PHAT TRIEN BEN VCfNG
NiOac Lac bao ton va phat trien cay thuy tungi
NGUYEN THI PHUONG Bd TN&MT
I. D A C DIEM SINH TRUdNG VA NGUY CO TUYfiT CHUNG CUA LOAl THUYTUNG
Thuy timg (Glyptostrobus pensiUs) la loii die hflu dflpc xep vao diln bio v | nghiim ngat.
Hi?n tren thi gidi cd ba khu vfle edn ghi nhgn loai niy li Trung Qude, Lio vi Viet Nam, trong dd Vi|t Nam li nfldc cd sd Iflpng thuy tung edn lgi nhieu nhit, phin bd d ba dia diem: hd Ea Rai, rflng die dyng Trip Ksor vi thj xa Budn Hd (tinh Die Lac).
Theo cae nha khoa hpe, thuy timg chu yeu mpc d cac vung dam Ily, thudc nhdm 1 A, nhdm thfle vit rflng, la eiy gd ldn thfldng xanh, cao tfl 25-30 m, dfldng kinh than ldn tfl 1,3 m. Vd day, hdi xdp, mau xam, nflt dpc. Cay cd re khi sinh khdng bj ngap, phat sinh tfl re bin, eao 30cm, mpc lan xa d c h gdc tdi 6-7 m. Ciy rung la, cd tin hinh ndn h?p. La cd 2 dgng: d canh dinh dfldng ed hinh dui, dai 0,6-1,3 em, xep thinh 2-3 day va ryng vao mua khd, d d n h sinh sin ed hinh vay, dii 0.4 cm vi khdng ryi^. Ndn dPn tinh, cung gdc. mpc rilng rl d dau canh. Ndn cii hinh qui II, mdi vay mang 2 noan. Sau khi thy tinh cac vay hda gd vi dinh nhau d gdc tgo thinh mdt ndn dii 1,8 em, rpng 1,2 em vdi cie viy gin nhu Uln nhau 7-9 mui nhpn hinh tam giic, hpi udn cong ra phia ngoai. Mdi vay mang 2 hgt, hinh trflng, dai 13 mm, rpng 3 mm, mang d n h hfldng xuong dfldi. Loii niy cd nguy cd tuylt chimg trong tU nhiln vi bj khai khic qua mflc dl lam do my nghe do gd khdng bj moi mpt, eong vinh, thd gd mjn, vi cd miii thdm....
Thuy tung cd gii trj die biet ve kinh tl, khoa hpc, mdi trfldng va cd ten ghi trong Sich dd Vi|t Nam, dflpc xlp vao loii cd nguy ca tuy|t ehung cao, li mpt trong 10 loii thdng dupe flu tiln bao tdn. Thu tfldng Chinh phu ciing di ban hinh Nghi djnh sd 32/2006/ND-CP vl quin ly thfle vgt rflng, ddng vgt rflng nguy d p , quy hilm, trong dd nghiim cam che biln kinh doanh vi myc dich thfldng mgi sfl dyng loai eiy thuy tung. Quy Qudc tlve bio tdn thien nhien (WWF) da edng bd thuy timg la mdt trong nhflng loii d y dang d cap dp "rat nguy dp".
Theo sd U|u thdng ke eua Chi cue Kilm lim Die Lac, tgi huyen Ea HTeo, khu bio tdn
• Qudn the thuy tung d KBT Trap Ksor
(KBT) Ea Rai thuy tung chi cdn 219 cay va huyen Krdng Nang trong KBT Trap K'sor cdn 31 cay. Sd cay thiiy timg hien cdn trong cac KBT Ea Rai va Trap Ksor la quan the nhd vdi mat dd 40-50 cay/1,000 m^
nen khdng the thu phan dUpc, vi vay hat thiiy tung khdng the nay mam, cac quan the thuy tung da va dang bi thoai hda.
Tai KBT Ea Rai, do xay dUng hd thuy loi da lam thay doi mdi trUdng nUdc - nUdc ngap quanh nam, nen khong phii hdp qua trinh sinh trUdng cua thuy tung. So cay thdy tung dang cdn sdng d KBT nay cd nguy cd bj chet, rat khd bao tdn. Rieng KBT Trap Ksor, sU tac dpng ve dia hinh, thuy van khdng Idn, nen sd cay thuy tung cdn lai kha khde, tan rdng, than cay Idn, cd kha nang bao ton dUdc. Tuy nhiln, a ca hai KBT Ea Rat va Trap K'sor, nlu cdng tac bao vl khdng tdt, de xay ra tinh trang chat pha, thi thuy tung bi tuyet chung la khd tranh khdi. Mac dil, hien nay tai cac khu bao tdn Ea Rai va Trap K'sor, tinh Dac Lac da cho thanh lap cic Tram Quan ly bao ve thuy
tung, tham chi vdi nhflng ca the nam rai rac ngoai KBT, chinh quyen dia phUong con thue cac hd dan tham gia bao ve tUng ca the, vdi chi phi kha tdn kem, nhUng thuy tCing vSn bl ddn ha trai phep.
Trong 35 nam qua cac nha khoa hpc theo ddi tai hai khu vUc nay cho biet, khdng thay xuat hien nhflng cay non tai sinh hat ma chi cd mdt vai cay tii sinh chdi. Phan ldn, cac ca the thiiy timg dang gia cdi, sdc sinh trUdng kem, canh la thila thdt. Hang nam, ciy van ra hoa, dau qua nhflng deu cho hat lep. Nhu vay, loai cay nay dang ddi mat vdi nguy cd bi tuylt chung.
2. BAO TON VA NHAN GIONG CAY THUY TUNG
Di bao vl d y thuy timg trudc nguy ca tuyet ehung, thang 1/2011, UBND dnh Dac Lie phe duyet Du an bao tdn loai sinh canh thuy tung giai doan 2010-2015 . Tmh da thanh lap 2 Ban quan ly loai sinh cinh thuy tung d KBT xa Ea Rai, vdi dien tich 49 ha va Trap Ksor, vdi 61,6 ha. Ddng
52 Mot tntifng 558/2015
P H A T T R I E N BEN VCfNG
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thdi, giao eho dja phUpng cimg vdi kilm lam quin ly mpt sd eiy cdn sdng rai ric d huyen Krdng Biik. Ban quan ly cd nhi|m vu giam sit vi bio tdn loai vi sinh cinh quin thi tren dja ban tinh de duy tri, phit trien bin vflng, phyc vy nghiin eflu khoa hpc va ddi sdng; Bao tdn, duy tri mdi trfldng sdng tfl nhiln cua thuy timg eung nhfl quan thi eie nhdm loii. quan the sinh vit trong h | smh thii; hfldng den phit triln tai smh tU nhiln, nhan tao thuy timg vi loii cay hd trp.
Triln khai cac cdng tic bio tdn thuy tung.
Ban quin ly c^c KBT da dau tU vdn dap dap gifl nfldc, tao dilu ki|n eho loii cay thuy tung phit trien, ddng thdi, lim dfldng vanh dai, hang rao;
phin cdng ein bp kiem lam quin ly, nham bio vl tdt ngudn gien quy hilm, phyc vu cho cdng tac nghien cflu khoa hpe.
Tfl nam 2007 den nay, Vi?n Khoa hpc ky thu|t ndng lim nghiip Tiy Nguyen di thfle hi|n De tai" Nghien eflu mdt so die dilm sinh hpc, sinh thai va nhan gidng lam cd sd bao tdn loii thuy tflng". Kit qui ngiln eflu cho thiy, thuy timg nhan gidng dfldc bang cae phflPng phap nhfl "dam hom", "eay md" va "ghIp gdc".
Phfldng phip dim hom cd 17% ra re, nhflng khi trdng thi ty I? chet cao; phUdng phip ely md, cay tgo chdi tdt, nhUng tim mdi trfldng ra rl lgi khd; edn phfldng phap ghep gdc vdi eiy ed he di truyen gan gidng thuy tung li eay but mpc (hat byt mpc xuit xfl tfl My) chd kit qui khi quan vdi ty 1| sdng hdn 70%.
Nam 2012, mam ghIp thuy timg sinh trUdng, phat trien dn djnh. Nam 2013, d y dupc dfla ve d c huyin Krdng Nang, Ea H'Leo, Krdng Pak trdng
thfl nghiim trin dat cgn am Udt CO tfldi nflde va khu dim lay. Kit qua, d y trdng trin egn ty le sdi^ dgt 90%, sinh tnidng va phat trien tdt Diy li Uu the vupt trdi cua d y ghep thich fllig tdt vdi mdi trfldi^ trin cgn so vdi d y mpc tU nhiln. Dfl doan sau 3 nam, trung binh d y cao 7m, dfldng kinh gdc dat 25em.
Cdn d mdi trfldi^ sinh lay tgi nPi phin bd do mflc nudc cao nin d y ldn chgm hdn, ty le sdng thap hon (dgt 70%), sau 3 nam csy cao khoang 2,5m, dfldng ldnh gdc 8em.
Nam 2014, ciy thuy timg ghep chdi dflpe trdng thfl nghi|m trin nUdng ray gin mpt nim, dat ti le sdng khi dem trdng trin dat dgt 100%, cao khoang 1,5m, dfldng kinh 3 - 4cm, hi|n nay di flom dflpc 1.500 cay. Tren ed sd niy, UBND tmh Dae Lae da quyet djnh dau tfl 600 trilu ddng tfl vdn sfl nghiip khoa hpc ky thuat dl phit trien eiy thuy tflng trin dja ban tinh.
Dinh gia kit qui De tai, d c chuyen gia nhan djnh, vi|c nhin gidng thanh cdng loai cay thuy timg da md ra mdt tin hilu mdi eho dja phfldng, giflp ngUdi din thoit ngheo, tflng
bflde gifl gin miu xanh qui hfldng. Tuy nhiln, day mdi li giai ddgn trdng thfl nghiim.
can them thdi gian de dinh gia ehinh xie mdi trfldng tflcfng flng nhit vdi loai thuy timg ghep nay. Ngoii gia trj ve kinh te, thuy timg cdn ed gia tri die bilt vl khoa hpe, mdi trfldng.
Nlu trdng thfl nghiim thanh cdng, loii ciy niy se dflpc dfla vio trdng d nhieu he sinh thai khac nhau nhfl hd dap, bd sdng, rflng dau ngudn... nham bid ve ngudn nfldc ngam dang hi suy giim nghiem trpng.
Cic chuyen gia cung de xuit, thuy timg la Idii ed thue vgt, theo thdi gian, mdi trfldng sdng thay ddi nin ciy bj thoii hda. Thay vi eo ehdng lgi quy lugt tfl nhiln, d n tip trung nhan giong bao ve ehflng.
Thinh cdng bflde diu trong ghep chdi tbuy timg, ehflng minh vile tao ra cac quan the nhan tao la dilu khdng khd.
Nlu trdng vdi sd Iflpng dfl Idn, sinh cinh phu hpp, thuy timg hoan toan cd kha nang tfl thy phin, sinh sin bang hat. Vi vay d n cd mdt dfl in quy md ldn ca vl tai chinh, con ngfldi, khoa hpe-ky thuit d l nhin rdng thuy tung d dia phflPngB
A Cdy thuy titng trdng tha nghiim thdnh cong
Sd 8/201 s Mol trtidng 153
