"NGHI E N CUU-TRAO DOI (((
•JJnIjc iiu&iPHIEU LY LICH TU PHAP THEO QUY DjNH CUA LUAT LY L|CH TU PHAP VA QUY DINH CUA LUAT NUOI CON NUOI VE DlIu K I I N , HO SO
DOI Vdl NGUdi NHAN CON NUOI TRONG NUdC
Nguyen Thi Minh Phuong' Tom th: Bdi viit de cap, phdn tich quy dinh phdp lugt, thuc tiin thuc hien guy dinh ve Phieu ly lich tuphdp theo quy dinh ciia Lugt ly lich tuphdp vd quy dinh ciia Lugt nuoi con nuoi vi diiu kien. ho so ddi v&i ngudi nhdn con nuoi trong nu&c, ddng th&i dua ra mdt sd de xudt, kiin nghi, gop phdn bdo ddm Ihicc hien co hieu qud, khd thi muc dich nuoi con nuoi nham xdc lap quan he cha, me vd con lau ddi, bin vung, vl loi ich tot nhdt cua ngir&i dicoc nhdn Idm con nuoi, bdo ddm cho con nuoi duac nuoi dirongchdm soc, gido due trong mdi tnrong gia dinli'.
Tir khoa: Tre em, Phiiu ly lich tuphdp, ngir&i nhdn con nuoi.
Nhan bdi: 25/11/2018; Hodn thdnh bien tap: 15/12/2018; Duyil dang: 17/01/2019.
Abstract: The article analyzes regulations as well as practical implementation of the criminal record cards according to the Vietnam Laws on Criminal Records and Adoption about conditions and procedures reserved to people who want to adopt children in Vietnam. Furthermore, some recommendations are proposed in order to improve the eff'ectiveness and feasibility of implementing regulations as well as ensure the long-term and stable parent-child relationships where the adopted child is guaranteed to be raised, looked after and educated in the real family environment.
Key words: Children, the Criminal Record card, adoptive parents.
Date ofreceipl:018; Dale of revision: 15/12/2018; Date of approval; 17/01/2019.
cho CO quan tien hanh td tung quy djnh tai Khoan 2 Dieu 1^ eua Luat nay va cap theo ydu cau cua ca nhan dg ngudi do bidt dupc ndi dung ve ly Ijch M 1. Phieu ly ijch tir phap
Theo quy dinh cua Luat ly lich tu phap, Phieu ly lich tu phap la phidu do eo quan quan ly co sd dir lieu ly lich tu phap cap cd gia tri ehiing minh ca nhan cd hay khdng cd an tich; bj cam hay khdng bj cam dam nhiem chirc vu, thanh lap, quan ly doanh nghiep, hgp tac xa trong trudng hpp doanh nghiep, hpp tac xa hi Tda an tuygn bd pha san-^.
Hien nay, theo quy dinh eita Luat ly lich tir phap nam 2009"* ed hai loai phieu ly lich tu phap:
phap cita minh.
Cung theo quy djnh cua Luat ly Ijch tu phap, ndi dung ghi trong Phidu ly lich tu phap sd 1 va Phidu ly lich tu phap so 2 cung cd su khac nhau.
Phidu ly lich tu phap sd 1 chi ghi nhirng an tich chua duge xoa (nhung an tich da dupc xoa khdng ghi vao Phigu ly beh tu phap sd 1). Phidu ly Hch tu Phieu ly ijch tir phap s6 1 va Phieu ly lich tu- phap phap s6 1 cung Ichong ghi thong tin ve cam dam so 2. PhiSu ly ijch tir phap so 1 cap cho ca nhan, co nhiem chirc vu, thanh lap, quan ly doanh nghiep, quan, 16 chirc quy dinh tai Khoan 1 va Khoiin 3 hop tac xa neu ca nhan, co quan, to chiic' khong co Dieu 7' ciia Luat nay. Phieu ly Ijch tu phap s6 2 cip yeu c k . So vai PhiSu ly Ijch tu phap so 1, Phieu ly ' Thac sy, Pho Cue truong Cue Quan ly xir ly vi pham hanh chinh va theo doi thi hanh phap luat. Bo Tu phap.
- Xem Dieu 2 Luat nuoi con nuoi.
^ Xem khoan 4 Dieu 2 Luat iy lich tu phap nam 2009.
' Xem khoan i Di6u 41 Luat i^ Ijch tu phap nam 2009.
' Khoan 1 va khoan 3 Dieu 7 Luat ly Ijch tu phap quy djnh: -; Cong dm mi Nam, ngim mac ngoai da hoac dang cu tni lai Viel Nam co c/tiy^nyiti ciu cdp Phieu ly lich In phdp ciia minh... 3. Ca quan nhd mrac. Id chic chinh Iri, Id chiic chinh Iri - xd hoi co quyin yeu cdu cap Phiiu ly lich lu phdp di phuc vu cong tdc quan ly nhdn su. hoat dong ddng ky
kinhdoanh. thdnh lap, quan ly doanh nghiep, hap Ida xd". . . . .
• Khoan 2 DiSu 7 Lujt Ij^ Ijch tu phap quy djnh: "Caquan liin hdnh tdtiing co quymyeii cdu cdp Phieu ly hch tuphdp de phuc vu cong lac dieu Ira, truy 16, xelxu"
' Xem diim a Khoan 1 Diiu 41; diim b Khoan 3 Dilu 42 Luat ly Ijch tu phap nam 2009.
Eeaai HIHiHa
Hch tu phap sd 2 ghi day dii cac thdng tin cua ca nhan, bao gdm cac thdng tin vg an tich (ddi voi ngirdi dd bj kit dn thi ghi day du dn tich dd duac xoa, thdi diem duac xoa dn tich, dn tich chua duoc xoa. ngay. thdng, ndm tuyen dn. so bdn dn, Toa dn da tuyin bdn dn, tdi danh, dieu khodn ludi duac dp dung, hinhphat chinh, hinhphgt bd sung, nghia vu ddn su trong bdn dn hinh sir, dn phi, tinh trgng thi hdnh dn) vd thdng tin ve cam ddm nhiem chiirc vu, thdnh lap, qudn ly doanh nghiep, hap tdc x^.
Do ndi dung ciia Phieu ly lich tu phap sd 2 cd su khac biet so vdi Phigu ly Itch tu phap sd 1 va do tinh chit dac thii ciia viec cip Phieu ly Ijch tu phap_
sd 2 theo ygu cau ciia ca nhan nham mue dich "ife nguoi do biet duoc ndi dung vi ly Uch tuphdp cita minh "' ngn Luat ly lich tu phap quy dinh ehat che ve thii tuc ydu cau cap Phigu ly Hch tu phap sd 2 ciia ca nhan. Theo do, trudng hop ca nhan ygu ciu eip Phidu ly Ijch tu phap sd 2 thi khdng duge iiy quygn cho ngudi khac lam thii tuc cap Phidu ly Hch tu phap. Trong khi do, ca nhan khi cd yeu eau cap Phigu ly Ijch tu phap sd 1 cd thg iiy quygn cho ngudi khac lam thu tue ygu ciu cip Phigu ly Hch tu phap.
Ben canh quy dinh chat ehe vg cip Phigu ly lich tu phap sd 2 cho ca nhan nhu da ngu tren, theo quy dinh ciia Luat ly lich tu phap, Phigu ly lich tu phap sd 2 cdn duge cap cho eae ca quan tign hanh td tung hinh sy dd phuc vu hoat ddng digu tra, truy td, xet xir.
2. fiieu Iden, ho so cua ngudi nhan con nuoi trong nu^c
Theo quy djnh ciia Luat nuoi con nuoi nam 2010'", ngudi dupc nhan lam con nudi la ngudi chua thanh nign, trong do cd tre em dudi 16 tudi.
Ngudi tir du 16 Mdi den dudi 18 tudi ndu thude mdt trong cac trucmg hpp: Duge cha dugng, me ke nhan lam con nudi; Dupc cd, cau, di, chii, bae nipt nhan lam eon nudi, Nha nudc khuygn khich viec nhan tre em md edi, trg em bj bd roi, tre em cd hoan canh dac biet khac lam con nudi.
Dg bao ve va bao dam eac didu kien cham soc, giao due ddi vdi ngudi chua thanh nign, trong dd co he em, mpt trong nhiing digu kien doi vdingudi nhan eon nudi la phai "cd tic each dao dire tdi"' ^a theo quy dinh tai Khoan 2 Digu 14 Luat nudi con nudi thi nhung ngudi sau day khdng duge nhan con nuoi :
"a) Dang bi han chi mdt sd quyen cua cha, me ddi voi con chua thdnh nien ";
b) Dang chdp hdnh quyet dinh xir ly hdnh chinh tai co s& gido due, ca s& chua benh;
c) Dang chdp hdnh hinhphgt tit;
d) Chua duoc xoa dn tich ve mot trong cdc tdi cd y xdm phgm linh mang, sue khde, nhdn phdm, danh du cua ngu&i khac; nguoc ddi hoac hdnh hg dng bd, cha me, va chdng, con, chdu, ngu&i co cong nudi duong minh; du do, ep budc hodc chua chdp nguoi chua thanh nien vi phgm phdp lugt;
mua bdn, danh trdo, chiem dogi tre em ".
Theo quy dinh ciia Luat nudi con nudi, dg chimg minh "cd lu cdch dao dire tdf nhu da neu trgn thi mot trong nhiing giiy td trong hd so cua ngudi nhan con nudi phai cd la "Phieu ly lich tu phdp"^^. Ddi chigu vdi quy dinh cua Luat ly lich tu phap thi day la phieu ly Ijch tu phap sd 1 hay phieu ly lich tu phap sd 2. Luat nudi con nudi chi quy dinh chung ehung la phieu ly Ijch tu phap ma khdng quy dinh cu the la Phieu ly lich tu phap sd 1 hay Phieu ly lich tu phap sd 2. Tuy nhien, can cii quy dinh ciia Luat ly lich tu phap nhu da ndu tai muc 1 bai viet nay thi cd thg hieu day la yeu cau ve phigu ly lich tu phap sd 1. Theo sd lieu thdng ke, tir nam 2014 ddn nam 2017'^ Trung tam Ly Hch tu phap qudc gia, Bd Tu phap va cac Sd Tu phap da cip 1.401.851 phigu ly Ijch tu phap (nam 2014:
300.108 Phidu ly Heh tu phap, nam 2015: 306.818 Phidu ly lich tu phap, nam 2016: 342.089 Phieu ly Mch tu phap va nam 2017: 452.836 Phidu ly Hch tu phap). Sd Phidu ly lich tu phap nam 2017: 452.836 Phigu ly lich tu phap (tang tdi 32,2% so vdi nam 2015), trong dd cd 331.501 Phidu ly Hch tu phap sd 1 va 121.335 Phidu ly lieh tu phap sd 2.
* Xem Dieu 43 Luat ly Hch ru phap nam 2009.
' Xem digm b Khoan 1 Dieu 41 Luat ly Hch W phap nam 2009.
'^ Xem Dieu 8 Luat nuoi con nuoi.
" Xem diem d Khoan 1 Dieu 14 Luat nuoi con nuoi.
'- Xem Khoan 2 Dieu 14 Luat nuoi con nudi.
'^ Xem Khoan 3 Dieu 17 Luat nuoi con nuoi.
'''Xem Bao cao s6 01/BC-BTP ngay 02/01/2018 cua Bp Tu phdp Tdng ket cong tac tu phap nam 2017 va phu-ong hudng, nhiem vu, giai phap cong tac nam 2018.
So 1/2019 - NSm [hi^Miffli Bon
Hien nay, trong tong sd Phieu ly lich tu phap da cSp (bao gdm ca Phigu ly Heh tu phap sd 1 va Phieu ly lich tu phap sd 2), chua cd sd lieu thdng ke ve muc dich yeu cau cap Phieu ly lich tu phap ndi chung va muc dieh ydu cau cap Phieu ly lich tu phap nhan con nuoi ndi rieng vi mac dii mau Td khai ygu cau cap Phidu ly Hch M phap cd ydu cau khai vg "Muc dich yeu ciu cap Phigu ly lich tu phap"'^ nhung cac ndi dung thd hien trong Phidu ly lich tu phap khdng cd quy dinh vg muc dich sir dung Phieu ly I jcb tu phap cua ngudi cd yeu cau cap Phieu ly lich tu phap va hong quy dinh ve bao cao sd Phieu ly lich tu phap da cip'* khdng cd quy dinh vide bao cao ve muc dich yeu cau/sir dung Phieu ly Hch M phap.
Thuc tien thuc hien ygu cau cap Phieu ly lich tu phap sd 1 ndi chung va de hoan thien hd so ciia ngudi nhan con nudi cho thay, trong Phidu ly lich tir phap sd 1 da the hien thdng tin vd vide ngudi nhan con nudi cd an tich hay khdng cd an tich.
Trudng hgp ngudi bi kdt an chua du dieu kien duoc xoa an tich thi ghi "co dn tich", tpi danh, hinh phat chinh, hinh phat bd sung. Theo dd, trudng hop ngudi nhan con nudi hi kdt an chua duge xoa an tich thi Phidu ly Ijch tu phap sd 1 se the hien tdi danh, hinh phat chinh, hinh phat bd sung, dieu nay hoan toan thdng nhat, phii hgp vdi quy djnh neu tai diem d Khoan 2 Digu 14Luatnudiconnudi vgcac trudng hgp khdng duoc nhan con nudi, trong dd cd quy djnh '^Chua du^c xoa dn tich vi mot trong cdc iQi cd y xdm phgm tinh mang, sue khoe, nhdn phdm, danh du cua nguai khac; nguac dai hoac hdnh hg dng bd. cha me, vo chdng, con. chdu.
ngu&i cd cdng nudi duong minh; du dd, ep budc hoac chua chdp ngu&i chua thdnh nien vi phgm phdp lugt; mua bdn, ddnh trdo, chiem dogt tre em "
3, Kho khan, virdug mac va nhirng van de dat ra trong thuc hien cac quy dinh cua phap luat lien quan den dieu kien, hd stf doi vdi ngirdi nhan con nuoi trong nu-dc
Qua trinh thuc hien quy dinh ciia phap luat vg dieu kien, hd so ddi vdi ngudi nhan con nudi cho thay, thyc tidn thuc hien quy djnh nay cdn cd mdt so khd khan, vudng mac sau day:
Thu nhat, Luat nudi con nudi va cac van ban quy dinh chi tiet, hudng dan tbi hanh chua cd giai thich hi ngir cho cum tir "cd tucdch dao dire tot" hay ndi each khac, hidu thd nao la "cd tucdch dgo due tof thi bien nay chua ed sy giai thich, ly giai cho cum M nay. Dieu nay dan den nhidu each higu khac nhau:
Ykien thir nhdt cho rdng, ngudi nhan con nudi
"cd tucdch dgo dice tot" la ngudi duge xac nhan ''khdng cd dn tich'" (thg hien thdng qua phigu ly lich M phap va phieu ly lich M phap la giay td phap ly xac nhan ngudi nhan con nudi "'cd tucdch dgo dire tdf).
Ykien thir hai cho rdng, ngudi "cd tucdch dgo due Idf la ngudi khdng thupc trudng hgp quy dinh tai Khoan 2 Digu 14 Luat nudi con nudi, tire la nhirng ngudi khdng dang bi ban chd mot so quydn ciia cha, me ddi vdi con chua thanh nidn; khdng dang chap hanh quygt dinh xir ly hanh chinh tai eo sd giao due, co sd chira benh; khdng dang chap hanh hinh phat M; da duge xoa an tich ve mdt trong cac tdi cd y xam pham'tinh mang, siic khde, nhan pham, danh dy ciia ngudi khae; ngugc dai hoac hanh ha dng ba, cha me, vg chdng, con, chau, ngudi cd edng nudi dudng minh; du dd, ep budc hoac chiia chap ngudi chua thanh nidn vi pham phap Mat; mua ban, danh trao, chigm doat tre em.
Ykien thii ba cho rang, cum tix "cd tucdch dgo dice idt" la mdt khai niem rpng, ngucfi khdng thude trudng hgp quy djnh tai Khoan 2 Dieu 14 Luat nudi eon nudi chi la mdt trong nhirng trudng hgp "cd tu cdch dgo dice tdt" va ngudi "co tucdch dgo dire Idt"
phai dupc higu bao gdm ca nhiing ngudi khdng thupc mot trong cac trudng hgp cd cac hanh vi bi nghigm cam theo quy dinh eiia Luat nudi con nudi'''.
Thir hai, Luat nudi con nudi chi quy dinh chung chung la Phidu ly lich tu phap ma khdng quy dinh cu thg la Phieu ly Hch M phap sd 1 hay Phidu ly Hch M phap so 2. Trong khi do, theo quy djnh cita Luat ly lich tu phap, ca nhan cd quygn yeu eau cap ca hai loai Phigu ly lich tu phap: Phiiu ly lich tu phap sd_ 1 va Phieu ly lich tu phap sd 2. Dieu nay ed thd dan ddn su liing tiing, tiiy tien ciia ca nhan va ca quan, ngudi cd thim quydn trong yeu eau cung cap Phidu ly Hch tu phap 2. Trgn thuc te, mac dii Luat ly lich '* Xem mlu s6 03/201S/TT-LLTP va Mlu s6 04/2013/TT-LLTP ban hanh kem theo Thong tir s6 16/201S/TT-BTP ngay il/li/2013 ciia Bg trudng Bo Tu phap sua ddi, bd sung mot s6 diSu cua Thong nr_sd 1 j/2011/TT-BTP ngay 27/6/2011 ciia 06 tnrdng 86 Tu phap vg viec ban hanh va hudng din sir dung biSu mlu va mau so ly Ijch tu ph^p.
" Xem Bilu s6 19/BTP/LLTP ban hanh theo Thong nr so 04/2016nT-BTP ngay 03/3/2016 cua Bg trucmg Bp Tu phap quy dinh mpt s6 npi dung vg hoat dpng thdng ke ciia nganh Tu phap.
" Xem Dieu 13 Luat nudi con nuoi.
[Mwmmmm
tu phap quy dinh Phieu ly Hch tu phap sd 2 cip theo ygu ciu ciia ca nhan dg ngudi do bigt duge ndi dung vg ly lich M phap ciia minh nhung "linh trgng Igm dung quyen yiu cdu cdp Phiiu LLTP sd 2 ddi v&i cdng ddn con nhieu (cdp 121.335 Phiiu, Idng 22,38% so voi ndm 2016), dnh hu&ng tdi quyen duac phdp lugt bdo ddm bi mat cd nhdn"^^.
Thuba, Luat nudi con nudi chi gidi ban vd cac trudng hpp khdng duoc nhan con nudi khi chua duge xoa an tich vg mpt trong cac tdi cd y xdm phgm linhmgng, sirckhoe, nhdnphdm, danh du ciia ngiroi khde; ngugc ddi hoac hdnh hg dng bd. cha me. va chong. con. chdu, ngic&i cd cdng nudi duong minh;
du dd, ep budc hodc chua chdp ngu&i chira thdnh niin vi phgm phdp lugt; mua bdn, ddnh trdo, chiem dogt tre em ". Trong khi dd, cd mdt sd cac tdi pham khac ed anh hudng rat Idn ddn viee nhan con nudi nhu: Tdi td ehirc tao hdn'^; Tdi td chiic sir dung trai phep chat ma tuy-"; Tdi digu ddng ngudi khdng dit dieu kien digu khign phuong tien tham gia giao thdng dudng bg-'; Tdi vi pham quy dinh vg sir dung ngudi lao ddng dudi 16 Mdi^-; Tdi mua dam ngudi dudi 18 tudi--*...nhung hien nay cac tdi pham nay chua duge quy dinh thudc trudng hgp khdng duge nhan con nudi khi chua duge xda an tich.
4. De xuat, Iden nghj
Dd dam bao tinh thdng nhat, ddng bd ciia cac van ban phap Mat, tinh chinh xac, thdng nhat trong thuc hien phap Mat ciia ca nhan, co quan va ngudi cd tham quyen, thdi gian tdi, dg nghi co quan, ngudi cd tham quygn nghign cuu, sira ddi, bd sung mpt sd quy dinh sau day:
Thir nhat, nghign cim sira ddi, bd sung mdt sd quy dinh ciia Luat nudi con nudi lien quan ddn quy dinh eiia phap Mat ve digu kien, hd so ddi vdi ngudi nhan eon nudi: Giai thich, lam ro cum tir "cd tir cdch dgo dire tdt". Theo tac gia, can nghign ciiu, quy dinh cu thg pham vi gidi ban vd ngudi "cd tu cdch dgo dire lot" ddi vdi ngudi nhan con nudi trong nudc theo hudng ngudi dd phai khdng thudc cac trudng hop hi
ngbidm cam theo quy dinh tai Digu 13, Khoan 2 Dieu 14 Luat nudi con nudi va mdt sd cac tdi pham khac theo quy djnh ciia Bd Mat hinh sy nam 2015 (duge sira doi, bd sung nam 2017) nhu ndu tai khd khan, vudng mic thii ba, diem 3 bai vidt nay ma chuadugc xda an tich theo quy dinh. Theo dd, cin tien hanh ra soat cac tdi pham quy dinh trong Luat nudi con nudi (ve nhimg ngudi chua duge xda an tich ve mot so tpi quy djnh tai diem d Khoan 2 Didu 14 Luat nudi con nudi) vdi quy dinh ciia Bd Mat hinh su nam 2015 (duge sira ddi, bd sung nam 2017), trgn co so dd, nghidn ciiu, sira ddi, bd sung cac quy djnh dg bao dam tinh day dit, toan dien hon ddi vdi nhiing ngudi khdng duge nhan con nudi, trong dd dac biet luu y ve cac quy dinh ddi vdi cac tdi pham chua duoc xda an tich cd Hen quan den ngudi chua thanh nien. Ben canh dd, quy dinh cu the trong hd sa cua ngudi nhan con nudi cd "Phiiu ly lich tuphdp sd 1", dam bao su thdng nhat, ddng bd vdi quy dinh ciia Luat ly Ijch W phap, Ddng thdi nghien cim, quy dinh cu the traeh nhiem ciia co quan, td churc trong viec xac nhan ngudi nhan con nudi "co tir cdch dgo dire tdi" ddi vdi nhirng tnrdng hop khdng thudc pham vi xac nhan ciia Phieu ly lich tu phap sd 1 (tren thyc td hien nay Phieu ly Ijch M phap khdng xac nhan hay ndi each khac chua bao quat hgt cac quy djnh neu tai Khoan 2 Didu 14 Luat nudi con nudi nhu trudng hgp ngudi dang chap hanh quydt dinh xir ly hanh chinh tai co sd giao due, ca sd chira benh).
Thu hai, nghidn ciru siia ddi Luat ly Hch tu phap theo hudng quy dinh ca nhan ndi chung, trong dd ed ngudi nhan con nudi cd ygu cau cap Phigu ly lich tu phap ehi duge cap 01 loai phieu ly lich W phap - Phieu ly lich tu phap sd 1 (bd quy djnh ve viec ca nhan cd quygn yeu cau cap Phidu ly Hch M phap sd 2), bao dam phii hgp vdi muc dich va nguyen tac quan ly ly lich tu phap, do la "Ghi nhdn viec xda dn tich, tgo diiu kien cho ngu&i dd bi ket dn tdi hoa nhgp cdngddng"^'^, "Bdo ddm Idn trong bi mat doi tir cua cd nhdn"-^./.
''Xem Bao cao so OI/BC-BTP ngay 02/01/2018 cua Bo TuphapTdng kgt nhiem vu, giai phap cdng tac nam 2018.
"Dieu 183 Bp luat hinh sir 2015 (sira doi, bo sung nam 2017).
=° Diam c khoan 2, diem d khoan 3 Digu 255 Bo luat hinh sy 2015 (sua ddi, bd sung nam 2017).
-' Digu 263 Bp luat hinh su 2015 (sira doi, bo sung nam 2017)
" Digu 296 86 luat hinh su 2015 (siia d6i, b6 sung n5m 2017).
-^ Digu 329 Bd luat hinh sir 2015 (sua d6i, 66 sung nSm 2017).
-•' Xem khoan 2 Dieu 3 Luat ly Ijch tir phap.
-^ Xem Khoan 2 Dieu 4 Luat ly lich tu phap.
tac tu phap n3m 2017 va phucmg hudng,
