72 Ngmci, IJI^I^
XAY DUTNG N H A C O N G DONG TRUYEN THONG 6 CAC DAN TOC THIEU SO VUNG TRU'OfNG SON - TAY NGI Y £ N
PGS.TS. Nguyen Van lVI?nh Dai hoc Khoa hoc Hue
Tdm tdt: Nhimg ndm qua, tic cdc nguon kinh phi, nhieu buon ldng cua dong bdo cdc ddn toe thieu sd viing Truang San - Tdy Nguyen da xdy dung duac nhd cong dong truyen thdng. Dd co mot s6 cong trinh tim hieu qud trinh xdy dung loai nhd ndy, song vdn con it di cap, ddnh gid mot cdch tdng qudt, phdn tich nhirng diem mgnh, diem hgn che vd de xudt cac gidi phdp CO lien quan din viec xdy dung nhd cong ddng. Tir tdi lieu thuc dia a mgt so tinh, bdi viet ndy tap trung tim hiiu viec thuc hien xdy dung nhd cong dong truyen thong, nhiing uu diem, hgn chi vd de xuat mot si gidi phdp nhdm tiep tuc xdy dung logi hinh nhd ndy ci hieu qud han cho cdc ddn toe thieu so viing Trudng san - Tdy Nguyen.
Tie khda: Nhd cpng dong truyen thong, ddn Ipc thieu so, viing Truang San - Tdy Nguyen.
Abstract: During the passing years, many villages in the Central Highland have built their own traditional community houses from many different budget sources. There have been a number of researches that discuss the issue of traditional community house construction.
However, not many of them assess thprpughly or analyze the strengths and weaknesses of current solutions to community house construction. Drawing on fieldwork data collected in several provinces, this article focuses on the strength and limitations of traditional community house construction in order to recommend solutions to build community houses more effectively for ethnic minority groups in the Central Highland of Vietnam.
Keywords: Traditional community houses, ethnic minority groups. Central highland re^on.
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 11/6/2020: ngay gui phdn bien: 3/7/2020; ngdy duyet ddng: 28/7/2020
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Cung vdi phat trien icinh te, thdi gian qua, cac dia phucmg trong ca nude ndi chung va d vung mien nui Trudng Son - Tay Nguyen ndi rieng dii chu trpng bao tdn va phat huy gia tri cac di san van hda truyin thdng. Trong dd, phd bien la viee trien Ichai xay dung, phue dung nha cong ddng truySn thdng (NCDTT), cdn duoc goi la nha chung cdng ddng hay nha van hda cdng ddng cho cac dan toe thilu sd (DTTS). Cac dia phucmg vimg Irudng Som - lay Nguyen bSng nhiSu ngudn kinh phi da xay dung NCBTT cho cac thdn/bupn'iang ciia dong bao cac DTTS. Ddn nay, da cd mpt sd nghien cuu ve qua trinh xay dung NCDTT vung DTTS d Trudng Son - Tay Nguyen, nhu Nguyen Hiru Thdng (2003) tim hicu \ j -Tinh h(?p
Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc sd'4 - 2020
ly giUa cdi cdn vd cdi mdt cua mdt di sdn"; Nguyen Xuan Hdng (2013) xem xet viec ""Phuc dung nhd cdng ddng truyin thong d xa Hdng Hg, huyen A Ludi: Bdi hpe ve nhitng cdch tiep egn trong cdng tdc bdo tdn"; Trudng Dai hgc Ndng lam - Dai hgc Hui va Dai hoe Kyoto (2008) thue hien nghien ciiu ve ""Xdy dung nhd cdng ddng truyen thdng cd su tham gia cua ngudi ddn a viing nui miin Trung Viet nam";.., Tuy nhien, de danh gia mdt each tdng thi viec xay dung nha cdng ddng, phan tich nhiing uu diem, ban ehi va dl xuit giai phap cd lien quan, van cdn it cdng trinh nghien ciiu.
Bai viet nay, tren eo sd kit qua nghien cim tai lieu, nghien eiiu thuc dia tai viing midn niii cua cac tinh Quang Binh, Quang Tri, Thira Thidn Hui, Quang Nam, Gia Lai, Dik Lik, Kon Tum - noi cu tni ciia cac DTTS Bru-Van Kilu, Ta-di, Co-tu, Xo-dang, E-de, Mndng, Ba-na, Gia-rai, Gie-Trieng... dl cap ba vin dd co ban: (1) viec triln xay dyng NCDTT; (2) nhiing uu didm, ban chd trong viee xay dung NCDTT; va (3) dh xuit mdt so giai phap dd tidp tue xay dung NCDTT ed hieu qua cho cae DTTS viing Trudng Son - Tay Nguyen trong thdi gian tdi.
1. Vifc trien khai xay dung nha cgng dong truyen thdng cua ddng bao eae dan tdc thieu s6 viing Tru'dng Son - Tay Nguyen
De giilp ddng bao DTTS d Trudng Son - Tay Nguydn cd didu kidn bao tdn di san van hda truyen thdng, hau het eae du an dinh eanh dinh cu, chuong trinh ho trg cdng ddng ciia Chinh phu va eac td ehirc phi ehinh phu trdn nhilu dia phuong viing miin mii Trudng Son - Tay Nguyen deu cd hang muc xay dyng NCDTT. Vi du, NCDTT cua Chuong trinh "Dy an qui hoaeh vung kinh te mdi" tir nam 1961 - 1975, Chuong trinh "Muc tieu qudc gia xda ddi giam ngheo" tir nam 1998 - 2010, Chuong trinh "Phat trien kinh td xa hdi vung dac biet khd khan, dan tde thieu sd va mien nui" (ggi tat la Chuong trinh 135) dugc trien khai tir nam 1998 va gan day la Chuong trinh "Muc tieu qudc gia ve xay dyng ndng thdn mdi" tir nam 2010 - 2020 trong hgp phin phat triln cum dan cu dac biet khd khan,... Theo do, kien tnic miu NCDTT d Tay Nguyen la nha rdng, d Trudng Son la nha guol, mgt sd noi nhu d Quang Tri, Quang Binh, Ha Tinh vi khdng cd miu nha chung nen md phdng kieu nha san cua ddng bao eae DTTS nhung sii dung vat lieu mdi: tudng dugc xay bing gach, try va xa dugc due bing be tdng, mai nha lgp tdn, cd noi iam nha dat cap bdn tudng gach, lgp tdn. Tai viing cac dan tdc Ta-di, Co-tu, Bru-Van Kilu d Thira Thidn Hui trong nhung nam gan day, phong trao xay dyng NCDTT da dat nhilu thanh tuu dang kl. Cu thi, Du an "Co sd ha ting ndng thdn dya vao edng ddng" (CBRIP) d ngudi Co-tu huyen Nam Ddng trien khai tir nam 2004 - 2006 hd trg xay dung 13 nha cdng dong tai 4 xa (Thugng Nhat, Huong Son, Thugng Long va Thugng Quang). Tir nam 2002 din 2009, "Du an giam ngheo mien Trung" (CLIP), vdi vdn vay tir Ngan hang Phat trien chau A (ADB) dugc hd trg bdi co quan Phat tridn qudc te (DFID) va vdn ddi img cua Chinh phii Viet Nam duge trien khai, trong do cd ndi dung chinh la xay dung NCDTT. O Thira Thien Hue, Dy an nay duge thye hien ehu yeu tai 30 xa ngheo
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viing cao bidn gidi cua 2 huyen A Ludi va Nam Ddng. Cdng trinh NCDTT !.) '"^" ^""^^S nhimg hang muc thugc tidu hgp phin phat tridn eo sd ha ting ndng thdn v:i Otr "^ '^^ ^^V dung duge trung binh 3 nha cho 1 xa. Tai A Ludi, Dy an xay dyng dugc 25 NCDT 1. O Nam Ddng, Dy an xay dyng dugc 14 NCDTT. Ngoai ra, mgt sd td chirc phi chinh phu ciing giup ngudi dan noi day xay dung nha cgng ddng, nhu "Chuong trinh phuc hoi nha guo^l" vdi sir hd trg ciia Td chiic Bac Au trg giiip Viet Nam (NAV) va Td chiic lien minh cac nha thd vi hgp tac va phat trien cua Ha Lan (ICCO); "Dy an du lich sinh thai" dugc Td chirc phat trien Ha Lan (SNV) tai trg. Cac chuong trinh, dy an nay thye hien d mdt sd thdn nhu d: U Rang - Huong Hiiu (1990), A Ka - Thugng Long (2000), Ddi - Thugng Lg (2004), A Chiiu - Thugng Long (2000) va A Rang - Thugng Quang (2002) (Truong Hoang Phuong, Hirohide Kobayashi, 2013, tr. 106). Trudng Sau dai hge nghien cim vd mdi trudng toan ciu - Dai hpe Kyoto thdng qua dy an JICA tai xa Hdng Ha tinh Thira Thien Hui, nha chung cdng ddng ciia ngudi Co-tu cdn ggi la nha guol da dugc phuc dyng gin nhu la truydn thdng vao thang 9/2007 (Nguyln Xuan Hong, 2013, tr. 113).
Q tinh Quang Nam, theo thdng kd eua Ban Xay dung "Dd an hd trg bao tdn, phat huy mgt sd loai hinh van hda cac dan tdc thidu sd", den nam 2019 toan tinh ed 253 thdn thupc viing ddng bao DTTS, trong dd 238 thdn ed NCDTT, 15 thdn khdng cd, 44 NCDTT da xudng cap, hu hdng (Sd Van hda. The thao va Du lich tinh Quang Nam, 2019).
Tai Tay Nguyen, den nam 2013, toan viing da xay dyng duge 2.027 NCDTT, vdi tong kinh phi dau tu khoang 300 ty ddng. Cy thd, tinh Dak Lak cd 605 thdn/lang DTTS da xay dung 570 NCDTT, vdi kinh phi hon 60 ty ddng; tinh Gia Lai xay dung dugc 749 NCDTT;
tinh Kon Tum cd 575/588 thdn/lang ddng bao DTTS cd NCDTT; va tinh Die Ndng xay dyng duge 133 NCDTT. Ngoai viee dau tu xay dyng NCDTT, nhieu dia phuong cdn bao dam kinh phi eho sam ed Td qudc, dai nhac Qudc hidu, anh va tugng Chu tich Hd Chi Minh;
eae trang thiet bi nhu dan am thanh, ti vi, ban ghe, cdng chieng, tu saeh.
Vd mau NCDTT, vdi cac dan tdc E-de, Mndng duge xay dung theo kien tnic nha dai, cdn vdi cac tdc Ba-na, Gia-rai, Gie-Trieng d eac tinh Gia Lai, Kon Tum duge xay dyng theo kidn tnic nha rdng ma ngudi dan quen ggi la "Nhd rdng van hda".
2. Nhirng ini diem va han che cua vide xay dimg nha eong dong truyen thong cho dong bao cac dan toe thieu so viing Trirdng Son - Tay Nguyen
Trdn quan diem bao tdn va phat huy gia tri di san van hda, vide xay dung NCDTT cho ddng bao cac DTTS trong thdi gian qua dugc diln ra rgng khip cac vung midn ciia nude ta la viee lam can thiet, hgp ly. NCDTT khdng ehi la nhan td quan trgng de luu giir di san nghe thuat kien tnic, le hdi, am thye; noi hdi hgp, trao ddi kien thiic, ma cdn gdp phin bao ton, phat huy gia trj van hda truyin thdng cua cac DTTS, nhu tinh cgng ddng. \an hda tam linh.
Vi vay, vdi ddng bao cac DTTS, NCDTT chinh la bd mat van hda cua thdn lang.
Tgp chi Ddn tdc hoc sd4 - 2020
Trong qua trinh xay dung NCDTT, viSc tham khao y Iden, ban bac va huy ddng sure dan da duoc thuc hien. Mdt s6 ngdi nha cpng ddng dugc xay dung vdi su tham gia tich cue va hieu qua cua ngudi dan dia phucmg. Vi vay, NCDTT thudng dugc xay dung d vi tri "dac dia" nhat cda lang - thudng d giira hoae dau lang de thuan tien cho ngudi dan td ehirc eac sinh hoat cpng ddng. Cac ngdi nha nay ve ca ban dugc thiet ke theo md thirc NCDTT ctia ddng bao cac DTTS vdi ca khdng gian kidn tnic, kSt c4u kidn tnic, hinh dang, vat lieu. Sau khi dugc dua vao sti dung, cae NCDTT ve eg ban da phat huy dugc tae dung: la nai hpi hpp, td churc le hpi cdng ddng; ngi tnmg bay cac hien vat van hda ctia dan tpc nhu cdng chieng, che rugu can, nhac cu truyen thdng.
Tuy nhien, ben canh uu diem, van cdn nhimg bat dn lien quan den cdng tae nay. Do NCDTT dugc xay dung tij nhieu ngudn kinh phi, nen md thirc, vat lieu trong cimg mpt tgc ngudi, mdt vimg cd khi khac nhau. Vi du, cimg trong cgng ddng Cg-tu d huyen Nam Ddng, cd NCDTT dugc xay kien ed vdi cdt, keo bang be tdng, liep bang van, lgp tdn; nhimg cd nha lai dugc dimg bang gd, tranh, tre; dien tich, hinh dang, kich thudc cac ngdi nha eung khac biet.
Nhidu NCDTT dugc xiiy dung sau mpt thdi gian khdng su dung da xudng eiip. 6 cac tinh Tay Nguyen, ty le NCDTT hoat ddng tdt cdn it, cd hang tram NCDTT bi bd hoang. Tai tinh Dae Ndng, hien cd 70 NCDTT bi bd hoang va hu hdng, chiem gjn 53% tong sd NCDTT toan tinh. Trong tdng sd 749 NCDTT d tinh Gia Lai cd 599 NCDTT td chiic cac hoat dpng, nhung chu yiu ehi la hgp dan, bidu diln van nghe, lam ngi md cac Idp hpe, cdn lai 150 NCDTT hoat ddng kem hieu qua, bd hoang hda. Tinh trang nay cd nhirng nguyen nhan sau:
Thu nhdt, viee xay dung NCDTT cdn bit cap, tit thidt kS ddn chit lugng cdng trinh va chua phu hgp vdi phong tuc ciia ngudi dan. Hinh thiic xay dung NCDTT la md phdng kieu nha truydn thdng cua ddng bao, nhu nha rdng, nha guol, nha san, nhung nhieu edng trinh sir dung cae loai vat lieu mdi. Dien tich va khudn vien xay dung ngdi nha qua chat hep.
Viec phuc dmg NCDTT viing cae DTTS d Trudng Son - Tay Nguyen trong thdi gian qua thidu su nghien ciiu tudng tan vd canh quan, kdt cJu va khdng gian kien mlc cua ngdi nha. Do dd, viec phuc hdi, xay dung NCDTT cd phin ap dat va tham chi de dai. Chjng han, viec xay dung NCDTT d ngudi Co-tu huyen Nam Ddng tinh Thira Thien Hue lay khudn miu kiSn tnic nha guol la hgp ly, nhung mang nd len xay dung d cac thdn/lang, xa thudc huyen A Ludi, noi eu tni chu ydu cua ngudi Ta-di, Pa-cd thi viec md phdng thiet ke, kien tnic kidu nha guol vdi kdt ciu hai diu hdi hinh eon trau (dac trung kien tnic nha gugl) la chua thda dang. Bdi vi NCDTT ciia ngudi Ta-di khdng phai nha gugl ma la nha rdng vdi kidn tnic dac trung d bp mai rdng va dai, diu hdi cudn ttdn, nha tpa lac d giiia lang "nhu cai true banh xe. Cac nha dan njm chidu ddn ndc vao nha Rdng nhu cai nan hoa cua banh xe"
(Vien Dan tdc hgc, 2015, tr. 347). Ben canh dd, trude day cd nhirng lang ngudi Ta-di cu trii trong mdt ngdi nha dai, gian giiia (moong) dugc coi la NCDTT cua lang dd. Ddi vdi ngdi nha dai cua ngudi Ta-di, gian d giira la phdng khach (moong) va ciing la nai diln ra cac sinh hoat quan trpng cua dai gia dinh. Day la noi cac thanh vien sdng trong ngdi nha dai cd the lui
76 Nguyeiijj^^!^
tdi va cd the la noi ngii ciia cac con trai chua liy vg. Mgi nghi le ciing bai quan trpng cung deu dien ra d gian nay (Nguyen Van Manh chu bidn, 2001, tr. 115). Nhimg sy khdng hgp ly nay cdn gap d cac tinh Tay Nguyen, khi liy md thiic nha rdng vdn chi cd d nhirng budn lang cua cae dan tde Gia-rai, Ba-na tai phia Bic Tay Nguyen dl xay dung NCDTT cho cac budn lang ngudi E-de, Mndng; hay xay nha cap bdn cua ngudi Kinh dl lam nha cdng ddng la khdng hgp ly.
Vi tri xay dyng NCDTT cung dat ra nhirng vin dd cin suy nghi. Khdng gian kien tnic cua ngdi nha khdng chi dugc xac lap tren mdt kien tnic don le, duy nhat, ma cdn di kem vdi mdt khudn vien thoang, rdng kieu quang trudng lang, noi dung cot dam trau (Nguyen Hmi Thdng, 2003, tr. 4); vi vay NCDTT phai dugc xay dung d trung tam lang, bao quanh ngoi nha dd la cac gia dinh vdi sy quan cu mat tap, tao ndn khdng gian kien true hgp ly cho NCDTT ciia lang. Trong khi dd, nhidu NCDTT duge xay dyng nhiing nam gin day d mdt s6 dia phucmg thudc midn mii Trudng Son - Tay Nguyen lai khdng thye hien diing canh quan kiln tnic ngdi NCDTT, duge xay dyng d ngoai ria lang, tao nen mgt kiln tnic phan tan, tach rdi, ma ngdi nha lang d thdn Ddi (xa Thugng Ld, huyen Nam Ddng, tinh Thira Thien Hue) ia minh chiing.
Kdt ciu kiln tnic NCDTT cung dat ra nhiing thach thiic cho vide bao tdn va phat trien.
Cac nha nghien ciiu trong va ngoai nude da dua ra nhieu phuong thirc de bao tdn va phat huy gia tri di san van hda, nhu bao tdn tinh/bao tdn ddng, bao tdn nguyen trang/bao tdn nguyen ven, bao tdn thich nghi/bao tdn ndi tiep, va bao tdn dudi dang "bao tang hoa". 0 nhilu dia phuong viing mien niii Trudng Son - Tay Nguyen, mgt sd it trudng hgp NCDTT duge bao tdn nguyen ven, cdn chu yeu sir dung hinh thiic bao tdn thich nghi/bao tdn ndi tiep, ma phd bien la thiet ke theo kieu nha truyen thdng, nhung vat lieu xay dung dugc sir dung la loai hien dai; tham ehi c6 mgt sd thdn ban, NCDTT duge xay dyng theo kieu nha cap 4, tudng gach, mai lgp tdn. Rd rang du bao tdn dudi hinh thirc nao, phai c6 mdt tieu chi co ban la yeu td nao trong NCDTT dugc coi la can bao tdn nguyen ven, cdn nhirng yen td nao dugc phep bien ddi. Vi du, trong ket cau truyen thdng cua NCDTT nhu nha guol cua ngudi Co-tu, hoa van duge cham khac dac trung, tir con ga trdn ndc mai den cae bd van ben trong, cd ca cdt cay dam trau simg sung giua san (Truong Dien Thang, 2019). Trong xay dung NCDTT, cot chinh/cdt thieng khdng the la edt be tdng cdt sat; nha phai cd bep (khdng the cd kien tnic nha chung lanh leo, gid lua vao mua ddng gia ret); nhiing ket ciu kidn tnic khae nhu hinh dang, vi tri eau thang, hai dau hdi nha, cac eua sd cua nha, dd cao thap ciia mai nha... dugc coi la nhung phan kien tnic khdng duge phep bidn ddi. Khdng gian sinh boat cua ngdi nha -
"phan hdn cua ngdi nha", nhu phia trong, phia ngoai ciia san nha, trudc nha, sau nha, dau nha, cudi nha ciing can dugc xac dinh va khdng dugc ddi thay. Noi trung bay cae chien lgi pham trong san ban, noi dat le vat ciing te trong cae dip le hgi, khdng gian ihieng ciia ngdi nha ma ngudi la khdng dugc phep den ciong cin giir nguyen. Rat dang tiec, nhicu cdng trinh xay dung NCDTT d cac dia phuong vimg Tmdng Son - Tay Nguyen trong thdi gi.m qua lai khdng dam bao cac ydu cau tren.
Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc sd'4 - 2020
Thu hai, do khi xay dyng NCDTT khdng xac dinh rd cdng ddng dan cu thy hudng, nen lan ldn NCDTT eiia budn lang vdi ciia xa, thdn. Xa la don vi hanh ehinh, thdn la mdt cym dan cu true thugc hanh chinh eiia xa (thdn cd the ddng nhat vdi budn lang, cd thi khdng), nen phai phan biet chiic nang ciia NCDTT va nha van hda - mgt bd phan cua thilt chl van hda CO sd. Neu chiic nang ciia nha van hda trong thiet chd van hda co sd la noi hdi hgp, sinh boat tap the eua thdn, xa, thi vdi NCDTT lai ed chiic nang rit phong phu va da dang. Theo Nguydn Xuan Hdng (2013, tr. 116), trudc day trong nha guol bao gid ciing treo nhung chiln lgi phim thu dugc tir nhiing cude di san ca nhan hay tap thd ciia lang nhu xuong trau, rang Ign rung, da cae loai thii; la noi d, ngu, choi, trao ddi edng viee eua nhirng ngudi dan dng;
noi quydt dinh nhiing cdng viec he trgng ciia lang; noi diln ra eae le hdi cgng ddng, eac ll nghi tdn giao. Dem dem, tai nha guol, thi he tre se duge thd he gia Co-tu kd cho nghe cau chuyen ve chang md edi ngheo khd nhung diing cam, nhan hau; vd sy tich eua cac loai vat.
Tac gia Nguyen Hiiu Thdng (2003, tr. 3-4) khi tim hidu ngdi nha cdng ddng ciia cac dan tdc d Trudng Son - Tay Nguydn da ndu 8 chiie nang sau day: (1) giang dudng truydn day tri thiic; (2) hdi trudng eho cac cudc thao luan edng ddng; (3) phap dinh eho xii an; (4) noi luu truyen luat tue; (5) san khau dan gian; (6) khdng gian thieng; (7) phdng trung b^y nhiing thanh qua lao ddng; va (8) noi luu tru, tiep khach cua lang. Theo chiing tdi, cac chiic nang cua NCDTT hien nay khdng cdn duge phat buy, do tae ddng ciia nen kinh td thi trudng nen nhieu quan he cdng ddng da md nhat. NCDTT khdng cdn la chd ngu ciia trai lang, khdng cdn la noi truyen day tri thiic, khdng cdn la phap dinh xir an, khdng cdn la noi trung bay nhimg thanh qua lao dgng va ciing khdng phai khdng gian thieng ciing noi td chiic cac le hdi lang. Cd chang, day chi cdn la noi luu giii va tiep khaeh. Nguyen Hiiu Thdng cd ly khi ndi rang, phai chang su ra ddi eua ngdi nha lang gan lien vdi sy ket thiic su tdn tai cua nhiing cdng xa huylt he, dl thilt lap mdi quan he lang gieng mdt each phd bidn. Dieu nay ciing da ham chiia tinh hiiu ban cua nd khi eae cdng xa khep kin iy khdng cdn hien hiiu nira (Nguyln Huu Thdng, 2003, tr. 4).
Viec td ehiic liy nguydn lieu va thi cdng NCDTT ciing cd thay ddi. Trudc day, mudn xay dyng NCDTT, ngudi dan phai vao rimg tim gd, rdi mgi ngudi tiiy vao phin viec dugc gia lang phan cdng dl gdp siic xay dyng; va ngdi nha dugc bay bien cac hien vat minh ehiing cho su gan da, diing manh ciia cac thg san nhu mdt nidm kieu hanh. Ngay nay, ngdi nha guol bing be tdng edt thep, lgp tdn tir ngan sach Nha nude, hoan toan khdng cd gigt md hdi va diu tay eiia dan lang (Truong Dien Thing, 2019).
3. Mot so giai phap trong xay dung nha cong ddng truyen thong cho dong bao cac dan toe thidu sd viing Trirdng Son - Tay Nguyen
Vdi nhiing uu didm, ban chl nhu da phan tich, khi trien khai xay dyng NCDTT, can dam bao eac nguyen tic sau day:
78 Mgio^:,, 1 a" ^J^nlL - Trudc hit edn xdc dinh ndi hdm khdi niem: nha van hda, nha van hda coriLi ' ^ ' "^a edng ddng, NCDTT. Q day, khai niem Nhd vdn hda/Nhd vdn hda cgng ddng nen \"^ tlinli la mdt bd phan eua thiet chl van hda co sd (gdm nhi van hda, thu vien, bao ting- *^hu thi dau thi thao) ciia cac don vi hanh ehinh cap xa; cdn NCDTT hay nha edng ddng nen hieu la mpt thilt chl van hda truyen thdng eiia budn lang; nd gidng nhu dmh lang d ngudi Viet, nha guol ciia ngudi Co-tu, nha rdng ciia ngudi Gia-rai, Ba-na,... Mdt vin dl dat ra la hien nay, budn/lang/thdn trd thanh bd phan ciia hanh ehinh cap xa, ndn nhilu vung dan cu nude ta da ddng nhit thdn vdi lang/ban/budn truyin thdng dd xay dung NCDTT. Thdn la chan ret ciia don vi hanh chinh cip xa, cd the triing vdi lang/ban/budn truyen thdng, nhung cd the khong triing. Trudng hgp khdng triing, khi thdn la mdt cdng ddng dan cu mdi thanh lap, tap hgp nhidu ngudn dan eu, hoae mdt lang/ban/budn truyen thdng do dan sd ddng, dugc chia thanh mdt vai thdn. Vi vay, cin tim hieu de xac dinh thdn vdi lang/ban/budn la mgt hay khdng la mdt. Hien nay, tai nhidu dia phuong, sd lugng thdn so vdi sd lugng budn/lang tang len dang kl, vi dy d tinh Quang Nam ed 253 thdn, nhung cd thd so lugng budn/lang nhieu hon, bdi vay khi xay dyng NCDTT can loai bd 2 trudng hgp sau day: 1) khdng xay dyng NCDTT xa, vi do la nha van hda nam trong thiet ehd van hda eo sd, thugc thiet che hanh chinh; 2) khdng xay dyng NCDTT d cac thdn dugc thanh lap khdng dya tren eo sd budn lang truyen thdng.
Nhu vay, khi xay dyng NCDTT cho budn lang, can xem xet ddi tugng thy hudng NCDTT cd phai la don vi budn lang truydn thdng hay khdng va khdng ndn xay dung NCDTT d thdn dugc thanh lap khdng dya trdn tren co sd budn lang cd truyen.
- Ddm bdo cdnh quan kiin true NCDTT: Canh quan kien tnic d day la dia the xay dyng nha, hudng nha, su gan bd vdi eae ngdi nha trong budn lang. Lau nay vide xay dung nha khdng theo nguyen tie nay ndn khdng tranh khdi sy that bai, tdn kem tidn bac cua Nha nude, nhan dan. Thdng thudng, nha cgng ddng d viing ddng bao DTTS nim d giira lang, theo hudng limg quay vd phia mii. Dia the noi xay dyng bang phang, cao rao, thoang mat. Bao quanh NCDTT la cac nha trong lang, tao thanh quan thd mat tap, gin gui, gin bd. Trudc nha ed mdt san rdng vdi cay neu lam bieu trung linh hdn cua ngdi nha; xung quanh nha cd cay trai tao nen khdng gian tam linh. Nha dau khdng xay cdng eiing van dugc xac dinh phia trudc, phia sau, ben phai, ben trai.
- Ddm bdo kit cdu kiin true truyin thdng: ket eau nay bao gdm hinh dang ngdi nha, ket eiu vat lieu xay dyng va kit cau ky thuat xay dyng. Cin ehii y hinh dang NCDTT phai khdi ngudn tir ngdi nha truyen thdng cua cac tdc ngudi, nhu nha rdng eua ngudi Gia-rai, Ba-na, nha guol ciia ngudi Co-tu. Nhung hien nay, hinh dang nhiing ngdi nha cgng ddng thudng theo md hinh ciia viing, nhu d Tay Nguydn la md hinh nha rdng, d vimg Trudng Son la mo hinh nha guol,... ndu ngudi dan khdng ddng thuan se gay ndn phan cam. Vi thd, nen chang cd sy ban bac vdi dan lang de chgn lya md hinh, nhu d ngudi Ta-di thugc Urh Thira Thien Hui, NCDTT la nha roong; vdi ngudi Pa-eo la klang; ngudi Bru-Van Kieu 1. :u)an/xu; hay d cac dan tgc E-dc va Mndng la nha dai. Nhiing ngudi cd trach nhiem eiing voi ngudi dan
Tgp che Pan tdc hgc sd'4-2020 79 ban bae chgn lua cae md hmh, di liy ngdi nha edng ddng cua viing hoae la md hmh NCDTT
ciia ddng bao sd tai. Vdi mgt sd dan tdc tu lau khdng cdn NCDTT, ndn chang cung vdi ngudi dan thdng nhit liy nha san truyin thdng hay nha dit dl xay dyng. Vd vat lieu, NCDTT dugc dyng bang chit lieu thye vat nhu gd, tranh, tre, mia, la. Nhung hien nay, gd dd lam cot, keo ciia rung khdng nhieu, mai la khdng duge lau bin, ndn theo quan didm bao tdn thieh nghi, cd the xay dyng cdt keo bang be tdng edt sat, mai lgp tdn. Diu vay, NCDTT phai dam bao nguyen tic giu dugc hinh dang vat lieu tmyin thdng. Vi vay, cdt keo lam bing be tdng phai dugc phii mau sac gd; mai lgp tdn nhung d tren phai phii tranh tre.
- Ddm bdo khdng gian kien true truyen thdng: day la khdng gian cd cdt thieng, noi khdng dugc dd cac dd ud tap. Khdng gian nay dung dat le vat, dl che rugu ein; noi td chiic le nghi eiing te; noi quy dinh ehd ngdi cua eae thanh vien trong cgng ddng; noi cd bip lira dat 0 nua cudi ngdi nha dl tao nen su im ciing; noi tnmg bay cac san phim ciia san bin nhu sung trau, te giac, huou nai, duge gai tren lilp nha, mai nha.
'Xdc dinh/lua chpn hinh thuc bdo tdn/xdy dung/phuc dung thich hap: can dam bao cae hinh thiic nhu sau: 1) bao tdn nguyen ven theo tinh thin Hiin chuong quoc td vl Bao tdn va triing tu di tich va di chi tai Dai hgi qudc te lan thii hai eac kidn tnic su va ky thuat gia vd di tieh lich sir tai Venice vao nam 1964, NCDTT phai dugc xay dung dua tren tinh xae thuc vdn ed ve ca vat lieu, ky thuat, kidn tnic; 2) bao tdn tiep ndi/bao tdn thich nghi la chap nhan dieu chinh cac yeu td khdng cdn phii hgp vdi xa hdi va mdi trudng hien nay, nhu sir dung nguyen vat lieu hien dai thay the su khan hiem ciia nguyen vat lieu truyen thdng, nhu vay NCDTT dugc phyc dyng de bao tdn hdn cdt ciia ngdi nha, thay vi bao tdn nguyen ven "xac kien tnic" cua nd; 3) bao tdn dudi dang "bao tang hda" tiic NCDTT dugc bao tdn dudi dang di san, &h gidi thieu va duy tri di san van hda cua edng ddng cac DTTS cho con chau hdm nay, mai sau va cho khach du lich.
Trong qua trinh xay dung NCDTT, phai thye hien nguydn tac xdy dung dua vdo cpng ddng ddn cu, phat huy thd manh cua timg nhdm, ddi tugng nhu: "Thanh nien tim kiem va thu thap nhiing cay gd ldn trong rimg, cac hg gia dinh trong thdn ddng gdp cac vat lieu nhu la lgp mai va tre mia lam vach tudng, nhung ngudi cd kinh nghiem tham gia bang each thiet ke va hudng din dan lang dyng nha theo each thiic truydn thdng" (Truong Hoang Phuong, Hirohide Kobayashi, 2013, tr. 106).
Xay dung NCDTT thude chuong trinh bao tdn cac gia tri van hda truyen thdng la vide lam mang nhilu y nghia to ldn. Song, viec phue hdi, xay dung NCDTT Uong nhung nam gin day cdn nhilu han chl. Dd giam dugc nhiing ban che neu tren, can tien hanh cac giai phap ddng bg, ma mgt trong nhiing giai phap dd la ket hgp xa bdi hda ngudn lye tai chinh;
xa hgi hda viec tham gia cua cae nha khoa hgc, cac td chuc phan bien xa hdi, ciia chinh quydn dia phuong; va hon tat ca la xa hdi hda dua tren tri thiic dia phuong, su ban bac, gdp y
^0 A ^ ^ i I , i » i ^ va tham gia cdng siic cua cdng ddng dan cu. Ben canh dd, mdt trong nhirng nguyen i^ie xay dyng NCDTT la phai kit hgp cac phuong thiie bao tdn tinh, bao tdn dgng, bao tdn nguyen ven, bao tdn tidp ndi/thich nghi. Nhimg ydu td bao tdn phai tuyet ddi tuan thu la khdng gian, eanh quan cua ngdi nha nim d trung tam cua budn lang va giu dugc hinh dang truyen thdng, cac ylu td thieng lien quan ddn NCDTT. Trong xu hudng hien nay, ngoai viec thay ddi viit lieu xay dyng, mgt sd ket cau kidn tnic trong ngdi nha, ndn chang cung cin thay ddi chiic nang sii dyng cua NCDTT de ed the trd thanh mdt trung tam van hda vdi bao tang, thu vien, khu vui choi, the thao cua thanh thieu nien.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Sy Hao (2020), "Nhiing phat sinh sau khi sap nhap thdn ban: Cau chuyen ve nha van hda", Tgp chi Ddn tdc & Phdt trien, Sd 2.
2. Nguyen Xuan Hdng (2013), "Phuc dyng nha cdng ddng truyin thdng d xa Hdng Ha, huyen A Ludi: Bai hgc vd nhiing each tiep can trong edng tac bao tdn", trong Ky yeu hdi thao: Kiin true truyin thdng vd cdng ddng, do VICAS td chiic. Hue 9/2013.
3. Nguyen Qudc Ldc (Chu bidn, 1984), Cdc ddn toe it ngudi d Binh Tri Thiin, Nxb.
Thuan Hda, Hue.
4. Nguydn Van Manh (Chu bidn, 2001), Ludt tuc cua ngudi Tddi, Catu, Bru-Vdn Kieu a Qudng Tri, Thira Thiin Hui, Nxb. Thuan Hda, Hue.
5. Truong Hoang Phuong, Hirohide Kobayashi (2013), "Tac dgng cua chinh sach doi vdi nha truyen thdng edng ddng cua ngudi Cotu d Nam Ddng, Thira Thidn Hue", trong Ky yeu hdi thao: Kiin true truyin thdng vd cdng ddng, do VICAS td ehiie. Hue 9/2013.
6. Truong Dien Thang (2019), "Cd mdt Nam Giang budn", Bdo Thanh Nien, ngay 25/9, tr. 16.
7. Nguydn Huu Thdng (2003), "Tinh hgp ly giua eai cdn va cai mit cua mdt di san", Tgp chi Vdn hda nghe thudt, Sd 6, tr. 3-8.
8. Trudng Dai hgc Ndng lam - Dai hgc Hue va Dai hgc Kyoto (2008), Xdy dung nha cong ddng truyin thdng cd su tham gia cua ngudi ddn d vung nui mien Trung Vi^t Nam, Nxb. Chinh tri qudc gia. Ha Ndi.
9. Vien Dan tdc hgc (2015), Cdc ddn tdc it ngudi a Viet Nam (Cdc tinh phia Nam) (Tdi bdn cd sira chira, bd sung), Nxb. Khoa hgc xa hdi, Ha Ndi.
