KHAI NIEM GIAI THICH PHAP LUAT
Pham Thi Duyen Thdo*
Nguyen Quang Anh"
Cd dinh nghTa vira nhan manh viec tim nghTa ciia van ban quy pham phap luat, vira nhan manh viee nghTa dd phai dam bao y dinh cua tac gia van ban, bay giai thich phap luat chinh la viec tim ra y djnh cua nha lap phap nhu: "Giai thich phap luat la boat dpng de tim ra nghTa va hieu rd myc dich cua tac gia van ban phap luat"^; hay "Giai thich phap luat la nham xay dyng lai y tudng ma tae gia mong mudn truyen dat qua cac quy dinh cua van ban phap luat dd"''
Cd dinh nghTa tap trung xac dinh cac trudng hgp va pham vi cua giai thich phap luat: "Giai thich phap luat la boat ddng xuat hien chi tai noi ma van ban khdng rd rang va cd sy khac biet ve y kien ddi vdi van ban"^
Lai cd dinh nghia dua ra each hieu ve giai thich phap luat vdi mdt yeu cau Idn, nhung trim tupng, rat khd xac dinh, do la nham dat den "su hgp ly" cua phap luat:
"Giai thich phap luat la mdt boat ddng tri dc vdi yeu cau ndng cdt la sy hgp ly"^
d Viet Nam, thuat ngu "giai thich phap luat" xuat hien Ian dau trong Hien phap nam 1959 (Dieu 53, khoan 3), nhung tir dd den nay, chua ed mdt quy dinh phap ly nao dien
N
hu mdt quy luat, ly thuyet ve giai thich phap luat phai ty hoan thien, phai dat dupc nhQng gia tri khoa hpc va phyc vy tich cyc ddi sdng phap ly. Theo dd, nhung gia tri ma ly thuyet ehung ve giai thich phap luat mang lai la cd tinh phd bien.Tuy nhien, nhung phuong dien cy the trong he thdng Iy thuyet giai thich phap luat nhu khai niem, nguyen tac, phuong phap, hinh thiie, chu the va ddi tupng cua giai thich phap luat d mdi qudc gia cd nhQng diem khac biet nhat dinh, dieu nay do each thuc td chuc nha nude, do truyen thdng phap luat va boat ddng giai thich phap luat cua qudc gia dd chi phdi.
Giai thich phap luat, eho den nay, chua thay cd mdt khai niem, mdt dinh nghTa thdng nhat. Cac hpc gia phap ly tren the gidi da timg dua ra nhieu dinh nghTa ve giai thich phap luat:
Cd dinh nghTa nhan manh den tinh muc dich cua giai thich phap luat, dd la "dua ra nghTa" hoac tim ra "thdng diep" cua mdt van ban phap luat nhu: "Giai thich phap luat la mdt boat ddng cd Iy tri ma dua ra nghTa ciia mdt van ban phap luat"', hay "Giai thich phap luat la boat ddng lien quan vdi viec xac dinh thdng diep cd tinh quy pham ma nd xuat hien tu van ban"
' Khoa Luat, Dai hpc quoc gia Ha Npi.
" ThS., Uy ban nhan dan huyen Thanh Thuy, tinh Phii Thp.
' C. Ogden I.Richard (1956), The meaning of meaning. Published by: Harcourt, Brace, tr.lO.
K. Larenz (1983), The method of recidivism;
Macmilian Publishing Co., New York, tr. 230.
' F.V. Hawkins (1860), On the Principles of Legal Interpretation, Reprinted in Thayer, Preliminary Theatise on Evidence, tr. 298.
•* Canada Interpretation Act (1980), Published by Alberta Queen's Printer, tr.20.
^ J. Wroblewski (1992), The Judicial application of the Court of Law, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, tr.88.
' H. Kelsen (1967), Pure theory of law, Berkely and Los Angelos, University of California Press, tr.348.
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giai, hoac dua ra khai niem, dinh nghTa ve giai thich phap luat de lam co sd phap ly xay dyng mdt Iy thuyit chinh thdng, tien tiln ddi vdi boat ddng nay. Quan niem ve giai thich phap luat tir cac vi tri nghien cuu cQng chua dupc thdng nhat. Vi chua cd mdt he thdng ly thuyet tu mdt hpc thuyet phap ly, va ciing chua cd mdt nen giai thich phap luat giau kinh nghiem tuong ung vdi ly thuyet dd, bon nua, ngudn phap luat chinh thilc hien nay cua Viet Nam chu yeu la van ban quy pham phap luat, tap quan phap la ngudn thu yeu, va tien le phap chua dugc thira nhan. Day cung la nhung yeu td anh hudng din quan niem giai thich phap luat d Viet Nam.
Do dd, nhung cau hdi don gian nhu giai thich phap luat la gi, giai thich phap luat khi nao, cung khd tra Idi dupc mpt each day du va rd rang. Khi nao tbi cd giai thich, khi can phai giai thich (tuc la khi ap dung gap "sy cd") thi giai thich, hay cii he ed phap luat la cd giai thich, va nhiing boat ddng giai thich phap luat de ed san pham ap dung khdng nam trong khu vyc "giai thich phap luat"
nhu Hien phap Viet Nam (dac biet la Hien phap nam 1959) da ndi tdi thi cd la giai thich phap luat chinh thuc khdng, ed hpp phap khdng?
Cac nha nghien cilu phap ly d nude ta cung da dua ra nhiing each dinh nghTa khac nhau ve giai thich phap luat:
Cd dinh nghTa tap trung xac dinh pham vi, khu vue cua giai thich phap luat la tai noi diin ra boat dpng ap dyng phap luat, noi chinh yeu nhit ciia boat ddng nay: "Ve thuc chat, giai thich phap luat la viec xac dinh ndi dung va pham vi ap dung cua van ban hay mdt quy dinh ey the cua van ban dd" ,
' Nguyin van Thuan (1999), Co so ly luan va thuc tiln cua thim quyln giai thich Hiln phap, luat, phap lenh ciia Uy ban Thudng vu Qu6c hpi. Ma s6 94-98-
bay: "Giai thich phap luat la boat ddng ciia CO quan nha nude cd tham quyln lam rd ndi dung mdt quy pham nao dd ciia phap luat thanh van de ngudi ap dung phap luat ndi ehung (co quan nha nude, td chuc, ca nhan) cd the thay dupc mdt each chic chin rang quy pham phap luat dd dieu chinh mdt hoac mdt sd banh vi cy the nao dd nhu the nao"^
Cd dinh nghia tiep can giai thich phap luat dudi gde dp ngu nghTa ciia thuat ngQ giai thich, cd phan nhan manh den boat ddng giai thich phap luat khdng chinh thilc:
"Giai thich phap luat la qua trinh tu nhan thilc va giai thich eho ngudi khac hieu ve quy pham phap luat"'
Cdn cd dinh nghTa tiep can giai thich phap luat dudi gdc dp chung, ehii trgng nhieu den tinh phd quat, tinh logic bpe eua giai thich phap luat, bao gdm ca boat ddng giai thich phap luat chinh thuc va khdng chinh thuc: "Giai thich phap luat la boat ddng nham lam sang td ve mat tu tudng, ndi dung ciia cac quy pham phap luat, dam bao cho sy nhan thilc, thye hien nghiem chinh, thdng nhat phap luat"'"
Nhu vay, giai thich phap luat da khdng the cd mdt khai niem tuyet ddi. Bdi vi, du tieu chi "lam eho hieu rd" phap luat la tieu chi chu dao cda giai thich phap luat thi ben canh nd edn nhieu tieu ehi khac thudc ve pham trii khdng gian va thdi gian, ve cac quy dinh phap Iy ciia giai thich phap luat
106/DT, HaNpi, tr.l3.
' van ph6ng Qu6c hpi Viet Nam, Van phong du an h§ trp cai each phap luat \i tu phip (2009), Gidi thich phdp lugt, mgt so vdn de ly luan vd thuc tien, Nxb. H6ng Diic, tr.40.
' Dinh van Mau, Pham H6ng Thai (2001) Gido trinh Ly ludn chung ve nhd nuac vd phdp lugt, Nxb. Tong hpp Da Ning, Da Ning, tr. 150.
'" Nguyin Cilu Viet (chii bien) (2001), Gido trinh Ly ludn chung ve nhd nuac vd phdp lugt, Khoa Luat, Dai hpc qu6c gia Ha Npi, Ha Npi, tr.230.
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can xac lap theo ndi dung ciia mdi he thdng phap luat, theo thye tien cua mdi ddi sdng phap ly quy dinh. Tuy nhien, cd the thay, du tiep can dudi gdc dp nao thi giai thich phap luat cung phai ham chua trong nd cac diem cdt yeu sau:
Mpt id, tinh thdm quyen ciia giai thich phdp luat.
Giai thich phap luat la nhu eau, nd xuat hien trong hau het cac qua trinh ciia boat ddng phap luat, tu viec xay dyng, thye bien, ap dung cho den cac boat ddng giang day, nghien cuu khoa hpc phap ly. Do vay, se cd rat nhieu each giai thich khac nhau ve cung mdt van de, cung mdt quy pham phap luat.
Tinh trang nay gay khd khan, phiic tap cho cae ddi tupng lien quan tryc tiep va rdng ra la gay phue tap cho ca ddi sdng phap Iy. Vi khi ed nhieu each giai thich khac nhau ve eiing mdt quy pham phap luat ma khdng cd each giai thich nao mang tinh tham quyen, thi cac each giai thich dd deu khdng cd gia tri ap dung ma chi cd gia tri tham khao.
Dieu dd se dan den khd khan eho cdng tac thye bien phap luat, bdi ngudi ta se khdng biet hieu quy pham phap luat theo each nao, phap luat se trd nen khd thuc hien. Yeu cau bat budc dat ra la phap luat phai dupc lam eho hieu rd bdi mdt chu the mang quyen lyc nha nude (ca nhan, td chile, ca quan dupc nha nude trao quyen). "Tinh tham quyen la mpt dac diem tat yeu eiia boat ddng giai thich phap luat bdi le nd dem den cho boat ddng giai thich phap luat tinh chinh thuc va gia tri rang budc ddi vdi tat ca cac ben du hp cd nhQng giai thich khac nhau ve eiing mdt quy pham. Ndi each khac la giai thich phap luat ehinh thuc cung mang gia tri bat budc ve mat phap Iy gidng nhu ehinh ban than quy pham phap luat ma nd giai thich vay"''
" van phong Qu6c Hpi Viet Nam, VSn phong du an
Tinh thim quyen cua boat ddng giai thich phap luat cdn lien quan den yeu cau ve quy trinh cua hoat ddng nay. Quy trinh giai thich phap luat se phai la quy trinh phap Iy, dupc ghi nhan rd rang trong phap luat ve giai thich phap luat ciia nha nude. Cac chii the ed tham quyen giai thich se bat buoc phai tuan theo nhQng trinh ty, thu tuc cua quy trinh giai thich dd. Ndi den quy trinh cua giai thich phap luat ben canh yeu cau ve tham quyen ddi khi tudng khdng can thiet vi chung ed mdi lien he qua lai, phai sinh, nhung thuc chat lai la mdt yeu cau bat bupc, bdi thye tien da ehung minh, boat ddng giai thich phap luat chi phat trien thye sy khi chu the cd tham quyen giai thich phap luat cd day dii ca sd phap ly de boat ddng, ma mdt trong nhiing yeu td quan trpng cua ca sd phap ly la quy trinh phap Iy.
Hai Id, tinh dpc lap cua gidi thich phdp luat.
Giai thich phap luat la mdt boat dpng ddc lap. Neu xay dyng phap luat la xac lap nhung quy tac xu sy, la dat nghTa cho nhiing quy pham phap luat, thi giai thich phap luat la xac dinh nhQng quy tac xu su, la dpc nghTa eua nhung quy pham phap luat do.
Giai thich phap luat nam d khu vuc nhan thilc phap luat, khac ban vdi khu vyc xay dyng phap luat. Sy phan biet tudng nhu khdng can phai dat ra nay lai hit sue can thiet, vi giQa boat ddng xay dyng phap luat va hoat dpng giai thich phap luat cd mdt dudng bien rat "nhay cam", nd rit dl de boat ddng giai thich phap luat thudc ve mdt qua trinh nhan thilc thanh boat ddng xay dung phap luat - thudc vl mdt qua trinh the hien. Giai thich phap luat trong hai qua
ho trp cai each phap luat va tu phap (2009), Gidi thich phdp lugt, mot so vdn de ly ludn vd thuc tiin, Nxb. H6ng Due, tr.40.
trinh nay eung ed mdt tieu diem, nhung nd dien ra ddi chieu nhau va bd trg nhau:
Khi xay dyng phap luat, phai ty giai thich xem phap luat, chu yeu la cac quy tac xu sy cd hinh thii nhu the nao, nham vao ddi tugng nao, cai "sy" ay la gi, nd Id dien, biin hda va dimg lai d ehd nao, de dat ra each
"xir" cho pbii hgp nhat, phai le nhat, thuan Idng ngudi nhat. Dd la giai thich cua ngudi xay dyng phap luat, tir viee nghien cuu cae quan he Idn nhd eiia ddi sdng con ngudi, dac biet la khi con ngudi td chile va dya vao mdt bd may quyen lyc ehuyen lam viec dieu tiet cac quan he xa hdi, budc phai cd cac quy tac xir sy chung mdi giQ dupc trat ty.
Khi thye hien phap luat, thi ngudi ta lan ngugc lai qua trinh tren ma giai thich, tile la da cd phap luat rdi, cd quy tae xu sy rdi, van de la phai xem "sy" ay ed diing nhu phap luat mudn ndi den khdng, va each
"xir" iy ed dung y ngudi lam ra khdng. Dd la giai thich cua ngudi thye hien phap luat.
NIU khdng cd sy ty giai thich cua ngudi
"nghT ra luat" da ddn nen nhung sy viec, nhung quan be, nhQng tinh hudng vao mdt phan doan vl mdt khai niem, mdt quy tac, thi Cling ehing bao gid ed co sd de cho ngudi "ndi lai luat" giai thich lai nhung phan doan ve khai niem, ve quy tae da cd iy; nlu khdng cd ngudi kiem chiing quy tae xir sy bing thye tiln (hanh phap, tu phap) thi cung khdng bao gid ngudi an dinh quy tic xu su bing phan doan (lap phap) thay dugc cai thilu hut ciia minh, nghTa la sy giai thich d bai qua trinh tren da bd trg cho nhau, cai ng lam ca sd cho cai kia tdn tai, de mpt cai (lap phap) khdi sieu hinh va mdt cai (hanh phap, tu phap) khdi ngd nhan, va ve cimg mdt dich: y nghTa dich thye cua phap luat - cua quy tac xu sy.
Tuy nhien, sy giai thich cua ngudi xay dyng luat va ngudi thye hien luat ed sy khac
nhau rat dac thii: giai thich ciia ngudi xay dyng phap luat (gidi thich de lap phdp) la giai thich theo quy trinh lap phap, mdt quy trinh chinh tri, la giai thich de khang dinh y chi cua minh, cdn giai thich cua ngudi thye hien phap luat (gidi thich de hdnh phdp) la giai thich theo quy trinh giai thich, mdt quy trinh phap Iy, la giai thich de thay dupc y nghTa cudi ciing, dich thuc ciia phap luat trong qua trinh hien thuc hda phap luat vao cudc sdng. Hai sy giai thich vdi hai quy trinh nay phan rd ranh gidi quyen lye giQa co quan xay dyng phap luat vdi ca quan thye hien phap luat, ddng thdi ciing lam nen nhung sac thai cua boat ddng giai thich phap luat d giua hai nhdm chu the nhu la trai ngupc nhau, trudc bet la nhung trai ngugc trong each tu duy, trong each lap luan. Do vay, ed the thay, giai thich phap luat d qua trinh thu hai, qua trinh hien thye hda phap luat nen dugc nhin nhan la boat ddng giai thich phap luat can dupc nghien cuu nhieu.
Bdi giai thich phap luat d qua trinh nay mdi tuan thil quy trinh giai thich, mdi diing chu the giai thich va san pham mdi la san pham cua giai thich phap luat.
Xem xet ly thuyet giai thich phap luat hien nay, thay ve co ban deu tap trung vao giai thich phap luat trong qua trinh hien thue hda phap luat, tile la qua trinh thil bai, qua trinh thuc hien phap luat. Day dupc xem la boat ddng giai thieh phap luat chinh thilc, mang tinh chii dao, dien ra vdi tan suat Idn. C) qua trinh nay, boat dpng giai thich phap luat tap trung vao giai thich phap luat mang tinh vu viec, tinh budng, giai thich nay thudng la cila tda an trong qua trinh xet xil nhung vy viee cy the, giai thich vu viee mang tinh chat
"ddng" de nham giai tda tinh hudng, khi cd nhiing vudng mac trong thye hien phap luat, ma chu yeu nhat la khi cd vudng mac trong viec ap dung phap luat cua cac chu the cd
thim quyln, khac vdi giai thich phap luat d qua trinh xay dyng phap luat, dd la giai thich phap luat trong trang thai "tTnh" de hudng dan thye hien thdng nhat.
Giai thich mang tinh quy pham va giai thich mang tinh vu viee trong thuc te deu la giai thich chinh thuc cua cae chu the cd tham quyen, tuy nhien giai thich mang tinh quy pham thudng la do cac chii the cd tham quyln lap phap thye hien, la boat ddng giai thich phap luat trong trang thai tTnh, cho nhiing lin sau. Do do, d mdt gde dp nhat dinh, ed the thay, boat dpng ban hanh van ban dudi luat, thudng de dung hudng dan, quy dinh chi tiet ddi vdi van ban cd hieu lue phap Iy cao ban mac du cbiia dung ndi dung eua giai thich phap luat, nhung xet can ke, nd chinh la boat ddng lap phap theo nghTa rdng, la boat ddng keo dai ciia lap phap, nd chi dugc thye bien bdi cac chii the dugc nha nude trao quyen, quy trinh cua nd la quy trinh ciia lap phap. Cdn giai thieh phap luat mang tinh vy viec la giai thieh phap luat trong trang thai ddng, gan lien vdi nhung tinh hudng can giai tda.
Nhan xet mdt each khach quan thi giai thich phap luat chii yeu xuat hien khi cd nhu eau giai thich, tuc la khi phap luat bgc Id kha nang phai giai thich trong qua trinh ap dung phap luat vao giai quyet nhirng vu viec, tinh hudng cu the trong cudc sdng, la khi cd dp "venh" giQa phap luat va thye tien cupc sdng. Dac biet, neu kiem nghiem nhan dinh tren d thye tien giai thich Hien phap ciia cac qudc gia tien tien tren the gidi thi thay, boat ddng giai thieh Hien phap ehinh thile xuat hien trong qua trinh ap dung phap luat ciia cac chii the cd tham quyen. Khdng phai ty nhien Hien phap dupc mang ra giai thich, ma chi trong qua trinh ap dung phap luat, neu mpt hanh vi hoac mdt quyet dinh.
mdt van ban phap luat nao dd cua nha nude hoac mpt ehii thi nao dd khdng cd gia tri ap dung, hoac cd diu hieu vi pham Hien phap, ngudi ta mdi tiln hanh giai thich Hien phap.
Giai thich phap luat d Viet Nam tren thue te hien chua cd sy thdng nhat ve pham vi (giai thieh nhiing cai gi) va thdi diem (khi nao thi giai thich). Tinh trang nay dan den nhiing khd khan khi danh gia ve thuc trang giai thich phap luat d Viet Nam, tir dd lam khd khan khi dua ra md hinh hoac nhung giai phap de nang cao hieu qua eiia boat ddng nay trong thuc te.
Tim hieu ve boat ddng giai thich phap luat cua eae qudc gia dien hinh cho cac mo hinh giai thich phap luat nhan thay, boat ddng giai thich phap luat ciia hp eung tap trung ehu yeu tai qua trinh thye hien phap luat, khi ap dung phap luat gap nhung vudng mac phai dua ra tda. Day dupc xem la diem hpi tu cua giai thich phap luat, bdi sau qua trinh lap phap phai la qua trinh thuc hien phap luat, trong qua trinh nay, neu phap luat cd vudng mac, mau thuan, da nghTa, tdi nghTa... mdi phai tien hanh giai thieh phap luat, do dd, cd the khang dinh, giai thich phap luat hieu theo nghTa chinh thdng nhat, tap trung nhat phai la boat ddng cat nghia, lam rd nhiing dieu cdn chua rd rang trong qua trinh ap dung phap luat vao cudc sdng. Phai hieu giai thieh phap luat theo khia canh nay, pham vi nay cd le mdi cd each danh gia rach rdi ve nd, mdi thay dupc tai sao tren the gidi, ngudi ta lai giao cdng viec nay cho tda an, tai sao ngudi ta lai tien hanh phan chia quyen lyc thanh cdng.
Hoat ddng giai thich phap luat ma Hien phap Viet Nam da quy dinh cho Uy ban Thudng vu Qude hdi tai khoan 3 Dieu 53 Hien phap nam 1959 va d cac Hien phap tilp theo chinh la boat ddng giai thich phap
luat nam d qua trinh thye hien phap luat.
Neu dpc ky Hien phap thi thay rang, boat ddng giai thich phap luat dupc ndi d day thuc sy khdng phai la boat ddng lap phap, ciing khdng phai la boat ddng hudng dan, quy dinh chi tiet thi hanh ddi vdi van ban cd hieu lye phap Iy cao hon, ma la mdt boat ddng ddc lap, boat ddng nay dugc Nha nude coi trpng va rat phu hgp vdi nguyen tic tap trung quyen lyc (theo suy luan, d Viet Nam mac nhien quyen giai thieh phap luat nay da dugc giao cho Uy ban Thudng vy Qudc hdi, mdt ea quan quan trpng ciia Qudc hdi tir Hien phap nam 1959 den nay la vi the).
- Ba Id, tinh tap trung ve doi tuang cua gidi thich phdp luat.
Ddi tugng ciia giai thich phap luat dii thudc hinh thilc nao, thi tinh than chung deu la nhiing quy tac xir sy quy pham phap luat. Cho nen giai thieh phap luat eung chii yeu nham vao cac don vi co ban dd. Tile la mdi boat dpng giai thieh deu dupe dat vao mdt quy pham phap luat eu the hay mdt quy tac xir sy nao dd. Vi the, ed the ndi, ddi tugng tryc tiep cua giai thich phap luat la quy pham phap luat, cdn viee nd tap trung vao bd phan nao trong cau triic ciia mdt quy pham la do nhu cau cu the, do eae bien phap ky thuat eu the.
Ddi tupng eua giai thieh phap luat eung cd thi la tap quan phap, tien le phap va ca chinh sach phap luat..., nhung ddi tugng chii yeu ciia giai thich phap luat van la phap luat thanh van vdi hinh thuc phd bien va ca ban nhat la cac van ban quy pham phap luat.
Nhu vay, trung tam thu hiit boat dpng giai thich phap luat la cac van ban quy pham phap luat, nai tap hgp nhieu nhat cac quy tic xu sy trong mdt he thdng cac quy pham phap luat ma tir khi ban banh cho den khi ap dung gap vudng mac deu can den giai thich.
Giai thieh phap luat la mdt nhu cau khach quan, khdng rieng vdi he thdng phap luat nao, cdn viec giai thich nhiing hinh thilc phap luat nao, loai van ban phap luat nao la do quy dinh cua mdi qudc gia. Song du sao, trong su van hanh cua phap luat thi quy pham phap luat thuc sy la nhQng thye the cd sinh menh trong sy van banh ay, la thanh td ed muc bgc Id kha nang phai giai thich cao nhat.
Cd y kien cho rang, giai thich phap luat la giai thich tat ca nhiing gi thudc ve phap luat, ke ca nhQng dudng Idi, chinh sach ve phap luat khi thay can phai giai thich, tile la cho rang giai thich phap luat chi quan tam den giai thich quy pham phap luat la phien dien, la bd sdt nhieu ddi tupng cua giai thich phap luat. Y kien dd cd phan diing.
Nhung nhu vay la chii y nhieu den nhiem vu phap Iy va dia ban hoat ddng cua cdng tae giai thich phap luat chd chua that sy quan tam den myc dich va quy luat boat ddng ciia boat ddng nay.
Bdn Id, tinh muc dich cua gidi thich phdp luat.
Muc dich cao nhat va mang tinh quyet dinh cua giai thich phap luat la xde dinh diing quy tdc xic su ma nha lap phap da the hien trong nhiing quy dinh phap luat de giup cho viec nhdn thiic, thuc hien phdp lugt dung ddn, thong nhdt. Khi xac lap mdt quy tac xu su, mong mudn cao nhat eua cac nha xay dung phap luat la lam sao de phap luat dugc tiep nhan va thye hien nhu nhau d mpi ddi tupng thudc pham vi dieu chinh cua nd.
Khi ay, ban than hp da phai nghT den viec quy tac xir sy dd se duge hieu nhu thi nao, do dd mdi ed giai thieh phap luat ngay trong Iiic ban hanh phap luat do ngudi xay dyng phap luat giai thich, tuy nhien, boat ddng dd xet ve ban chat van la trong khudn khd xay dung phap luat. Cdn khi phap luat dupc
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dem ra thye hien, nhat la khi ap dung vao giai quyet nhung vu viec cu the, giai tda nhung tinh hudng cu the, khi cac quy dinh phap luat cp xat tryc tiep vdi nhung quan he xa hdi ma nd dieu chinh, thi ngudi ta mdi that sy thay nhung ke hd, nhung chd thieu hut, nhiing chd khdng hpp ly cua nhQng quy dinh phap luat trong thye te, va tat yeu phap luat phai dupe tiep tuc kham pha, danh gia cac nghTa thye bao ham ea cac nghTa cho phep, cac nghTa hgp Iy tir mdt quy pham de thuc hien quy pham phap luat do, tuc la phai tien hanh giai thich phap luat trong qua trinh thuc hien phap luat. Khi dd, boat ddng giai thich phap luat se chinh la boat ddng dam bao cho phap luat thye su trd thanh dai lupng dupc nhan thuc va thye hien thdng nhat trong thye te. Hoat ddng giai thich phap luat khi dd mdi that su the hien diing ban chat, diing pham vi mdt bien tupng khach quan tdn tai ngoai mong mudn cua cac nha xay dung phap luat, phan anh ban chat nhan thue phap luat eua giai thieh phap luat. Vay nen, muc dich cua giai thich phap luat ehinh la nham xac dinh cho diing quy pham phap luat de thue hien phap luat dupc thdng nhat, diing dan.
Tu nhQng phan tich tren, cd the dua ra mdt dinh nghTa tdng quat ve giai thich phap luat chinh thilc nhu sau: Gidi thich phdp luat Id hogt dpng cua cdc chu the co thdm quyen theo mpt quy trinh phdp ly nhdm xde dinh chinh xde y nghia, npi dung quy tdc xif sir trong vdn bdn quy pham phdp lugt (md ehd yeu Id nhimg quy phgm phdp lugt khi dp dung gap vu&ng mdc) de nhgn thirc, time hien phdp lugt ddng ddn, thong nhat.
Ket luan
Dat van de xac dinh khai niem ve giai thich phap luat d Viet Nam la viec lam can thiet. Khai niem giai thich phap luat vdi cac yeu td quan trgng thude ndi ham cua nd se
gdp phin hoan hien ly thuyit vl giai thich phap luat, gdp phin danh gia thdng nhat thuc trang giai thich phap luat hien nay. Bdi mudn danh gia ve thye trang giai thich phap luat cho that chinh xac thi phai bat dau tir quan niem, tu khai niem ve giai thieh phap luat. Khi da xac dinh dupc the nao la giai thich phap luat, xac dinh dupe pham vi va ndi dung ciia boat ddng nay tbi se cd cai nhin nhat quan ve cac yeu td giai thich phap luat trong boat ddng va trong van ban phap luat ciia cac chu the khac khdng phai la Uy ban Thudng vu Qudc hdi hien dang dien ra vdi tan suat Idn d Viet Nam. Ddng thdi, se tra Idi mdt each thda dang Iy do tai sao md hinh giai thieh phap luat ma chu the thuc bien la tda an lai chiem vi tri phd bien trong eae md hinh giai thieh phap luat tren the gidi hien nay, va eung dang dan cd vj tri trpng yeu hoac tien dan den trpng yeu d nhQng qude gia vdn khdng giao quyen giai thich phap luat cho tda an tir dau. Ngoai ra, cung se thay dugc tai sao trong cdng cudc xay dyng Nha nude phap quyen Viet Nam, viec hoan thien va cai each he thdng tu phap lai cd vi tri quan trgng nhu vay, va viec giao cho tda an Viet Nam tham quyen giai thich phap luat chinh thuc lai dupc nhieu nha nghien euu xem la giai phap chu dao cho viee nang cao chat lugng giai thich phap luat hien nay. Mac dii cdn nhieu khd khan va khdng it sy e ngai ve y kien trao tham quyen giai thich phap luat chinh thirc cho tda an Viet Nam, nhung tin chac rang, se nhu mdt quy luat, ehii the giu quyen giai thich phap luat d Viet Nam cung gidng nhu van de sd hQu tu nhan, van de kinh te thi trudng, van de dan chu, nhan quyen... se di diing ve quy dao ciia nd khi ma nhan thiic, kinh te, xa hdi dat den mdt "trinh dp" nhit dinh, dil rang d Viet Nam eon dudng cd thi xa ban va thdi gian cd the dai ban.
