NGHIgN CLTU - TRAO S 6 l
liBao chi dieu tra - mot phirong thufc hoat dong bao chi dac thu
• PGS, TS D d THj THU HANG Hoc vien Bao ctii va Tuyen truyin
Bao chi dieu tra cd sue hut ldn vdi cdng chung, dugc vi nhu Id "bua ta", "dai bdc" nhdm tiid hien hieu lyc vd hipu qua cua bdo chi. 0 nude ta, nhidu td bdo nhu Tuoi Tre, Thanh Nien, Lao Dgng, Phdp ludt TP.
Hd Chi Mmh, Tien Phong, Dan Tri... da khing djnh dugc uy tin, ddng c ^ riSng nhd nhung tuyen bdi dieu Ira day uy lyc. Ndi den dieu tra trong bdo chi la ndi ddn nwt phuong phdp ddc thu ciia bdo chi, cua nhd bdo khi tim kiem, kidm chirng vd phai bdy mgt sy that Didu tra ciing dugc ggi tdn vdi tu cdch Id mgt the logi bdo chi thugc nhdm thd loai thdng tdn, vdi ten ggi ngan ggn Id the logi dieu tra. Trong bdi bdo ndy, tdc gjd nhgn dipn vd phan tich bdo ehi didu tra nhu mot phuong thiic hogt ddng bao chi dgc thu ve mue dieh, ddi tugng, ngi dung vd quy trinh tac nghiep...
Investigative journalism which attracts huge attention of public nuiybe referred to as "sledgehammer"
or "cannon " to demonstrate its effectiveness and efficiency. In our country, many newspapers such as Tuoi Tre, Thanh Nien, Lao Dong, Hochiminh city's Phap Luat, Tten Phong, Dan Tri... have confirmed their own prestige thanks to their powerful investigation press series. Investigative journalism mentions specific me- thods of journalists when searching, verifying and exposing the truth. This is also a kind of journalism be- longing to news genre, shortened as investigative genre. In this paper, the author identifies and analyzes investigativejourrmlism as a mode of press operation with specific purpose, audience, content and working processes...
Dieu tra vd di^u tra cua bao chi
Theo tu Dgi tir dien Tieng Vi$t (Nguyin Nhu Y (chii bidn) 1999, Nxb. Van hod - Thdng tin), dieu tra Id tim hieu, xet hoi de biet ro su thgt.
Dieu tra Id dgt ra van de, ddt ra cdu hdi, khdm phd sy vat hipn tirgng vd di tim ldi gidi ddp. Cd the ndi, xet den Cling bit ky hogt dpng cd myc dich nao ciia con ngudi deu trdi qua qua tiinh dieu Qa, xem xet, danh gid, nit kinh nghipm nhdm dat duge sy hoan tiupn nh^ djnh. Dieu tra xuat hipn trong nhieu linh vyc khdc
nhau, vi du nhu dieu tra xa hgi hge, dieu tra hinh sy. .
Dieu tra xd hgi hoc li vipc thu thap, xu ly, tdng hgp, khai quat cac thdng tin, edc tai heu thyc te vdi su dim bao ve tinh dgi dien vi dp tin cay tren eo sd phu hgp vdi muc tieu, dd tai nghien ciiu trong nganh xa hdi hpc. Dieu tra xa hdi hpc dugc thyc hipn qua cic phuang 'phap ky thudt cLia xa hdi hgc nhu: Phuang phdp phdn tich tai Ueu, quan sit, phdng vin, thyc nghiem... Thdng tin thu dugc trong dieu tra xd hdi hpc ed dgc tinh thyc nghiem, dgi
dipn, tong the, gan hen vdi tap hpp cic ca nhin hay tap hpp su kien, khdng gan vdi ca nhan rieng biet.
Dieu tra hinh su li mdn khoa hpc p h ^ ly cd ddi tugng vd phuong phap dieu ehinh rieng. Trong dau tranh chdng va phdng ngira tgi phgm, dieu tra hinh sy cd nhiem vy tidn hinh thu tiiap chung ed xdc djnh tdi phgm vd ngudi thyc hien hdnh vi pham tpi Idmco sdcho viee xet xd ctia Tda an. Dieu tra hinh sy Id mpt giai doan eua td tung hinh sy.
Dieu tra hinh sy ehi bat diu khi cd ddu hieu cdu thdnh tgi pham vd phdi
Sd thdng 2-2015 Ly Inan ciiinh t r | & V^nyen thong
NGHI&N CLPU - TRAO Ddl
dugc ?hap luat hinh sy, Bd Lugt to tyng hinh sy vd P h ^ lenh to chdc diSu tra hmh su quy djnh. Trong qud trinh didu tiB, cdc co quan cd thim quydn tidn hdnh dp dung mgi bien phdp theo quy djnh cua phdp ludt nhim phdt hien, tdng hgp, neu gid tiiiSt, thu thip chirng cu dd chiing minh tdi pliam va ngudi pham tdi.
Trong didu tra hinh sy, cac didu tia vien su dyng cac phuong phip nghipp vu nhu: quan sat, do dgc, thyc nghipm, so sdnh, md hinh hda...
Trong bdo chi, hoat ddng dieu tra ciia nhd bdo la tiiao tdc i ^ e p vy thudng xuyen, lien tyc frong qua trinh di tun du h?u, chimg cu de minh chting hoge bdc bd mdt luan diem nao dd.
Nhipm vu ciia bdo chi du d the logi nao, tiiy vdo mdc do vd thdi diem thdng tm deu phdi trd ldi cac cdu hdi chu chdt: What?(Cdi gi) Who?(Ai) Where? (6 ddu) When?
(Khi ndo) Why? (Tgi sao) How?
(Nhu the ndo). Bdn thdn viec di thu thgp chiing cii, dii lieu, bang chiing... de trd ldi cac eau hdi neu tren chinh Id qud trinh dieu tra.
Thdng tin thu thgp dugc tii phuang phap dieu tira cd the xuat hien trong bit cii thd logi ndo, dii Id tin, bdi phdn dnh hay phdng sy... Sy Iden, van de, nhan vat dupc nhan dipn chinh xdc, dieu, da kidm chiing qua dieu tia la nhiing yeu td quan trpng nhit quydt dinh chdt lugng ciia tac pham bdo chi. Dieu tra dugc khing djnh Id thao tdc ngjiipp vu khdng tiie thieu trong hogt dpng thu t h ^ thdng tin cua nhd bdo nham tmy tim sy thgt. Bat ky mdt sy kien ndo ndy sinh trong thyc ti^ tidch nhiem ciia nhd bdo Id ngay lgp tiic phdi vdo cupc dieu tra, nghien eiiu, tim
nguyen nhan, kiem tra chiing cu...
sau dd mdi dirpc cdng bd thdng tin.
Hoat ddng didu tra bdo ehi gdn lien vdi cac phuong phap tiiu tiidp vd xd ly thdng tin ciia nha bdo nhu:
nghien cim tu lieu van bdn, quan sdt, phdng vdn, nhip vai...
Didu fra bio chi khae vdi didu fra cua cae co quan bio v$ phdp luit. Trong dieu tra eiia cdc co quan bio ve phdp luat, cdc didu tra vien dua ra ede gid thidt, chpn lya gid thidt hgp Iy nhit ciia vu vi^c, vi chdng minh bang cac chiing eu de hinh thdnh co sd lugn tdi. Trong dieu tra bio chi, cac nhd bdo cung xay dimg cac gid thiet xic dang va chiing minh nhtmg myc dich chinh ciia hp Id tiiu hut sy chii y cua cdng chung tdi hipn tupng hay nhdn vdt ciia bdi bdo, bupc cdng chiing phai suy nghi ve chuyen xay ra. Bao chi didu tta ed tinh ehit djnh hudng ban dpc. Dieu tra bdo chi cd muc tieu la di tim thdng tin de trd ldi cdu hdi md cdng chiing quan tam chii khdng phdi di tim chung cd phyc vy cdc co quan chdc nang nhu cdng an, vien kiem sat, tda in. Vi vgy, dieu Qa bdo chi eiing thudng bat diu do yeu cau cua cdng chiing tiidng qua du lugn xa hpi, don thu to gide, don thu yeu cdu.. .Vdi tu each li phuong phdp nghiep vy bdo chi nhim tmy tim sy that, dieu tra bio chi thudng bat diu tu phdt hien cua phdng vien, cpng tac vien, cua co quan bdo, hoac tiidng tm hi don tiiu ban dpc, phan dnh ciia ban dpc; hi ndi dung lam viec cua co quan chiic ndng. Trong khudn khd dp dung cua Lugt Bao chi, khi thye hipn dieu tra bdo ehi, nha bio dugc quydn quan sat, tidp xuc ddi tirpng, phdng vdn, yeu ciu CO quan chiic nang cung c ^ tdi hpu.
Or thu thdp eie tdi lieu chiing cu....
dugc phep sy dung cdc bidn ph^
nghiep vu bdo chi, quy trinh H&n chiing thdng tin cua bdo chi dl tien hdnh didu ba. Kdt qud didu tia dupc dang tdi (mpt phdn hoge toan bO) cdng khai tren ede sin pham bao chi. Ban bien tap ciia toi soan bao vi ngudi dting dau co quan bao chi phdi chju trdch nhiem vl tiidi^ tin dieu tra da dang tdi.
Khdi nifm bao chi di^u tra Trong mdt nghien eiiu cd tieum
"Dieu tra trong hoat dpng bdo chi", tdc gid Nguyen Ddc Diing cho rkg bao ehi dieu tra Id giai doan thii ba trong 3 giai dogn ciia bio chi the gidi vdi muc dp tang dan ve siic tac ddng vao ddi sdng xa hdi (3 giai doan cy thd Id: bao ehi thdng tin tmyen tmyen; bdo chi dieu tra; bao chi gidi phap). Tnmg tdm bdo chi dieu tra (CIR) cd try sd tgi My cho ring: Bao chi dieu fra Id theo duii cdc cau chuypn b j ehe diu ve nhiing ci nhan vd td chiic cd dnh htrong den cugc sdng cpng ddng, la iihQl$, ciu chuypn khd khan, khd rap noi vd khd de ndi ra, thudng phai mat nhidu thdng nghien ciiu vd hang tram cupc phdng van, Idn theo nhiing mdi ddn dat, kiem tra nguon tin, vd cudi cung viet ra dugc mpt cdu chuyen. Dd la chua ki nhiing ric rdi phdp ly md nhd bio va co quan bdo chi bupc phai ddi mat, chang hgn nhu bio chi bj kien Qo lai... Mark Lee Hunter vd cpng sv, frong cu6n "Story - Based Inquiry:
A manual for Investigative Jour- nailists " (Tgm djeh: Qui tdc di/a tren cdu chimin co that ddnh cho nhd bdo dieu tra ") cho ring bdo chi didu tra Id hinh thdc lam bio co nhieu diem khic biet vdi bao chi thdng thudng. Trong tai lieu duoc edng bd bdi UNESCO ndy da mo la
40 Ly iuan chinh tri & I h ^ y e n thong Sd thdng 2-2015
NGHIEN CI/U - TRAO D 6 |
ban chit cua bao chi dieu tra (bives- tigative Joumahsm) thdng qua so sanh vdi bao chi nghi tiirdng (Con- ventional Joumahsm), trong do nhan manh tinh dgc thu cita bdo chi dieu tra cd ve qua tiinh nghien ciiu, thu thdp thdng tin; ngudn tm vd ddi tugng; the loai tic pham[6].
Tren co sd cae djnh nghia ve bdo ehi dieu tra da neu tren, chung tdi xdc djnh nhiing nhiing diu hipu bdn chdt ciia bao chi dieu tra, bao gdm:
Thu nhat Id: bao chi didu tra la logi hinh hogt ddng bao chi tiang do nhi bdo vd co quan bdo chi dua ra trudc cdng chiing nhirng vin de bi ai dd ehe dgy mdt cdch cd chu dich hoge vd thuc, hoge dang sau hdng loat nhiing su that va bdi cdnh khd hieu. Dd thudng Id nhiing vu viec quan frpng hoac la diu hipu de phdt hipn ra nhiing vin de quan frpng gdn vdi edc yeu nhan, nhiing ngudi ndi tidng, cdc nhd khoa hpc, cic doanh nhan, doanh nghiep, cic ca quan, to chdc... trong Uch su vd hipn tai, ma hanh ddng cua hp cd kdt c ^ hdu qud lien quan den lgi ich ciia cdc nhdm cdng chiing frong xa hdi, bao gdm ci lgi ich ciia qudc gia va todn nhan loai.
Thir hai Id, bdo chi didu tin ddi hdi nhd bao phdi su dung nghipp vu dieu tra bdo chi vdi cdc nghien cuu chuyen sdu vd md rgng nham tim bdng chiing de truy tim, cdng bd, phdn tich, phan bien vd kdt lugn ve nhiing vy vipc cd thgt vi cd y nghia quan trpng vdi ddng dio cdng chiing.
Thu ba Id, Bdo chi dieu Qa thudng dugc viet vdi hinh thiic the logi tuang dng Id the logi tdc phim bdo chi dieu fra hoge phdng sy didu tra. Trong nhiing trudng hgp can thidt. cdc dy an didu Qa cd the cho
dang tdi cd the loai tin tiic, phdng van cung hoge xen ldn giiia cdc ky dang tdi bdi bdo thd loai dieu tra.
Dac thil trong muc dich, doi tirgng va cac nhom no! dung ciia bao chi dilu tra
Bdo ehi dieu tra khdng nham vao muc dieh thdng tin, tuyen tmyen thuin my, md hudng tdi 3 tang myc dich sau day:
Tdng mgc dich thu nhat Id: hio ehi dieu tra nhim vao mye dich kham phd, phoi bay nhiing sy vipc, vin dd quan frpng vdi cdng chiing, cung cdp thdng tin ve nhiing hanh vi sai trai, thudng b j giir kin mdt cdc c6 y thtic.
Tdng muc dich thu hai Id: bdo chi dieu U-a nhdm vdo cdc vdn de vd cdc sai phgm, sai ldm mang tinh he thong, md viec phdt hiin, phai bdy no dem lgi I0 ich ldn cho cong dong, cho lai ich cong. Bio ehi dieu tra khdng nhdm vao cac vy viec neng le ma nham vao cac vin de quan trgng, vd sai pham ciia nd cd tinh he thdng, frong pbgm vi rgng hon, vdi mpt ngdnh, mdt vdi tang Idp cdng chiing, qudc gia, tham chi toan cdu, chang han nhu: mdi tnrdng, tham nhung, cdc xung dgt xa hdi.
Tdng mgc dich thie ba la: Bdo ehi dieu tra cd mue tieu thuc day thuc thi boat dpng gidm sdt vd phdn bien xa hdi cua bdo chi, thiic ddy trdch nhiem giai trinh vi siia chira cic hdnh ddng cua cdc ca nhan, cac doanh nghipp, cac td chuc, bao gdm ci cac CO quan chinh phii, cac co quan lap phdp vd tu phdp vd cdc td chiic xd hpi dan sy. Tren eo sd do, bao chi didu tra gdp phin quan trgng frong viee tgo dp lyc du lugn xa hdi, tgo hieu lyc vd hieu qud ciia bdo chi hirdng tdi xdy dyng mdt xa
hdi phdp quyen vdi nhirng chuan mye gii trj dgo diic mang tinh nhan van, nhan dao sau sac.
Vdi nhiing muc dich da neu tren, bdo chi dieu tra cd doi tugng ca bdn Id nhung mdu thudn, xung dot xd hoi, nhiing sai ldm mang tinh he thong viec viphgm phdp lugt lien quan den trdch nhiem cda nhiing cd nhdn vd cdc to chirc, doanh nghiep, vdi nhiing yeu nhdn vd bo mdy the chi, cdc tap dodn kinh te, cdc co quan qudn ly nhd nude, cdc hiep hgi.. Da ndi den bao ehi dieu tra li ndi den viec phdt hipn, phoi bay nhiing sy that "dgng frdi", hen quan den frdch nhiem cua cd nhdn, td chdc cd trich nhiem frong viec thuc hien traeh nhi^m ciia minh tmdc phap luit. Ndi dung cua bio chi dieu tra thudng tdp trung vdo sai pham va vi pham phdp luit nhu: cie vy tham nhung, cdc vy an chinh tri, cdc vy an kmh te, cac vi pham nghiem frgng vd mdi tmdng sinh thii, cac bi an lich su, eac logi tdi pham mang tinh xd hpi - sinh hoat.
Ve ca ban, cd the xac djnh it nhdt 5 nhdm npi dung bdo chi dieu ti:a, vdi dac thu ve ddi tugng, phuong thdc tde nghiep, bao gom: (1). Bao chi deu tra phdng chdng tham nhiing;
(2). Bdo chi dieu tra tdi phgm kinh td va gian lan thuong mai; (3). Bdo chi dieu tra phat hipn cic vi phgm nghiem frpng ve mdi trudng; (4).
Bio chi didu fra cdc logi tdi pham mang tinh xa hpi - sinh hogt; vd (5).Bao chi dieu tra cac bi an Uch su hoac cdc nhdn vdt quan trgng ma cdng chiing quan tdm.
(1) Bdo chi dieu tra phong chong tham nhiing
Dd cd the la nhirng bii dieu tra cdc bieu hien tham nhiing do nha bdo phdt hien va tien hanh tim hieu.
So thdng 2-2015 hy ludn chinh tri &. Truyen thdng 41
N G H I £ N CCrU - TRAO DOI
Nha bdo Idn tiieo cac "ddu vef' de Idm sang to nguyen nhan, cdch thuc, dgng CO thuc hien vd nhiing hgu qud md nhimg vi pham dd ^ gdy ra cho xa hgi. Cac ddi tirgng Uen quan ma bdo chi dieu tra nhdm ddn trong nhdm ndi dung ndy thudng Id nhung quan chdc d cdc ngdnh, cdc cip {tiung uong vd dja phuang). Vi dy mgt sd vulgi dyng chdc vy quyen han de nhan hdi Id, tham d, tham nhung duoc bio chi tham gia phdt hipn vd dua tin nhu: nhu vy Mai Van Diu, Nguyen Ehic Chi d Khdnh Hda, vy La Thi Kim Oanh, vyPMUlS, Dddn 112, vu Duong Chi Diing...
(2) Bdo chi dieu tra tgi phgm kinh te vd hdnh vigian Ign thuang mgi
Bao chi phdt hien vd dieu tra cac hogt dpng sin xuit, kinh doanh, mua, bdn, xudt nhgp khdu, cung c ^ djch vy, hdnh vi gian ddi, liia lpc hudng den muc dich thu Igi bit chinh. Dd cd the Id cdc hdnh vi nhu Ida ddi khdch hdng thdng qua viec can, do, dong, dem, dinh tiao nhan mdc, vi phgm vp sinh an todn thuc phdm; ldy cap bi mat kinh doanh;
trdn thue; ke khai gian ddi hang hda trong hogt dpng xudt nhdp khau vd rdt nhieu cdc dang hdnh vi khic nhau nham lan tranh sy kiem sodt ciia Nhd nude de thu lgi bit chinh.
Vi dy: Dudng day "tdy trdng" cd tdm ldu; Tinh luy^n ddu dn bang chdt tdy rda: Tham nhgp dudng ddy hang ldu Mong Cdi; Cd phe hoa chdt: Kinh hodng heo sieu ngc; Di Tdy di Tau khong bdng xdng ddu dgily...
(3) Bdo chi^tt Suphdt hifn cdc viphgm nghiem trgng ve mdi tnrdng
Ddl tugng diSu tra trong nhdm
ndi dung ndy la cac bieu hipn vi pham, tdc ddng vd buy hogi mdi trudng sinh thai. Nhiing bieu hien vi phgm ndy ed the xudt phat tu hoat ddng sdn xuit ciia mdt sd nhd mdy trong cae khu cdng nghiep, hogt ddng ldng nghe, sinh boat tgi cdc dd thi Idn vd ngn phd rimg... Onhiem mdi tiirdng dugc dd cap chii yeu Id:
d nhiem ddt, d nhiem nude vd d nhidm khdng khi. Td dieu tra thyc trang, qua cdc chdng td, con sd, nhin chiing, phdn tich ciia chuyen gia.. cdc bdi dieu tra cd tic dyng canh bio, chi ra muc do nguy hiem cua cac vy viec gay ra eho cudc sdng cua ngudi dan. Vi dy:
vy"Vedan xa nude thdi "hue tu"
sdng Thi Vai"; vg chon hda chdt
"ddu doc" moi trudng cua Cong ty CPNicotex Thanh Thdi tgi Thanh Hod; vg trgm go d rung quanh Vudn qudc gia Cdt Tien, vu ddo dai vdng trdi phep & Bdc Kan...
(4) Bdo chi ^u tra cdc logi tgi phgm mang dnh xa hgi - sinh hogt Dieu fra xa hdi de cgp tdi cac loai tdi pham phat sinh frong mdi quan he cua ddi sdng hdng ngdy.
Dd cd the la dieu tra ede vu bgo lyc frong gia (finh, bgo hdnh fre em, cdc vu Ida ddo qua trd "choi hui", cd bac, mai dim... Vi du mgt sd bdi phdng sy dieu tra fren bdo chi nhu:
Lgi hdnh xdc tre mdm non; Bdt nhdo ldm bdng ldi xe; Thdm nhgp dudng ddy chdn dat, hdnh hg tre em, Thuc hu nhung bdt thtrdng tgi Trung tdm cai nghien, Chg ma tdy giira trung tdm thdnh pho...
(5) Bdo chi dieu tra cdc bi an lich su hoac cdc nhan vgt quan trgng md cong chiing quan tam.
Dieu tra cdc sy kien, vy in, cdu chuyen da xdy ra trong qua khu.
Nhirng bdi dieu tra dang nay thudng
thyc hien qua viec lgt Igi cac tir U^
hd so va nhan chung Ijch su. D ^ ctmg la mgt trong de tai dieu Qa h^
ddn bdi tinh chdt bi mgt, md am, khd hieu md d thdi diem xay ra nhiing sy kipn do chua dugc 1 ^ sdng td. Didu tra cdc bi dn Ijch sii cho phep nha bao dua ra gia tiiuyet ve sy viec, tiet Ip nhimg chi tiet chi dugc ldm ro sau m0t thdi gian dai.
Didu thu vi Id mpt sd vy vi?c da xay ra kha lau, nhung dugc nha bdo thu thdp thdng tin, chdng cu de phan tieh, gjdi thich tii quan digm mdi va ket qud ctia phuang tipn cdng n ^ ky tiiugt hi?n dgi. Vi dy: Thifc ha kho bdu vua Thdi chim dual long h^
song Dd - Thanh Nien 23.9.2014;
Huyen thogi vd s^r thgt ve vopkM Trd/^Q-CAND 8.11.2-14...
9 bude - 1 khdu trong quy trinh to chirc, thyc hi^n bdo chf di^utra
Khic so vdi vi^c dua tin, viSt bai phdn anh, tudng thugt, ghi nhanh hay cdc bdi bdo chinh ludn, bao chi dieu tra ludn duge thyc hi^n va qudn Iy bdi co quan bdo ehi, theo cdc "dy dn bdo chi dieu tra", vcri nhiing quy trinh quan ly tod soan nghiem nggt. Trong thyc td, mSi ca quan bdo chi deu cd nhiing quy djnh, quy tiinh rieng bipt khi to chdc, thye lupn va qudn ly cdc di;
an bdo chi dieu tra.
Trong mdt co quan bao chi, c4e ehu the sau ddy cd vai frd ndng cot frong viec td chuc, trien khai, qu4B|
ly cdc dy an bdo chi didu tia, don^
thdi chiu trdch n h i ^ tnrdc phap ludt va cdng chiing ve cdc tdc phdm bdo chi dieu tra da xuat bdn/ phdt sdng. Cdc chu the dd bao gdm:
(1) Tdc gid, nhdm tdc gjd cac t^
phim bdo chi dieu tra;
(2) Ban biSn tgp, die bi?t Id
42 Ly lu^n ciiinh trf &. l^uy^'n thfing Sd Ihdng 2-2015
NGHIEN CLPU-TRAO D 6 |
ngudi dung dau Ban bien tap eiia mpt to bdo/ mpt dai tmyen hinh/dai phdt thanh;
(3) Tdng thu t ^ toa sogn va ban thu ky toa sogn;
(4) Ban bgn dpc hodc bp phan chiu trdch nhipm tiep nhin vd trd Idi phdn hoi cua cdng ehiing (Chdng hgn Ban Bgn nghe ddi);
(5) Bp phgn chuyen mdn quan ly mang cac dy an dieu tra (neu cd) hoac trudng bd phan quin Iy cae phdng vien viSt dieu fra;
(6) Bp phin tu vin phdp lugt vd tu van chuyen mdn.
Ngodi viec tudn thii cdc thao tdc trong quy tiinh chung vd chju sy chi phdi eua dae trung logi hinh bdo ehi khi sang tao tdc phdm, quy trinh sang tao tde phim bdo ehi dieu tra ciing cd nhung yeu edu rieng khdc, d timg khdu edng vipc cy the. Tu co sd l;y thuyet vi thyc tien sdng tgo tie phim bdo chi dieu tra d nude qua h i ^ nay, chiing tdi de xuit quy tiinh td chiic thyc hipn bdo chi dieu tra d tod soan bdo, bao gdm 9 bude - 1 khdu, sau ddy:
9 bude trong quy tiinh td chdc thyc hien bdo chi dieu tra:
Bude I: Tim hieu vd nghien cdu, hinh thdnh y tudng cho bdo chi dieu tra;
Bude 2: Xdc dinh de tdi, chd de, tu tuang chu de, xdy dung de cuang chi get vd Ae hogch tdc nghiep:
Bude 3: Trinh vd thdo lugn v&i Ban bien tgp di cuang chi tit vd ke hogch tdc nghiep (ngi dung, phuang phdp, phuang tifn ldc nghiep, tdi chinh..), chd quyet dinh cho phep hay khong cua Ban bien tgp ve ke hogch trien khai tien trinh dieu tra:
Bude 4: Thuc hien cdc cdc bien phdp nghi^ vu dieu tra de thu thgp.
phdn tich, kiim chirng thong tin vd tim bdng chdng vdi sugidm sdt, hd trg cua ban biin tap, dong nghiip vd cdc ca qimn chdc ndng liin quan (neu cdn thiet);
Bude S:Kiemtra, hodn tdt khdu tu lieu, chung cu lien quan, hodn thdnh tdc phdm bdo chi diiu tra;
Buoc 6: Sdn sdng gidi trinh vdi ban bien tap ve tdc phdm bdo chi, thdo ludn vd dieu tra bo sung di thdm dinh hodc them tinh tiit ngi dung mai khi co yeu cdu cua Ban bien tap;
Buoc 7: Bien tgp nhieu ldn, co thi bao gom su trg giup cua cdc chimin gia tu vdn ve phdp ly hodc chuyin ve linh virc lien quan den vu viec dieu tra;
Bude 8: Di^et, ddng bdo, xudt bdn, phdt hdnh, phdt song;
Bude 9: Chudn bi cho cdc dudn bdo chi mai/ liin quan hodc xdy dung, trien khaiphuangdn qudn tri khung hodng "hgu " du dn bdo chi diiu tra.
1 khau cd y nghia quan trgng, nam d vi tri trung tdm, dugc thyc hipn frong toin bd tien trinh ldm dy an bdo chi dieu tra, dd Id khduA'- ghien cuu ddnh gid, nghiin ciru phdn hoi tit bgn doc, tir nhdn vdt vd cdc cd nhdn, to chuc lien quan.
Khi thyc hien quy trinh to chuc thyc hipn bdo chi dieu tra, nhd bao dieu tra phdi la ngudi chu ddng frong vipc nghien ciiii, de xuat, tim Idem sy ho trg, iing hg, hd trg cua cdc thdnh vien khde trong toa sogn.
Mgt trong nhiing nguyen tac ciia bio chi dieu tra Id bi mdt ngudn tin vi bi mat vdi cd nhirng ddng nghipp khdc (khdng cd quyen dugc biet vi khdng cd trich nhiem qudn ly dy an dieu QB) de tranh bj Id thdng tin tu ben trong toa soan. Tuy timg myc
dieh, ddi tirgng va ndi dung, thdi diem Cling nhu khd nai^ tgo hieu lyc va hieu qui xa hdi cua dy dn bao chi dieu tra md cd sy Iham gia phdi hop khdc nhau cita edc chii the quan ly tiiyc hien bdo ehi dieu tra trong tung CO quan bao chi.
Ban lanh dao va cy thd li ngudi lanh dgo cao nhit ciia co quan bdo chi phdi Id ngirdi chiu trich nhiem ldn nhdt trong qudn ly viec td chiie thuc Men cae dy an bdo ehi didu tra.
Hp Id ngirdi duyet cho phep, td chiic va gidm sdt, dieu chinh vd ra cic quyet djnh trong viec dieu tra theo hudng ndo, ed tiep tyc dang tdi cdc ky tiep theo hay dimg bii dieu tra Igi, dong thdi chiu trach nhiem Qudc p h ^ Iudt ve npi dtmg dang tdi/ phat sdng eiia bdi dieu traO
TAJ Ligu THAM KHAO 1. Ta Ngoc Taii( 1995), Tdc pham bdo chr (Ja^ 1), Nxb Giao due. Ha Ngi.
2. Nguyen Van DSng (chii bien) (2006), Tac phdm bao chiit^p 2), Nxb. Ly luan chinh tri. Ha Ngi
3. AJK. Chertuchcmm (2004), Bdo chi dieu tra, Nxb. Thong tin. Ha Noi.
4. Nguyen E)uc IDung (2013), Dieu Ira trong hogt dpng bdo chi, B4o cao tong luan, Ge tai nghien cuu khoa hoc dp ca so, H<fC viSn Bao chi va Tuyen tn^en
5. Ky yeu Hgi thao khoa hpc qudc li
"Kinh nghidm Vi^t Nam vd quoc te ve nghi4p w bdo chi dieu tra ", Hoc vi|n Bao chivaTuySntruy^3 2014.
6 Mark Lee Hunter, "Slory - Based In- quiry: A manual for Investigative Joumai- lists", UNESCO.
Liiik:h^://www.unesco.oig/new/en/c ommumcation-and information/re- sources/publications-and-commumcation- mateiials/publications'fiitl-list/story-based- inquiry-a-manual-for-investigative- joumalists/
Sd thdng 2-2015 hy inain ehinh tri & l^nyen thdng 43
