mdy hdnh ehinh nhd nude. Niu quan nifm eo eiu eiia Chinh phii bao gom bd vd ea quan ngang bf tbi ede bp trudng ehu ydu hogt dpng d vdn phdng bp trong khi dd ydu eau eua xd hpi la ede bp trudmg phdi hogt dpng chii ydu d try sd eua Chinh phu. Chinh phu ede nudc tren
f y \
the gidi thdng thudmg mpt tuan hpp mpt lan nhu d Phdp, mpt tuan hpp hai lin nhu d Nfi ede Anh^ ', trong thdi ki phong kidn thi cac phidn thidt tridu dugc thidt lap vdo cae ngay Id bode ngdy chdn vd khdng it ban 4 lan.
Thdi ki nha Nguyen, eae hpi ddng dinh thin eiia vua Gia Long vd Minh Mang trifu tap gpi la Cdng ddng hpp vdo eae ngay 1, 8,15, 23 sau dd ddi lgi cdc ngdy 2, 9, 16, 24.^^^
Nhu vgy binh quan moi tuin hpp mpt ldn.
Dudi thdi vua Minh Mgng, nhiing ngay thudng tridu la nhOmg ngay Id: 5, 11, 21,25.
Chinh phii eua ehiing ta hifn nay hpp mpt thdng mpt lin nhu vgy khdng the ddm bao tinh lidn tue cua boat dpng hanh chinh. Hoat dpng didu hod, phoi hgp ciia Chinh phu khdng ddp irng ydu ciu ciia xd hpi. Yeu ciu xay dyng nha nuac phap quydn ddi hdi bf may hdnh chinh khdng duge tuy tifn dua ra
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bat ki quy dinh ndo trdi vdi lugt trong qud trinh dp dyng ehinh sdch, tuy nhidn d Vift Nam hifn tugng vdn bdn eua ea quan hdnh chinh cap dudi trdi vdi van bdn eua eo quan hdnh ehinh eip trdn Id chuyf n khd pho bien.
Co quan vd can bp hdnh ehinh phdi in in, edng bd rpng rai ede hudng dan thu tyc, edng khai ede thdng tin can thiet eho ngudi dan. Tuy nhidn, d Vift Nam ehua ed Ludt tidp can thdng tin ndn eac eo quan hdnh ehinh nhd nude ehua eoi dd Id nghia vy bdt bupe eua minh. Theo ydu eiu eiia nhd nude phdp quydn. ede quan ehiie vd ea quan hdnh ehinh nhd nude tir thdp den eao kd ed ehinh phii vd thii tudng ehinh phii ddu ed thd bj kifn ra tod. C) Nhgt, mpt edng ti ludt da kifn Chinh phu Nhgt vd vife giii ede edng ddn Nhdt tham chidn d Irdc la vi phgm quydn duge sdng trong hod binh eua edng dan quyen hidn dinh eua Nhgt; tod dn dd xir eho edng ti ludt thdng kidn vd bude Chinh phu
r r y
phdi nit qudn khdi Irdc. Van dd edng vy vd edng ehire d Viet Nam hidn nay edn qud nhidu didu can phdi xem xdt lgi. Cdng ehiie Vift Nam thudmg di lam ehinh trj vd ede nhd ehinh tri lgi lam vife eua ede edng ehiie, khdng ed sy phan bift rgch rdi giQ:a ehinh trj vd hdnh ehinh. Cdng ehiie hdnh ehinh ein phdi ed kien thiie chuydn mdn vd edng nghf hdnh ehinh bdn cgnh kien thiie vd li lugn ehinh tri.
1.4. Td chirc vd hogt dgng cua ca quan toddn
Cudc cai each tu phap da va dang duge tidn hdnh tuy nhidn eho ddn nay hf thdng eo
quan tod dn nude ta van dang duge td ehiic theo ede dan vj hdnh ehinh Idnh tho khdng phdn bift giiia dd thj vd ndng thdn vi thd mpt tham phdn tod dn qudn d ede thdnh phd ldn ed the ed khoi lugng edng vife nhieu gip 20, 30 ldn so vdi thim phdn eip huyfn d ndng thdn. Tod dn nhan dan toi eao van phdi xir phiie thdm eho cdc bdn dn bj khdng nghj, khdng edo eiia 63 tinh, thdnh vd ti If dn tdn dpng van khd eao. Tinh dpe lap cua eae tham phdn van ehua duge dam bdo do nhifm ki bd nhifm eua tham phdn ehi ed 5 ndm vd bet nhifm ki dd thim phdn phdi duge Chdnh dn Tod dn nhdn dan toi eao bd nhifm lai theo dd nghj eiia hdi ddng tuydn ehpn trong dd ed dgi difn eua hpi ddng nhan dan, hpi lugt gia, sd ndi vu vd chdnh dn tod an nhan dan tinh.
Khi xet xir ede vu vife lidn quan ddn nhiing ngudi trong hdi ddng ndy, thdm phdn ed thd bi tde ddng. Hon thd niia, theo quy ehd bd nhifm tham phdn, ede thim phdn ddu phdi Id ddng vidn. Thdng thudng ede quan chiie hdnh ehinh ddu Id edn bd ede cdp uy ddng vi thd thdng qua td ehiie ddng, ede edn bd hdnh ehinh ed thd tde ddng ddn ede tham phdn vd tham phdn khdng thd ddm bdo tinh dpe lap eua minh trong hogt dpng xet xir. Tod dn hdnh ehinh d Vift Nam mdt mdt vi ndm
r
trong hf thdng tod dn nhan dan, mgt khde do
t y p /
tham quydn td tyng hgn ehd, vi vgy hogt ddng khdng ed hifu qud, ede tod dn hdnh ehinh d dja phuang xet xur duge rit it ede vu vife vd uy tin eua tod hdnh ehinh khdng eao.
1.5. To chitc vd hogt dgng ciia vien kiim sdt Sau khi siia ddi Hidn phap ndm 1992 vdo
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ndm 2001, vifn kiem sdt nhan ddn ede eip chi cdn thim quyen edng to vd gidm sdt boat dpng tu phdp, ehiie ndng gidm sdt ehung eiia vifn kiem sdt bj bdi bd, trong kbi dd ehua ed CO quan chuyen mdn ndo thay the vifn kiem sat thyc hifn chirc ndng ndy. Trong bp mdy nhd nudc phong kien, ngy sir ddi vd dd sdt vifn thyc hifn quyen ddn bach bdch quan vd trudng dd sdt vifn Id quan chirc cd the lye cao chi dudi vua vd td tudmg vd cbi tryc thupc vua. Trudc day, vifn kiem sdt nhan ddn la co quan chuydn mdn vira thye hifn ehiie ndng cdng to vira thye bifn ehiie ndng gidm sdt chung cQng Id hgp li vi chirc ndng edng td vd ehiie ndng gidm sdt ed thd tuomg ho ldn nhau. Vifn trudng Vifn kidm sdt nhan dan tdi cao do Qudc hpi biu ra vd bdi nhifm ndn eung ed thd tao ra vj tri dpe lap eiia vifn kidm sdt ddi vdi Chinh phu. Cde ea quan thanh tra nhd nude Id cdc ca quan ciia Chinh phii ndn khdng thd gidm sdt Chinh phii duge.
Do vay, vife bd ehiie ndng kidm sdt ehung eua Vifn kidm sat nhan dan tdi eao md khdng giao ehiie ndng gidm sdt do eho mpt CO quan chuydn mdn dpe lap vdi Chinh phu thye hifn quydn gidm sdt thi ehiire ndng gidm sat tdi eao eua ea quan chuydn mdn dd bj bd trdng, didu ndy khdng phii hgp vdi xu hudmg xdy dyng nhd nude phdp quyen Id tdng cudng ehiie ndng gidm sdt bdn trong vd bdn ngodi eua bd mdy nhd nude.
1.6. Td chirc vd hogt dgng ciia hgi dong nhdn ddn vd uy ban nhdn ddn
Xu hudng eua ede nude trdn the gidi ngdy nay Id xay dyng ehinh quyen dja
phuomg ty qudn. Cde hdi dong dja phuong do nhdn dan dja phuang biu ra ed thd ban hdnh lu§t dieu ehinh ede quan hf xd hfi trong dja phuomg minh, ed thd ddt ra thud dja phuang de thye hifn ede ehiie ndng edng cpng eho dja phuang minh. Cde hpi ding dja phuomg biu ra ea quan chip hdnh eua minh, Cde ea quan nhd nude trung uomg ed quyk gidm sdt de bdo vf tinh hgp hiin hgp phap eiia hogt dpng eua ehinh quyen dja phuomg nhung d Vift Nam hifn nay hpi ddng nhan ddn ede eip ed vai trd, ehiie ndng, quydn han ehua thdt rd rdng nhit Id thieu tinh dpe lap tuomg ddi trong boat dpng eiia minh ndn hieu lye, hifu qud ehua eao vd nhidu khi con mang tinh hinh thire. Vife sua ddi Luat ti ehiie hpi dong nhdn dan, uy ban nhdn dan hifn nay Id van de cap bach nhdm tdng eudn^
hifu lyc, hifu qud eiia ehinh quydn dja phuong.
Ngudi dirng dau ea quan hdnh ehinh cdp xa trong thdi ki phong kidn da ed truydn thdng do dan bdu, ea quan nhd nude cap trdn chi phe ehuan, vife bau eir tryc tiep ehire danh ehu tjch xd, phudng vira phii hgp vdi truyen thong dd hinh thanh lau ddi d Viet Nam, vira phii hgp vdi xu hudng dan ehu trong td churc vd hogt dpng eiia bp mdy nhd nude. Mdc du vgy, eho den nay chd dp biu eii chii tjch xa phudng van ehua duge khdi phue lgi, dieu nay the hifn lye can va siie y ciia bp may hdnh ehinh quan lidu van cdn rat ndng n8, ndu khdng cd quyet tam chinh tri eao cua nhQng ngudi diing diu Dang vd Nhd nudc thi cupc eai cdch hanh ehinh vd Nha nudc khdng thd tiin hdnh mdt each trift dd dugc.
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2. Pham vi \h npi dung sii-a doi, bo sung Hien phap nam 1992
2.1. Che dg chinh tri
Didu 6 ehuomg Chd dp ehinh trj ein duge bd sung hinh thiie dan ehii trye tiep, theo dd Didu 6 can duge quy djnh lgi nhu sau: "Nhan dan sii dung quydn lye nhd nude thdng qua Qudc hpi va hpi dong nhdn dan Id nhQng eo quan dgi difn cho y ehi vd nguyfn vpng ciia nhdn dan, do nhdn dan bdu ra vd chju traeh nhifm trudc nhdn dan. Nhdn dan edn cd thd thyc hifn quydn lye eua minh thdng qua hinh thiie trung edu ddn y, theo
r y f
dd ede van de quan trpng eua dat nude nhu bd sung vd sua ddi Hidn phdp, quydt djnh
r y \ ^
cde van dd quan trpng eua Nhd nude vd ddi
r t
ndi vd ddi ngogi, Nhd nude phdi td chiic tnmg edu dan yTay y kidn nhan ddn dd quydt dinh"
Cde nguydn tde biu eir duge quy dinh trong Didu 7 Hidn phap hifn hanh Id nguydn tie phd thdng, binh ddng, trye tidp vd bd phidu kin Id hodn todn diing ddn. Tuy nhidn, can bd sung thdm nguydn tdc bdu cir ty do, theo dd biu eu Id quydn ty do eua edng ddn, edng dan ty gide di biu, khdng ed eo quan ndo, td ehiie ndo dp bude edng ddn phdi thye hifn quydn nay.
Ddi vdi quy dinh tgi Didu 8: "Cdc ca quan nhd nu&c, cdn bg, vien chuc nhd nu&c phdi tdn trgng nhdn ddn, tan tuy phuc vu nhdn ddn, lien he chat che v&i nhdn ddn, ldng nghe y kiin vd chiu su gidm sdt cua nhdn ddn; kien quyit ddu tranh chdng tham nhiing, ldng phi vd mgi biiu hien quan lieu.
hdch dieh, cira quyin " Quy dinh nhu vgy Id diing ddn vd ein thiet nhung ein bo sung vdo quy djnh trdn day nghia vy eiia ede eo quan nhd nude, edn bp vidn ehiie nhd nude phdi eung eip ede thdng tin ein thiet vd thudng xuydn eho nhdn ddn. Bdi ehi khi ndo dugc eung cap day du thdng tin thi phuang eham mpi edng vife quan trpng eiia ddt nude, dan bidt, dan bdn, dan ldm, dan kiem tra mdi ed thd thye hifn duge.
2.2. Quyen vd nghia vu ca bdn cua cdng ddn Chuang Quydn vd nghia vu co bdn cua edng dan ein duge ddi tdn lgi Id "Quydn vd nghia vy eo bdn eiia eon ngudi vd edng ddn"
ddng thdi bd sung thdm mdt sd didu sau ddy:
- Bd sung quydn duge sdng trong hod binh eua edng dan, theo dd mpi edng dan ddu ed quydn duge sdng trong hod binh, quydn ndy duge Nhd nude ddm bdo trir trudng hgp lanh thd eua nude Cdng hod xa hdi ehu nghia Vift Nam bj nude ngodi xdm chidm.
Bd sung thdm quy dinh: "Cdng dan ed quydn duge hudmg mdt miie sdng thieb ddng dil dd dam bdo siie khod vd sy no am cua bdn thdn vd gia dinh"
Bd sung thdm quy djnh vd quydn eon ngudi: "O nude Cdng hod xd hpi ehii nghia Viet Nam, ede quydn eon ngudi vd ehinh trj vd dan sy, kinh te, vdn hod, xa hdi theo Tuydn
f y y
ngdn thd gidi vd nhdn quydn ndm 1948, Cdng ude vd ede quydn dan sy vd ehinh tri nam
1966, Cdng ude qudc td vd ede quydn kinh td, van hod, xa hdi ndm 1966 va ede edng ude qudc td khde ma Vift Nam ki kit hoge tham gia duge tdn trpng vd ddm bao thye hifn"
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- Khin truang ban hdnh ede luat nhu Lugt tiep e|in thdng tin, Lugt trung eiu ddn y, Lu$t ve hpi, eho phdp edng ddn ed quyin ty do xuit bdn nhdm tdng tudmg cdc khd ndng ddm bdo ede quyen eon ngudi vd quyen edng ddn.
2.3. Quoc hgi
Xde djnh rd trong Hien phdp Quie hfi ed 4 chiie ndng eo bdn la ehiie ndng dgi difn eiia todn the nhdn ddn; ehire ndng ldp hien, lap phdp; chirc ndng quyet djnh ede vin de quan trpng eiia dit nude ve m$t dii npi eung nhu doi ngogi vd ehiic ndng gidm sdt bp mdy nhd nude, ddc bift Id gidm sdt Chinh phu. Bd sung thdm quy djnh Qudc hpi ed quyen bd phidu bit tin nhifm Chinh phu bupe Chinh phu phdi gidi tdn.
Bd sung thdm quy djnh vd vife thdnh lap Thanh tra Qudc hdi vd Kidm todn Qudc hdi, cdc quy djnh vd Thanh tra Qudc hpi vd Kidm todn Qudc hdi se duge quy dinh trong mpt lugt ridng.
Vd CO eau td ehiie eua Quoc hpi, de quy trinh ldm lugt chdt ehe hom, ein chuydn Qudc hdi tir mpt vifn sang Qudc hpi hai vifn, bao gdm thugng vifn vd hg vifn, ede dgi bidu hg vifn biu theo ti If dan so, cii 172.000 ddn/1 dgi bidu Qudc hpi.^^^ Cde dgi bieu thugng vifn dai difn eho ede dom vj hdnh ehinh Idnh thd eao nhit, theo dd moi tinh, thdnh pho trye thupc tnmg uomg ed 2 thugng nghj sT. Ngodi ra, Chu tjch nudc cd quydn bd nhifm 5 dgi bieu thugng vifn liy tir nhung ngudi ed cdng lao xuit sdc trong ede linh vyc khoa hpc, ki thugt, cdng nghf, y
hpe, gido dye bo^e qudn trj kinh doanh.
Vc cdc uy ban eiia Quoc hpi cin thdnh l$p thdm Uy ban nhdn quyin de chdm lo vln di xdy dyng hodn thifn phdp luat ve quyk eon ngudi vd ddm bdo ede quydn eon ngudi duge thye hifn trong thye te.
2.4. Chil tich nu&c
Bo sung thdm quyen hgn eho Chu tjdi nude, theo dd Cbii tjch nudc ed quyen phe ehuin ede dy ludt trudc khi edng bo. Trudng hgp Chil tjch nudc phu quydt cde dy luat thi dy lu$t duge gui lgi eho Quoc hpi vd dy luat ndy ehi ed thd thdng qua duge khi bilu quyet lgi dgt tir 2/3 trd ldn sd dgi bieu co mdt tdn thdnh.
Dd tdng cudmg vai trd eua ngudi diing diu nhd nude, Chu tjch nude phdi do nhSn dan biu eu trye tidp. Ifng eii vidn ehiic vu Chu tjch nude Id edng dan Vift Nam, thudng tni d Vift Nam khdng it ban 10 ndm tnroc ngdy ling eu, ed tudi ddi khdng dudi 35, la ngudi ed siic khod, ed uy tin, tri tuf vd tai ndng, ed the doan kit dugc nhan dan, yeu nude, tdn trpng Hidn phdp vd phap luat. Chu tjch nude phdi tuydn thf trung thanh vdi T6 qudc, hdt ldng phyc vy nhan dan vd tdn trpng Hidn phdp khi nhgm chiic.
2.5. Chinh phu
Sira doi quy djnh vd ea ciu ciia Chinh phu, theo dd ca ciu cua Chinh phii khong phdi bao gdm bp va ca quan ngang bp ma cc ciu eua CWnh phu bao gom Thii tudng, pho thu tudng, cae bp trudng va thu trudng co quan ngang bd. Sura doi quy dinh vd tinh ehit eua Chinh phu, theo dd Chinh phii la co
62 TAP CHl LUAT HOC S6 12/2011
NGHIEN CLTU - TRAO OOI
quan hdnh phdp eao nhit, khdng quy dinh Chinh phu Id ea quan chip hdnh eua Qudc hdi nhdm dd eao tinh dpe lgp eua Chinh phu trong vife thye hifn ehiie nang hdnh phdp eua minh. Bd sung thdm quy djnh ve nhifm vu vd quydn hgn eua Chinh phu Id dieu hod, phdi hgp hogt dpng eua ede bp vd eo quan ngang bp. Trong Lugt td ehiie Chinh phii quy dinh rd Chinh phu hpp moi tuin 1 lin dd ddm bdo tinh lidn tyc vd kjp thdi trong hogt ddng eiia Chinh phii.
2.6. Td chirc toddn
Tod an duge td ehiie lgi theo nguydn tie thim eip td tung kit hgp vdi nguydn tde hdnh chinh lanh thd. Theo dd hf thdng tod dn Vift Nam ed tod sa tham cap 1 td ehiic d cde huyfn, qudn eua thdnh phd trye thude trung uong hodc thdnh phd thude tinh d dja phuang gidi quydt ede vy dn dan sy vd hinh synhd.
Tod so thdm cap 2 td ebiie d ede tinh vd thdnh phd trye thude tnmg uong. Day la tod
9 9 y
SO thdm ed tham quydn rdng.
Tod phiie tham thdnh lap d ede thdnh phd ldn trye thude trung uomg vd moi khu vyc ( gdm vdi ba tinh lan can.
Tod an ed thim quydn eao nhit Id Tod dn tdi eao ehi xet xir gidm doe thim vd tai thim vd thye hifn ehiie ndng quan li todn bd hf j thing tod an.
Tod dn hdnh ehinh duge to chue thdnh nggeh ridng gdm 3 cap: so tham d ede tinh vd phiie thim d 3 midn Bde, Trung, Nam.
' Toa hanh ehmh tdi eao ddt tgi thii dd vira ed , ehiie nang xet xur hanh ehinh eao nhit, vira ' ed ehiie nang tu vin phap luat eho Chi'nh phu.
Ngodi hai hf thing tod dn tu phdp vd hdnh ehinh edn thdnh lap thdm tod an Hidn phdp ed ehiie ndng bdo vf Hidn phdp, ed thim quyen tuydn bo ede lugt eua Quoc hpi, ede phdp Ifnh eua Uy ban thudng vy Quoc hpi, Ifnh, quyet djnh eua Chu tjch nude, nghj djnh eua Chinh phu, quyet djnh cua Thu tudng Chinh phu la vi hien vd lam vd hifu hod ede vdn bdn dd. Tod dn Hidn phdp bao
y J r
gdm 15 tham phdn trong dd 2/3 so thdnh vidn do Quoc hpi biu vd 1/3 do Chu tjch nudc bo nhifm.
2.7. Td chirc vi^n kiem sdt
Doi vdi vifn kidm sdt nhdn ddn, theo ehiing tdi ndn lya ehpn mpt trong hai phucmg dn sau day:
a. Tdch vifn kidm sat nhdn dan thdnh 2 bd phgn: Vifn gidm sdt vd vifn edng td. Vifn trudng vifn gidm sdt do Qudc hdi bau, midn nhifm, bai nhifm. Vifn gidm sdt ed ehiie ndng gidm sdt todn bd hogt ddng eua bd mdy nhd nude. Vifn gidm sdt duge td ehiie vd hogt ddng dpe lap vdi hf thing ea quan hdnh phdp vd tu phdp. Vifn edng td dugc td ehiie theo md hinh eua Phdp, theo dd ede edng td vidn Id eae thim phdn thye hifn ehiie ndng edng td cimg duge ddo tgo d hpe vifn tu phdp vdi ede thdm phdn xdt xu. Cde edng td vidn vd ede thim phdn xet xur Id hai bd phgn gdn kdt vdi nhau trong hf thdng tod dn tir trdn xudng dudi nhu hai bp phgn khdng thd thidu eiia tod dn eae eip.
b. Khdi phue lgi ehiic ndng gidm sat chung eua vidn kidm sdt nhan dan. Vidn trudng Vifn kidm sat nhan dan tdi eao do
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NGHIEN CCru - TRAO OOI
Quoc hpi biu vd bdi nhifm, todn bp cde edng td vidn do Vifn Irudng vifn kicm sdt nhdn dan toi cao bo nhifm vd mien nhifm. Vifn kiem sdt nhan ddn tdi eao ed quyin gidm sdt Chinli phii vd todn bp bf thong eo quan hanh ehinh Nha nude. Nhifm ki eiia ede kiem sdt vidn cung nhu nhifm ki ciia ede thim phdn Id 10 ndm vd cd thd duge tai bo nhifm. Cde vifn kiem sdt nhdn ddn dja phuomg khdng chju sy giam sat ciia ca quan chinh quyin dja phuang ma bdo cdo hogt dfng eiia minh ldn vifn kidm sdt nhan dan eap trdn. Cde kidm sdt vidn eung nhu ede tham phdn ed quydn midn trir. Vife td ehiie, hogt dpng eiia vifn kidm sat duge thye hifn theo Ludt to ehiic Vifn kidm sat nhdn dan.
2.8. Hdi ddng nhdn ddn vd uy ban nhdn ddn Cdn ddi tdn chuang Hgi ddng nhdn ddn vd uy ban nhan ddn trong Hidn phdp thdnh chuong: "Chinh quydn dja phuomg"
Chinh quydn dja phuang duge td ehiire thdnh 2 bd phdn. Bd phdn thii nhit bao gom hf thdng cdc ea quan hdnh ehinh ede eip, thye thi mfnh Ifnh eiia eo quan hdnh ehinh nhd nude eip trdn tgi dia phuomg, hf thing thiir hai Id he thing ede ea quan ty qudn gdm hpi ddng nhdn dan eip xd vd eip tinh.
Hpi ddng nhan dan tinh ed quyen ban hdnh ludt dd dieu ehinh ede vin de thupc dja phuang eua minh. Hpi ddng nhdn dan tinh ed quydn ban hdnh thud dja phuang dd xay dyng ede edng trinh phiie lgi vd thye hifn ehiire nang edng epng d dja phuang. Hpi dong nhan dan do nhan dan trye tiep biu ra;
Hdi ddng nhan dan ed ea quan chip hdnh
ciia minh nhu thudmg trye hpi dong nhan dan hifn nay. Cdc hpi dong nhan dan dja phuong ed ngdn sdch ridng eua minh, ngan sdch nay do nguin thu thui dja phuang tgo ra. Hfi dong nhdn ddn dja phuang hogt dpng theo Lugt to ehiire ehinh quyen ty qudn edn uy ban bdnh ehinh ede eip hogt dpng theo Luat t6 ehiie ede eo quan hdnh ehinh nhd nude.
2.9. Cdc thiit chi hien dinh (Constitutiond organization)
Trong Hidn phdp Vift Nam mdn can bo sung thdm mpt ehuomg vd ede thiet ehd hiSn djnh. Cde thidt ehe hidn djnh nay Id eac co quan nhd nudc dpc lap khdng ndm trong cac hf thong ede ea quan lap phdp, hdnh phdp va tu phdp. Cde ea quan hidn djnh bao gdm: Uy ban bdu eu, Vifn gidm sat (bode Uy ban thanh tra dpe lap), Uy ban nhdn quydn, Uy ban kidm todn, Uy ban chdng tham nhiing. 0 nude ta hifn nay mdi ehi ed Uy ban kiem todn nhd nude Id thidt ehe hidn dinh, cdn 4 thidt ehd edn lgi ho$e ehua ed bode ed tdn tai nhung thidu tinh dpe lap. Chiie ndng eiia cac thiet ehd ndy ean phdi duge quy djnh trong Hidn phdp. Cdn ea cau td chue, bidn che, each thiic hogt dpng phai duge quy dinh trong cdc lugt ridng ve eac to chiic nay./.
(l).Xem: Constitutional and administrative law- Hilaire Bamett, Edition Cavendish Publishing Limited, London 2000, p. 380.
(2).Xem: Vu Quic Thdng, Phdp chi sic, Nxb. Tii sicli Sii Gdn, 1973, d-. 115.
(3). Din si nudc ta hifn nay khoing 86 trifu ngiriri, Quic hfi hifn nay cd 500 d^ii bilu, nhu v§y 1 d^i bi^u Quic hfi d^ii difn cho khoing 172.0000 ngudi din.
64 TAP CHl LUAT HQC s 6 12/2011
