I NGHIEN Ciru - TRAO DOI
iXAY DUNG VAN HOA TON TRONG PHAP LUAT • N H O N G VAN OE OAT RA
NGUViNBACHliN*
Tdm tdt: Hogt dong xay dyng vd thyc hiin phdp lugt d mgt ddt nuac gdn liin v&i vdn hod phdp li cua nudc do. Di viic thyc hien diing phdp lugt trong thyc tiin trd thdnh j? thuc. thdi quen vd ldi sing cua cdc chu thi trong xd hgi thi yiu td mang tmh quyit dinh Id vdn hod tdn trgng phdp lugt. Bdi via chi ra nhimg hgn chi vd nguyin nhdn trong xay dung vdn hod tdn trgng phdp lugt & Viet Nam hi^n nay. Tren ca sa do, bdi viit dua ra mot sd gidi phdp nhdm xdy dyng vdn hod tdn trgng phdp lugt nhu:
hoan thiin phdp ludt; to chuc thyc hien co hieu qud vd tri§t di phdp lugt; chii trgng gido due trong gia dinh vd nhd trudng; phdt huy vai tro cua cdc dodn the xa hgi vd td chuc tu vdn, trg giiip phdp ll; thuc day sy guong mdu vd niu guang tdt vi viic thyc hien ddng phdp lugt.
Tie khod: Thyc hienphap ludt; ton trgng phdp lugt; vdn hod phdp lugt.
Abstract: Making and implementing the taw of a country is closely linked to its legal culture. If fully and correctly implementing the law becomes the awareness, the habit and the life style of the subjects in the society, then the establishment of the culture to respect the law is a determinant. The paper discusses the shortcomings and their causes in the course of fostering the culture to respect the law in Vietnam at present. Based on that, the paper proposes some solutions for establishing the culture to respect the law suh as: improving the law; organising the effective and thorough implementation of the law; focusing on the education of families and schools; promoting the role of civil societies and legal consulting and legal aid organisations; and fostering the exemplary and good examples of fully andcorrectly implementing the law.
Keywords: Implementing the law; respecting the law; legal culture.
1. Bat van de
Khi phap luat dugc ban hanh, dilu quan trgng Id phdp luat phai phii hgp vdi thuc tien vd quan trgng hon la phap ludt can phdi dugc thyc hi?n diing trong thuc tien. Cd nhu vay thi phdp ludt mdi thuc su di vdo cugc song vd cd tac dyng tich eye ddi vdi xa hgi. Khi phdp ludt dugc ban hdnh nhung ngi dung phdp luat khdng phu hgp vdi thyc tien hoac viec thyc hien trong thyc tien khdng dting hodc cd vi phgm se Idm cho phdp luat mdt di hieu Iyc vdn cd ciia nd, ldm anh hudng din trgt tu, dn dinh xa hgi, quyen va lgi ich chinh dang ctia cdc chu the trong xa hgi. Vi thl, vdn de mdu chdt dugc dat ra Id phai bao dam
thyc hien phdp ludt trong thuc tien. Viec bao dam ndy phai dugc thl hiSn ngay trong J thiic ciia moi ngudi dan vd ddi hoi su n5 lye, cd gdng ciia cac co quan, cdc td chiic va c^
nhan trong xa hdi. Ndi edch khdc, ySu cau nay chi cd the duge thuc hien t i t vd c6 nen tdng vung chdc khi ehdng ta xdy dyrig duac van hod tdn trgng phap ludt. Bdi vi, "vdn hod tdn trong phdp lugt hd trg dde lye cho phdp ludt ed sue mgnh, la edu ndi quan trgng de phdp lugt cd gid tri va hiiu qud thye ti. Khi da cd vdn hod tdn trgng phdp lugt thi trong
* Tien sT luat hoc, gi^ng vign chfnh Hoc vien hanh chinh qu6c gia
nhiiu tru&ng hgp khdng edn eo sy xudt hiin cua Nhd nu&e, phdp lugt vdn dugc thyc hien mQt edch ty gidc trong thue tiin".^^^
Theo quan diem eua tdc gia, xdy dung vdn hod tdn trgng phap lugt la viee cdc co quan, td ehiic, cd nhdn va cdc chu the khac trong xa hdi thuc hien hoge tham gia thye hien nhiing ndi dung, hinb thiie va phuong phdp khae nhau de xdy dung su hieu biet va Idi sdng tdn trgng phdp ludt trong xd hgi nham tgo co sd nen tdng cho viec hinh thdnh y thiic, thdi quen tdn trgng phdp lugt vd thuc hien diing phap luat trong thuc tien.
Xay dung van hoa tdn trgng phdp ludt cd nhiing dac diem sau:
Mgt Id xdy dyng van hod tdn trgng phdp luat duge ddt trong bdi canh xay dyng nen van hod Viet Nam tien tiln, dam da bdn sac ddn tdc. Van boa tdn trgng phap ludt la bd phan khdng tach rdi vdi nen van hod Viet Nam.
Hai Id xdy dung van hod tdn trgng phap luat la trdch nhiem ciia todn xd hgi, trong do trach nhiem trude bet thudc ve Nha nudc bang viec ban hanh cac quy dinh lien quan den viec xdy dyng van hod tdn trgng phap lugt vd thdng qua eac thiet che ey the de Nhd nude trien khai va bdo dam trien khai trong thuc tien cac quy dinh da ban hdnh. Cde td chiic. cd nhan vd cdc chii the khdc trong xa hdi cd trdeh nhiem xay dung hoac tham gia xdy dung nen vdn hoa Viet Nam ndi chung va van hod tdn trgng phap luat ndi rieng.
Ba Id ndi dung ciia xdy dyng van hod tdn trgng phdp luat la xay dung su hieu biet ve phdp ludt, ^ thiic, thdi quen va loi sdng tdn trgng phdp luat, thuc hien dung phdp ludt
trong thuc tien cua cdc chu the.
Bdn td hinh thiie va phuang phap xay dung vdn boa tdn trgng phdp luat r^t da dgng vd phong phii, gin vdi tCrng chu dil thuc hien khdc nhau vdi mye tieu trudc het ldm cho ede ehu the trong xa hOi cd sy hieu biet phdp ludt, tiep den ed ^ thiic, thdi quen vd hinh thdnh ldi sing tdn trgng phap ludt vd cudi cung de ed bdnh vi thuc hien diing phdp luat trong thyc tien.
Trong bdi canh hien nay, viee xdy dyng van hod tdn trgng phap lugt can ddp iing cac yeu eau sau ddy;
Thu nhdt, xdy dung vdn boa tdn trgng phap lugt can duge quan tdm thyc hien thudng xuySn, li8n tuc d tdt ca cdc cdp, cdc nganh, dia phucmg vd vdi tat ca cde chii the trong xa hdi, trong dd trude bet can thudng xuyen vd ndng cao hieu qua hogt dgng mySn truyen, pho biln, giao due phap luat ddng thdi thi hanh triet de va nghiem minh cde quy dinh phap luat ed hieu lue.
Thu hai, xdy dung van hoa tdn trgng phdp lugt cdn phdi bat ddu tir viec xay dung con ngudi cd van hod nen can chd trgng gido due tir gia dinh den nha trudng vd xa hgi, gido dye ttr khi diia tre edn nhd va d nhd trudng can chu trgng gido due diia tre ngay tii bde tieu hge ve y thiic tdn trgng quy tdc chung, tdn trgng phdp lugt de hinb thanh thdi quen tdt ve van hod tdn trgng phap lugt.
Thu ba, xdy dyng van hod tdn trgng phap ludt cdn phdi phdt huy tinh c6ng ddng trong viec chung tay xay dung vdn hod tdn trgng phap ludt ddng thdi khac phuc yeu td van hod "trgng tinh hon trgng Ii" da tdn tai ldu ddi d nudc ta.
TAP CHl LUAT HOC S6 4/2016
NGHIEN CUU - TRAO DOI
Thii tu, xay dung van hod tdn trgng phdp lu|it can phdi quan tam den bdi nhgp qudc t l hien nay, dd la xay dyng y thiic tdn trgng cdc cam ket qudc te, tiep thu nhiing ket qud dgt dugc trong xay dung van hod tdn trgng phap luat ciia cde qudc gia thdnh cdng tren the gidi.
Ciing vdi su ddi mdi va phat trien dat nudc, ket qua xdy dung vdn hod tdn trgng phap lugt trong thdi gian qua d rudu ta da dgt dugc nhieu ket qud nhu: hogt ddng tuyen tmyen, phd bien, giao dye phap ludt ngdy edng dugc quan tdm n6n sd ngudi va miic do hieu biet phdp lugt ngay cang dugc ndng len;
y thiic tdn trgng phdp lugt ciia da so edng ddn tien bd han; yeu td "trgng I f duge tang ddn ISn trong xa hdi; nhiing dnh hudng ciia thdi quen Igc hau tir xa hgi phong kien dugc ban che, tang dan thdi quen iing xii theo phdp luat trong xd hgi.
Trong phgm vi bai viet chi tap trang ldm rd nhung hgn chl trong van hod tdn trgng phdp ludt d Vi?t Nam hien nay, chi ra nhiing nguyen nhdn khach quan vd chu quan, tren CO sd dd de xuat mdt sd gidi phdp xay dyng van hod tdn trgng phap ludt.
2. Nhung han che va nguyen nhan trong xay dung van hoa ton trong phap luat hif n nay
2.1. Nhieng hgn chi trong xdy dyng vdn hod tdn trgng phdp lugt
Thie nhdt, hieu bilt phdp luat ciia cae ehu the trong xd hgi cdn nhilu hgn chl
Xd hdi phdt trien nen ddi hdi phai cd he thdng cdc van ban phdp luat phii hgp d l dilu chinh. Do vgy, sd lugng van ban cung nhu cdc quy dinh phdp luat ngay cdng tang. Trong khi dd, nhin chung hieu bilt phdp ludt ciia cae
chii thl trong xa hdi cdn han che. Ddi tugijj cdn phai n i m ro hon ca n^i dung cua cdc vdn ban phap ludt Id dgi ngii cdn bg, cdng chfic, vien chiic song hg ciing thudng chi quan t§ni din cdc quy dinh phap lugt lien quan tryc tiep din cdng viec ma hg phy trdch. Ddi vdi ca quan, td chiic thi hg n i m cdc quy dinh ph^
ludt v l chiic nang, nhiem vy vd cdc quy dinli khdc cd lidn quan den td chiK: vd hogt d$ng ciia CO quan, td chiic dd. Vi the, sy hieu bi^
phap lugt cua mdt cd nhan trong xa hdi hay mgt cdn bd, edng chiic, vien chiic, mgt co quan, td ehiic van rat hgn che so vdi sd lugng cdc quy dinh phdp ludt hien hdnh. Ngodi ra, trong nhieu trudng hgp, mdt chii the biet ve quy dinh phdp lugt nhung chua chic hoac khdng hieu ve quy dinb phdp ludt dd do quy dinh phap lugt dugc khdi qudt hod cao, sir dung tii ngii chuyen mdn vd bao dam cdu tnic phdp li cua quy dinb phap ludt.
Thie hai, thieu y thiic va thdi quen img xii theo phap ludt
Y thiic va thdi quen iing xii theo phap ludt ciia cdc chu die la ylu td quan trgng de cd van hod tdn trgng phdp lugt. Khi da c6 y thiic va thdi quen iing xii theo phdp luai ciing cd nghTa la cd dugc ldi sdng tdn trpng phap ludt. Thue tien mdi trudng vdn hoS phdp li hien nay cho thdy, ^ thirc vd th(5i quen iing xu theo phap ludt ciia cdc cd nhSn ehua trd thdnh phd biln, thdm chi c6n rfil yeu vd thieu. Chung ta nhdn thdy hien tugng kha phd bien trong xa hdi do la khi can thyc hien mgt cdng viec, nhilu ngudi ddn, tham chl cd can bd, cdng chiie khdng ehii dpng tim hilu cac quy dinh phdp ludt cd lien quan den cdng viec hg can gidi quyet. Dieu nay lam dnh hudng din tiln do vd chdt lugng
NGHIEN CUU - TRAO BOI
giai quyet cdng viec, thgm chi cdn gdy thiet hgi cho ban thdn, cho xa hgi. Ve khach quan, eiing phai ndi r i n g cd nhieu vdn ban rat khd de hieu vd nam bat ngi dung do nhilu quy dinh khd nhd, trong khi trinh do, nhgn thiic ciia nhieu ngudi cdn ban chS. Tuy nhien, dieu ddng bdn d ddy la bg lai ehua cd y thiic vd thdi quen tim den nhiing ngudi hilu bilt hoac den cdc td chiic tu vdn, trg giiip phdp b' de dugc trg giiip. Mgt khia canh khdc eiing can de cap do Id tinh trang dua vao quan he de giai quyet cdng viec. Bieu hien ciia tinh trgng nay la nhd ngudi quen biet hoge cd vi I the trong xa hdi tac ddng den ngudi cd trdch nhiem de giai quyet cdng viec dugc nhanh ehdng, thugn lgi, thgm ehi ddi vdi cd nhung viec khdng cd co sd phap li de giai quyet. Ve phia ngudi ed trdch nhiem trong giai quyet i cdng viec thi ca ne, khdng gidi quyet cdng viec theo diing quy dinh vd ciing khdng gidi thich kip thdi, rd rang quy dinh cho cd nhdn cd lien quan. Tat ca nhung tdn tai neu tren da tgo dd cho nhu'ng viec Idm tuy tien, thieu u'nh khdch quan va khdng neu cao dugc tinh thdn thugng tdn phdp ludt.
Thie ba, tinh nghiem minh ciia phdp ludt cdn khdng it ban che
Tinh nghiem minh ciia phdp ludt la thugc ti'nh quan trgng cua phdp lugt va la yeu td khdng thl thiiu trong van hod tdn trgng phap
^ ludt. Su nghiem minh ciia phdp lugt the bien trudc hit trong ngi dung nhiing quy dinh . phdp luat, dd la tinh khdeh quan, cdng bang, chl tai phu hgp vdi thuc tien... Tren thuc te, nhilu quy dinh phap lugt chua phdn anh diing tinh khdch quan, khdng phu hgp vdi dilu kien xd bgi. Nhilu hdnh vi vi pham hdnh chinh trong cac Itnh vuc mdi trudng.
trgt ty, an todn giao thdng, y te, xdy dung, budn lau, ve sinh an todn thyc phdm... edn dien ra phd biln, phiic tap do ch^ tdi cdn nh?, khdng dii siic rdn de. Cd nhiing trudng hgp viee thyc hien phap ludt bi chgm tre, thuc hien khdng diing, tham chi trdi vdi quy dinh. Hien nay, cdc van ban phdp lugt dieu chinh cdc linh vuc quan he xd hgi khd day dli. Cac che tdi xir phgt hdnh chinh, xii li hinh su ciing khdng thieu. Dieu quan trgng Id khi phdp ludt da duge ban hdnh thi can phdi dugc thuc hien day dii vd triSt de trong diuc tien. Nhieu hanh vi vi pham xay ra trong thyc tien khdng bi phat hien, khdng b{ xu li hodc xir li khdng kip thdi, che tai khdng dugc dp dyng dung ngi dung quy dinh vd tinh chat cua vi pham, bd qua vi pham, Thdng thudng, "ve mat nguyin tac, khi hdnh vi vi pham phdp lugt xay ra thi cdn phdi bi xu U nghiim minh. Nhung khi hdnh vi vj phgm xdy ra md khdng bi xie li nghiim minh
thi di hinh thdnh tdm li coi thu&ng phdp lugt. Tic do tgo ra trong xd hgi mdt phdn ung ddy chuyin Id "tdm li coi thu&ng phdp ludt"
a ed ehd the thye hi$n hdnh vi vi phgm phdp ludt vd chu thi chua hodc khdng thyc hi^n hdnh vi vi phgm phdp lugt"}^^
2.2. Nguyin nhdn cua nhimg hgn ehe trong vdn hod tdn trgng phdp lugt
Thu nhdt, nhiing nguySn nhdn khdch quan Mgt la he thdng phdp ludt bao gom rdt nhieu cdc quy dinh cy the vd ludn cd xu hudng thay ddi, phdt trien
He thdng phap lugt bao gdm rat nhilu van ban phap luat vdi mudn van quy dinh bao qudt cae ITnh vyc khdc nhau ciia ddi sdng xd hdi. Kbdng dimg lai d dd, he thdng pbap lugt ngay cang cd xu hudng gia tdng
TAP CHl LUAT HOC S6 4/2016
NGHIEN CLTU - TRAO DPI |
cdc van bdn va cdc quy dinh phdp ludt cy the do xu hudng luat hod cdc quan he xa hdi vd ngdy cdng giao eho phdp lugt nhilu vai trd trong viec gidi quyet cac quan he xa hgi. Ben cgnh dd, phdp luat ludn cd xu hudng thay ddi, phdt triln cho phii hgp vdi dieu kien xa hdi ludn ludn van ddng. Chinh dieu dd ldm cho mdt ca nhdn trong xa hgi eiing nhu mgt cdn bg, cdng chiic, vien chiic hay mdt co quan, td chiie hilu biet ve phdp luat rdt gidi hgn so vdi sd lugng dd so cdc quy dinh phdp ludt cy thl. Nguyen nhdn khdch quan ndy ldm cho vi?c thye hien ddng pbap lugt nhieu khi trd nSn khd khdn va khdng it trudng hgp chii thl vi phgm phdp luat do loi vd y.
Hai la nhieu quy dinh cila quoc te can dugc thyc hien
Hi?n nay, Viet Nam da vd dang ttong qua trinh hgi nhap qudc te sau rgng. Viec tham gia nhilu dien dan, gia nhgp nhieu td chiic quoc te khu vyc va todn can, ki ket nhieu dieu udc qu6c te nen ngdy cdng cd nhieu quy dinh ciia dilu udc quoc te dugc thuc hien d nudc ta. Luat qude te eiing da nhan manh nguyen tac "ty nguyen thuc hiSn cdc cam ket qudc tl". Vdi so lugng cac dieu udc qudc te md Viet Nam la thanh vi6n ngay cdng nhieu, uong do cd nhihig dieu udc qudc te quy dinh true tiep quyen, nghTa vu, trdch nhiem cua cde CO quan, td chiic, cd nhdn nen ddi hdi cac CO quan, to chiic, cd nhdn khi giai quylt cdng viec can tim hieu kT ngi dung cac quy dinh ciia dieu udc qudc te cd lien quan va thuc hien theo dung quy dinh. Thyc t l eho thay, khi thuc hien, gidi quyet cdc cdng viec cd lien quan den yeu to qu6c tl, nhilu cdn bd, cong ehiic, doanh nghiep, ca nhan chua danh thdi gian tim hieu cdc quy dinh cua
dilu udc qudc t l hoac chua chu ddng, t h ^ chi cdn thd o ddi vdi logi quy dmh nay.
Ba Id van hod trgng tinh hon trgng \i Vdn hod trgng tinh hon trgng Ii rdt ph6 biln d nhilu nudc phuong Ddng, trong do ai Viet Nam. Van hoa trgng tinh hon trgng Iic6 lich su lau ddi. Trong xa hgi Viet Nam van cdn trayin tung cau ndi ciia ngudi xua th^
hi?n d^m net van bod trgng tinh ban trgng If;
"tram edi Ii khdng bang ti cai tinh". Cho nen, trong qua trinh thyc hien nhiem vy vdn c6n tdn tai tinh trang ngudi dugc giai quylt vi ngudi cd trdch nhiem giai quyet chi dua vao tinh cdm, each thiic iing xii ma chua chii trgng nhilu din viec thyc hien cdng viec moi edch khdch quan vd diing tinh than cua c^c quy dinh phap ludt. Van hoa trgng tinh cung khiln khdng it ngudi cd tam li coi thuong phdp luat, di ung vdi phdp lugt, chi coi phap lugt la gidi phdp "eye chdng da". Trong b6i cdnh hgi nhap qudc te hien nay, van hoa trgng tinh hon trgng li ciing dang la rdo can, Id thdch thiic ddi vdi ddt nudc ta trong viec thyc hien cde cam kit qudc te.
Bdn Id dnh hudng eiia thdi quen lac hau tir xa hgi phong kien
Xa hdi phong kien Viet Nam da khong cdn ton tai, nhung nhiing thdi quen, tu tuong lgc hau, cii kT thi van an sau, bdm re trong tiem thiic cvia rdt nhilu ngudi. Dd Id tu tudng cyc bg dia phuang, ddng hg, yeu to cgng ddng lang xa, trgng nam khinh nit, thoi quen cdng viec theo miia vy... Nhung th6i quen ndy khdng de d l thay ddi trong ngh) mgt, ngdy bai. Cho nen, viec thuc hien ph^
ludt vd xdy dyng van hod tdn trgng phdp Iu?t bi anh hudng khdng it bdi nhihig yeu to n^y.
B6n canh do, trong xd hgi Viet Nam vdn c6n
NGHIEN CUU-TRAO DOI
ton tai khd phd bien ldm li xua cii vd dugc mac nhien nhu mdt quy phgm: "phdp vua thua le Idng", sdng theo "le lang", khdng mudn thyc bien theo phdp lugt, tham chi coi thudng phap lugt. Net tam li ndy da "tdc dgng tiiu cyc, ddn den di cd nhiing phdn img tiiu cue mdi khi nhd nu&c thi hdnh mgt chfnh sdeh ndo do dung chgm, liin quan t&i lgi ich eua ngu&i ddn. Nhieu dy dn xdy dyng, mac du dd din bii ddng vd dd theo ludt dinh nhimg nguai ddn vdn khdng ty gidc di chuyin, thgm chi tim cdeh ra gid, thdeh dd nhd qudn li. Ddy Id mgt net vdn hod rdt xdu cdn lin dn".^ ' Ldi sdng theo le lang dd gdp phan lam cho ngudi dan thiiu Idng tin vdo phap luat. Ngudi Viet trong xd hdi xua quen sdng theo le lang hon Id theo phep nudc,
"diiu ndy tgo thdnh thdi quen xdu khi ngu&i ta khdng quan tdm din lugt phdp ehung md img xie theo quy u&c cita mdt nhdm ngu&i, edng ddng nhd. Ddy Id tdm li cue bg nguy hiem vi nd chi biit den bd phdn, vi md, md '•• khdng biet tai tinh todn the, he thdng, vT md.
Trong khi & thai budi todn cdu hod hdm nay, I cdi hi thdng. vTmd mdi Id cdi quyit dinh".^'^^
Thie hai, nhiing nguyen nhdn chii quan Mgt la tdm li thd o, thieu chii dgng, ' khdng ty giae tim hieu va khdng thue hien 1 diing phdp lugt
Tdm II nggi tam hieu phap ludt la tdm li 1 cdn phd bien trong xa hgi hien nay. Cd nhieu i Ii do khdc nhau lam tdn tgi tdm Ii ndy, trong I dd ed nguygn nhdn nhieu quy dinh phap ludt I ddi hdi phai cd kien thiie chuyen mdn hoac
••_ kiln thiic phap li mdi cd the hieu mdt cdeh (todn dien. Su ehu ddng, tu gidc thyc hien 5 diing phdp ludt cua cdc ehii the la yeu td quan
\ trgng gdp phan khdng dinh v5n hod tdn trgng
phdp lugt. Tuy nhien, trong xa hdi v ^ cdn kbdng it chii the "... khdng quan tdm din vi?e tim hieu phdp lugt md chi sdng theo "duang mdn" cua dgo li a d&i vd ldm theo truyen thong vdn hod ddn tgc. Dieu do rd rdng khdng cd gi sai, thgm chi cdn thi hien rd ldi sdng mde mac, chdt phdc, thudn hgu cita eon ngu&i binh thuang chi mong ed cudc sdng yen dn khdng va chgm din ai vd ciing mong mudn khdng ai va chgm din minh Song, trong xd hgi hiin dgi, khdng thi xem hien tugng trin la binh thu&ng. Sy tha a tne&c phdp lugt tuy khdng phdi la Mnh vi vi phgm phdp luat nhung lgi rdt di ddn din hdnh vi vi phgm phdp lugt mgt edeh vd tinh hode cd y, ldm dieu trdi phdp ludt md vdn tu&ng minh khdng vi phgm"!^^ Ben cgnh do, cd nhiing trudng hgp sSn sang vugt qua quy dinh cua phdp lugt, thdm chi cd y lam trdi quy dinh ciia phap luat mien Id de dugc viec cua minh.
Hai la tam li ddm ddng
Tinh cgng ddng trong xa bgi Viet Nam Id net dep ciia vdn bod ddn toe. Day ehinh Id yeu td tao n§n su gdn ket, dum bgc, chia se va yeu thuong giira con ngudi vdi con ngudi trong cudc sdng. Viec duy tri y nghTa cao dep ciia tinh than ndy de Ian tda nhung gid tri cao dep eiia cugc sdng Id viec ldm ddng tran trgng vd tu hdo. Se cbSng cd gi d l ban nlu nhu chiing ta khdng d l cap vdn d l tam Ii ddm ddng hay "hdi chumg dam ddng". Khdc vdi tinh cgng ddng thudng ehi de cdp nhiing gid tri cao dep, lan tda su gdn kit vdi y nghia tich cyc thi tam Ii dam ddng lai bilu hien vdi ed hai yen td tich eye vd yeu td kbdng tich cue. Yeu td tfch cue thl hien khi mgt su viec, mdt hdnh dgng dep dugc tdn vinh thi y nghia eua nd rat Idn bdi sy Ian tda eiia sd
, TAP CHi LUAT HOC S 6 4/2016
NGHIEN CLTU-TRAO DOI
ddng ngudi iing hd. Tuy nhien, tam li dam ddng eung tiem an ylu td khdng tich cue dd la cd nh&ng viec Idm khdng tdt, khdng chuan nhimg neu dugc nhieu ngudi cd siiy, tung hd thi du ludn hay "hdi ehiing tdm ii dam ddng"
de ldi keo nhieu ngudi. Chang hgn, viec mgt ngudi vi pham phdp luat ma khdng bi xii K thi sS lam cho nhieu ngudi khdc a dua ldm theo, khien cho hdnh vi do se hi lap lgi va nliieu ngudi bit chudc lam theo. Dan eu trong ITnh vuc thyc thi phdp lugt ve giao thdng dudng bd, khi tham gia giao thdng, mdt ngudi vugt den dd ma khdng bi xii phgt thi sau do hg Igi dep tyc lap lgi hanh vi nay.
Ddng thdi, mgt sd ngudi khdc ciing bat chudc lam theo khien phdp ludt ve giao thdng khdng dugc tudn thii.*^' Ngoai ra cdn rat nhieu nhiing hien tugng bat chudc, ldm theo nhihig dieu khdng diing, khong chuan trong xa hgi, tham chf ca viec vi phgm phdp ludt. Khi cdn tdn tai tu tudng ngudi trudc lam dugc thi minh ciing Idm dugc vd nhieu ngudi sau cung ldm dugc se nay sinh viec bat chudc theo ddy chuyen, dd ciing Id bieu hien cila tam Ii ddm ddng.
Ba Id hogt ddng thuc hien phap luat ciia
^cdc chii the cd thdm quyen cd liic cdn thieu triet de
Viec thuc hien cdc boat ddng phap luat ciia chii the cd tham quyln can phai dugc triet de, tlic la thuc hien den eung va theo diing quy dinh ciia phdp ludt. Day la yeu td quan trgng cd tdc dyng trong viec xdy dung van hod tdn trgng phap lugt. Tuy nhien, viec thuc hien phap luat trong thuc tien cdn thiiu triet de do rat nhieu nguyen nhdn khae nhau nhu: thieu dieu kien bdo dam cho viec thuc hien phdp luat, bi tdc ddng bdi yeu to quan
h? hodc Igi fch chi phdi hoSc cd suy nghi rSng se ching Idm sao nlu nhu thuc hign khdng triet de phdp luat...
Bdn Id hieu qud cua hogt ddng phd biln, gido dye phdp ludt cdn han che
Phd bien, gido due phdp ludt Id hogt dSng khdng thl thieu nhdm dua phap ludt vdo thyc tien. Hoat dgng phd biln, gido dye phap luai da vd dang dugc thuc hien sdu rdng va dat dugc nhilu kit qua trong mgt sd ITnh vuc. Tuy nhien, xet trSn binh dien yeu cdu cua ho^
ddng phd bien, gido dye phap luat thi van con khdng it hgn chl. Ddy id hogt dgng doi hoi phdi dugc thyc hien thudng xuyen, lien tuc ddi vdi cac logi vdn ban phap luat d cac ITnh vuc khac nhau. Tuy nhien, vdi so lugng Ion vdn bdn duge ban hdnh thi dieu do dudng nhu la khdng the. Phucmg phap va hinh thuc pho bien, gido dye phdp lugt nhieu khi cdn mang tinh hinh thiic va khdng phii hgp vdi nhieu loai doi tugng khac nhau uong xa hgi.
3. M^t so giai p h a p xay d u n g van hoa ton trong p h a p luat hien nay
van hod tdn trgng phdp luat la bg phan cdu thanh quan trgng eiia nen van hoa dSn tdc. Cung vdi viec thdc day phat trien kinh te, vi$c xay dung van hod cd f nghTa quan trgng vi van hod Id n i n tang tinh thdn c ^ xa hgi. Id be do cho su phdt triln. Van hod t6n frgng phap lugt Id co sd vimg chic cho viec bao ddm thyc hien phap luat trong cuoc sdng. Do vgy, de xdy dung van hod ton uong phdp ludt, ddi hdi phai thuc hien nhieu gia phdp khae nhau vd edn xac dinh ddy la trach nhiem ciia todn xa hgi, trong do Nhd nu6c giir vai trd ddu tdu. Mdt sd gidi phdp c§n thyc hien d l xdy dung van hoa tdn trpng phdp ludt Id:
NGHIEN CUU - T R A O DOI
Thu nhdt, tiep tyc hodn thien phdp luat Hoan thien phap lugt Id viec lam thudng xuyen do cac quan he xa hdi ludn van dgng va phat trien. Mgt mgt, cdn ludn ra soat d l phdt hien, loai bd nhiing quy dinh lgc hau, khdng cdn phu hgp vdi thyc tien, mat khdc can kip thdi bd sung nhiing quy dinh mdi dk dieu chinh nhiing quan he xa hgi nay sinh.
Ndi dung dieu ehinh cua phap lugt quan trgng nhat la phii hgp vdi dieu kien khdch quan cua xa hgi vl "khi ngi dung phdp lugt phii hgp v&i sy phdt triin khdch quan cua cdc mdi quan hi xa hgi thi ty thdn phdp lugt cd sice sdng. tie thdn phdp ludt duge thuc tien ddn nhdn"!^^ Thuc te hien nay cho thay, khi xa hgi cang phat trien thi nhiing mat trai ciia su phat trien ay ciing xudt hien ngay cdng nhieu vd ldm anh hudng khdng nhd den su phat trien ben viing ciia mgt xa hgi hien dai. Bieu hien cda nhung mat trai nay tren nhieu phuang dien khdc nhau, trong do cd hanh vi xam pham hoac cd nguy co xam pham dn dinh, trat tu xa hgi, an todn sire khoe, tinh mang va cac quyen lgi khac ciia cdc chil the trong xa hgi, Vi vay, phap luat can chu trgng nhieu vao viec hoan thien cac che tdi cd tinh ran de cao. Chang hgn, trong ITnh vyc bao ve mdi trudng, de han che cd hieu qua tinh trang gay ra d nhiem mdi trudng, can quan tam thuc hien nguyen tdc
"ngudi gay d nhiem mdi trudng can trd tien d nhiem"; trong ITnh vuc chan nudi, de ban che tinh trang sii dyng chat cam gay hai den siic khoe ciia ngudi ti6u diing, can chii trgng xir h' bang bien phap hinh su...
Thie hai, td chirc thuc hien cd hieu qua va triet de phap lugt
Td chiic thue hien phap luat la yeu td
quan trgng ddi vdi viec xay dung van hod tdn trgng pbap ludt, Phdp ludt duge ban hdnh day dli va phu hgp nhung nlu khdng duge thyc hien ho^c thyc hien kbdng dung trong thyc tien thi cung chua cd y nghTa vd dnh hudng ldn ddi vdi viec xdy dung vdn hoa tdn trgng phdp luat, lam eho van hod tdn trgng phap luat cang han che. Cho nen, khdu td chirc thuc hien phdp lugt cd y nghTa quan trgng, ddi hdi phap luat phai dugc thuc hien ddng, triet de va cd hieu qua. Trach nhiem td chiic thye hien phdp ludt trudc bet thugc ve Nhd nude. Cdc td chiic va ca nban trong xa hdi cd trach nhiem thuc hien phap luat.
De thuc hien dieu dd, trudc bet can ph6 bien, giao dye phdp ludt cd hieu qua. Viec phd bien, gido due phap lugt cdn dugc thyc hien kip thdi, thudng xuyen, lien tyc; ngi dung thiet thuc; phuang phdp de hieu, de tiep can, phdt huy tdt vai trd ciia cdc co quan, td chiic chuygn mdn va cdc co quan, td chiic, cd nhan trong xa hgi.
Tiep den, can ehuan bj tdt dieu kien cho viec thuc hien phap luat, tir viec nghi8n cim kl ndi dung van ban, eho den viec chudn bi ve ngudn luc con ngudi, co sd vdt chdt, tdi chinh, CO che phdi hgp thuc hien... Viee thuc hien phdp luat ddi hdi phdi thuc hien dung quy dinh, day du ngi dung, khdng bd sdt quy dinh va thuc hien triet de. Neu thyc hien phap ludt khdng diing, khdng day dii, bd sdt quy dinh, lam trai quy dinh, khdng thyc hien triet de se gay ra tdm Ii thieu tdn trgng phdp luat, khdng tin tudng vao phdp luat, thdm chi coi thudng phap ludt. Trong thyc tien cdn cd nhtrng hien tugng nhu: phat rdi cho tdn tai vdi trudng hgp xay dyng nha trai phep; nhdc
TAP CHI LUAT HOC SO 4/2016
nhd ma khdng xir phgt vdi trudng hgp vi phgm phap ludt v l giao thdng dudng bg; boa chdt cdm vdn dugc bdy bdn cdng khai ma khdng bi xu phgt, tieh thu, tieu buy... Ddy chinh Id nhiing vdn de gay anh hudng den van boa tdn trgng phdp lugt.
Thie ba. chu trgng gido dye trong gia dinh vd nhd trudng
Gia dinh la mdt mdi trudng giao dye va cd vai trd quan trgng ddi vdi viec xay dung van boa tdn trgng phdp ludt. Nhieu trayen thing van hod tdt dep trong xa hgi bat ngudn tir gia dinh. Cd the ndi rang mgt gia dinh vdi nhung trayen thdng t6t dep se tao ra nhiing cdng dan tdt cho xa hdi, gdp phdn xdy dung van hoa tdt dep cho xd hdi, trong do cd van hod ton trgng phdp lugL Thang 10 nam 1959, uong bai ndi chuyen tgi Hgi nghi ve du thdo Luat hdn nhdn vd gia dinh, Chii tich Hd Chi Minh ndi: "Nhieu gia dinh edng lgi mai thdnh xd hdi... Gia dinh tdt thi xa hgi m&i tdt. Hgt nhdn cita xd hgi Id gia dinh". Nghi quyet Dgi hgi dgi bilu todn qudc Idn thii IX ciia Dang ciing da xdc dinh; "Niu eao trdch nhiem eua gia dinh trong viec xdy dyng vd bdi duang cdc thdnh viin cd ldi sdng vdn hod, ldm cho gia dinh that sy la td dm eua mdi ngu&i vd la te bdo lanh mgnh eua xd hgi"!- De gia dinh gdp phan quan trgng trong viec xay dyng van hoa tdn trgng phdp luat, ngudi trudng thanh trong gia dinh cdn guong mau va cd y thirc tdn trgng phdp lugt.
Mgt diia tre dugc gido dye v l y thiic tdn trgng quy tac chung, tdn trgng phap luat tir khi cdn nhd thi thdng thudng khi tradng thanh se ed y thiic tdt ve tdn trgng phdp luat.
"Chiec ndng gido due ciia vdn hod thdng qua
thiit che gia dinh dgc biet quan trgng trong su phdt triin nhdn edch con ngu&i. Dua tre lin ba dd cd ed tinh vd duge xd hgi hod vi mat nhdn each. Su gido diie gia dinh tdt, no se tr& thdnh mgt cdng dan lot ciia xa HQI Ngugc lgi, sy gido due khdng tot, cdc quan he gia dinh cUng se mang lgi hgu qud tai hgi cho vdn hod xa hof".^^^
Ddi vdi viec xay dung van hoa tdn trong phdp lugt trong nha trudng, cdn chti trong mySn trayin, gido dye phap ludt ngay tir bac tiSu hgc. Viec giao dye d bgc hgc nay c6 tac dyng rat ldn vi thdi quen, nep nghT ciia con ngudi hinh thdnh tir khi cdn nhd vd thucmg tdn tgi bin vihig trong eon ngudi do. Vi v|iy, cdn thye su chu trgng gido due hgc sinh tit khi edn nhd ve y thiic tdn trgng quy tdc chung nhu: tdn trgng trat ty cdng cdng, ve sinh c6ng edng, tdn trgng ban than va tdn trgng nguoi khde, y thirc tdn trgng phap ludt giao thdng...
Thie tu, phdt huy vai trd cua cdc doan the xa hgi vd td chiic tu van, trg giiip phap Ii
Cdc dodn the xa hgi la noi tap hgp nhiing con ngudi cd chung muc dfch boat dgng va dugc td chiic va boat ddng tren co sd dieu le ciia dodn the xa hdi. Thdng qua boat dgng ciia minh, doan the xa hdi se tuyen trayen, van ddng thdnh vien thuc hien dung quy dinh, trong do cd quy dinh phdp ludt, cd ^ Uiiic t6n trgng phap lugt. Day Id kenh quan uong de gdp phan xdy dung y thiic tdn trgng phdp lu?t.
Vi vay, can phat huy vai trd cua cdc dodn the xd hgi nhu doan thanh nien, hgi phy nil, hpi ndng ddn, hgi doanh nghiep tre... trong viec xdy dung vdn boa tdn trgng phdp ludt.
Cac td chiic tu van, trg giup phdp If I^
nhiing td chiic chuyen nghiep, am hieu phap
TAP CHi LUAT HOC s 6 4/2016
-HIIIII
lugt. Hogt ddng ciia cac td ehiic tu vdn, trg giiip phdp li cd tdc dyng quan trgng ddi vdi viec thuc hien dung phdp luat, gdp phdn xdy dung vdn hod tdn trgng phdp lult. Khi xa hgi cdng phat trien cang can phdi thdc ddy sy binh thanh va hogt ddng ciia cdc td chiic tu vdn, trg giup phap li. Ddng thdi, cin khuyin khich, thdc day ngudi dan, doanh nghiep fim den cdc td ehiic tu van, trg giup phdp li de ho trg boat ddng, giai quyet cdng viec.
Thie ndm, thuc day sy guong mau vd neu guong tdt ve viec thye hien diing phdp ludt
Van boa tdn trgng phdp lugt la khdng the thieu yeu td guong mau thue hien phap lugt,
"guong mdu thye hiin phdp lugt gdp phdn ldm eho phdp ludt eo sire mgnh vd nhdn lin siee mgnh. Guang mdu thyc hiin phdp ludt cdn ed & tdt cd cdc chu thi thyc hien phdp ludt, nhimg sy guang mdu thyc hiin phdp [ ludt cua ngu&i giie cdc cuang vi nhd nuac cd I y nghta quan trgng han".^^ ' Cho n8n, "mudn I cho mgi ngu&i tudn theo phdp ludt thi ngu&i
tren phdi guang mdu tru&c da. Niu ngu&i trin khdng thi hdnh phdp ludt. khdng bi trieng tri khi phgm phdp thi khdng thi ddi ddn tudn theo phdp lugt dugc. Nu&c ndo md vua tdi, tren du&i. sang hen diu theo phdp ludt thi nu&c dy rdt binh tri".''
Su guong mau thyc hien diing,phap ludt cua mgt ehii the cd tde dyng ldi cudn chii the khdc diyc hien diing phdp luat. Cho nen, can quan tdm khuyin khich sy guong mau thyc hien diing phap luat va can cd phuong thiic d l neu guong tdt vdi nhiing chu the thuc hien dung phdp luat. Thuc hien tdt dieu nay ciing gdp phdn xdy dung van hoa tdn trgng _ phdp lugt.
Tdm lgi, xay dung van hod tdn trgng phap lugt cd vai trd vd y nghTa quan trgng cting vdi qud trinh xdy dyng nen vdn hoa ddn tgc Viet Nam. Xay dyng vdn hoa tdn trgng phap ludt ddi hdi thuc hien nhieu viee, kiSn tri, li6n tyc va sy n5 luc cd gdng ciia tat ca cde chil the trong xa hdi, trong dd trdch nhiem Idn thudc ve Nhd nudc. Khi xay dyng duge van hod tdn ugng phdp ludt cd nhieu gia tri tich cyc, phu hgp vdi yeu cau ciia xa hdi se gdp phan quan trgng xdy dung Nhd nudc phap quyen Viet Nam; xdy dyng nen van hod Viet Nam tien tien, dam da ban sic van boa ddn tdc, tgo n i n tdng de ddt nudc phat trien nhanh va ben v&ng./.
(l).Xem: TS. Nguyin Ba Chien. "Phap luat manh", Tgp chi nghien ciiu lgp phdp, s6 07, ki 1 - thing 04/2015, tF. 7.
(2).Xem- TS. Nguyin Ba Chiln, "Nang cao tac dyng cua cdc c h l tai xii phat hanh chinh trong quin li nha nitoc", Tgp chi qudn linhd nu&c, s6 10/2009, tr. 24.
(3).Xem: TS Cao Thi Sinh, Thugrng ton phdp ludt, duang xa nhung phdi den, nguon: http://www.bao moi.
com/bai-3-thuong-ton-phap-luai-duong-xa-nhung-phai- den/c/12458039.epi, truy cap ngay 25/3/2016.
(4).Xem: TS. Cao Thj Sinh, tldd.
(5).Xem: Vii Khigu, Thinh Duy, £>go diic vd phdp lugt trong triet liphdi triin a Viet Nam, Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hpi. H i NOu 2000, tr. 182.
(6).Xem: PGS.TS. Nguyen Quang Tuyin, D6t nit vi vdn hod ton trgng ludl phdp a Viit Nam, nguon:
http7/www.baochinhphu.vn
(7).Xem: TS. Nguyin B i Chiln, tldd, M. 4.
(8).Xem: Ding COng sin Viet Nam, Van kiin Dgi hgi dgi biiu todn quoc ldn thu IX, Nxb. Chfnh tri qu6c gia. H i Noi, 2001, tr. 39.
(9) Xem: GS.TS. D6 Huy. Van hod vd phdt triin, Nxb. Chinh uj q u i c gia. Ha Npi, 2005, M. 45 - 46.
C10).Xem: TS. Nguyin Ba Chiln, tldd, tr. 8.
(1 l).Xem: Vu Khi6u, Thanh Duy, sdd, tr, 30
TAP CHi LUAT HOC S6 4/2016
