NGHliN CL/U
Nong san Viet Nam: thuc trang, ca hdi va thach thuc trong boi canh hdi nhap qu6c te
E)tDbXiidiiOi6ng
Truong Dai hoc Kinh t^ - Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha NOi
Bdi vi^t Id kit qud nghidn cdu cua di tdi "Xdy dimg thi trudng giao dich hdng hda phdi sinh cho cdc mdt hdng ndng sdn chiin luge cua Viit Nam", md sd' QG. 16.54, Dgi hgc Qud'c gia Hd N0i.
Bai vidt dS cho thdy hoat ddng san xudt va luu thdng ndng san Viet Nam cdn mdt sd hgn chd nhu: (i) iChodng cdeh tii san xudt ddn thj trudmg cdn qua xa; (ii) Ddu co hang hda; (iii) Kdnh phan phdi cdn mang tinh tg phdt;
(iv) Thj trudng vd ddu ra cho sdn phdm vdn cdn nhidu thdeh thiie; (v) Quy md sdn xudt cdn nhd id vd manh mfln; (vi) Chdt lugng sdn phdm tiiidu ddng nhdt; (vii) Tidm dn nhi^u nii ro ttiidn tai vd djch bdnh;... Co hdi cho Vidt Nam Id rdt ldn trong bdi canh hdi nh$p nhu; thj trudng tidu thu rdng ldn hon, xudt Ididu dugc md rdng, co hdi thu hut ddu tu ldn hon. Tuy nhidn, hOi nhdp qudc te eung ehiia dgng nhiing thdch thiic ldn eho ndng sdn Vi^t Nam nhu: eanh hanh Ididc lidt, nguy co mdt thj trudng, khd kiidn trong bdo ddm chdt lugng,...
I.Datvande
N^n kinh td Vidt Nam dang tidn gdn ddn mdc 30 ndm ddi mdi phdt tridn kinh te vd tiidn dgi hda ddt nude di li^n vdi tidn trinh hgi nhdp qudc td. Bdt ddu tii viee xda bd ddn nhiing rdo can doi vdi thuong mgi qude td vd ddu tu, Udp theo la viec Uiyc liidn cdc cam kdt cfla cdc iiidp dinh khu vuc nhu APEC, AFTA, ddn ddn vide gidm ddn ede rdo can thuong mgi vd gia tdng cgnh hanh hen ttij hudng. \^ec ky kdt va tiigc Uii Hi6p djnh Thuong mgi song phuong Vidt My (USBTA), Hidp djnh thuong mgi song phuong vdi EU, vi$c gia nhdp Td chiie Thuong mgi Thd gidi (WTO), ... Id nhtmg ddng igc quan hgng cho hogt ddng edl cdch h§ thdng phdp ludt, h^ tfid'ng tu phdp eho sg vdn hdnh efla mdt n^n kinh td thi trudng.. Mde dfl ndn kinh td hi^n tgi eflng khdng hdnh khdi dnh hudng eua khflng hodng kinh td todn cdu ddn d^n phdi tdi co cdu todn bd n^n kinh td song miic tdng trudng du kidn hong nhiing ndm tdi vdn ky vgng d miic cao so vdi cae khu vgc cdn lgi hdn Uid gidi. Miic dd hOi nhap qude td ngdy cang gia tdng cdng vdi sg tdng hudng eua n^n idnh td.
Bdi vidt trinh bay hl^n hang sdn xudt vd luu thdng hdng hda ndng sdn d Yi^t Nam, ddng thdi phdn tich vd ddnh gid cdc thdch tiifl'c va co hdi cfla ndng sdn Vidt Nam hong bdi ednh hOi nhdp kinh td ngdy cdng sdu rdng cfla qude gia. Bdi vidt gdm 4 phdn, ngodi phdn
"fi$t vdn dd", phdn 2 dd c^p tdi thuc trgng sdn xudt vd luu tiidng hdng hda ndng sdn d Vidt Nam, phdn 3 hinh bay co hdi vd thdch thiic cua ndng san Vi$t Nam trong bdi ednh hdi nhdp. Phan kdt lugn se dugc hinh bdy sau cung vdi mdt sd khuydn nghi di kdm.
2. Hien trang san xuat va lira thong hang hda nong san 6 Viet Nam
Sau khi Viet Nam gia nh$p WTO vao ndm 2007, n^n kinh td da cd niiidu chuydn bidn ti'eh cue, ngdy mOt phat hidn vd hda nh^p sau rdng vdi cdc n^n kinh t^
Idide hen thd gidi. Sg hdi niidp vdi idnh td toan edu da dem lgi cho V^idt Nam nhi^u eo h0i vd dau tu cOng nhu giao thuong iiang hda trong nude va xudt nhdp kiidu.
Hien t^d, Vidt Nam cd rdt niii^u logi hang hda xudt khdu cd ldm nggeh Idid ldn hdn tiij tiudng the gi<M.
Thgc td cho thdy m$c du Vidt Nam ed tiid sdn xudt vd cung ling khd nhi^u logi hdng hda md thj trudng thd gidi ed nhu cdu cao nhung hogt ddng sdn xudt vd luu thdng hdng hda, nhdt Id vdi cdc sdn phdm ndng ldm hdi san cdn mdt sd hgn chd nhu:
- IChodng each tii sdn xudt ddn thi hudng edn qud xa: IChodng cdch tii ngudi sdn xudt, dac bidt tii ngudi ndng ddn ddn thj tiudng tidu ttiy, niidt la Ui| hudng Uid gidi vdn cdn ed Idiodng cdch xa, nhidu rdo can, va tdt niiidn chua cd mdi lidn thdng, ldm cho ngudi sdn xudt hong nude chiu niii^u thi^t thdi vd gid cd va didu ki^n thuong mgi. Di^p idiuc "dugc mua, mdt gid" dd cho niiidu l>ai hgc vd Hdn tyc tdi di^n dang Id Uidch thflc ddi vdi ed ngudi kinh doanh Idn ede co quan qudn ly Nhd nude.
- Ddu CO hdng hda: Hdng hda giao djch t?u Uij t r u ^ g Vidt Nam vdn cdn tdn tgi hi^n higng ddu co do sg hao ddi Uidng tin chua dugc chfl hgng, tinh thanh khodn, hdng hda dg tni chua cd hung tdm cdn ddi tgi cde vflng ddn ddn sg du ttiiia hodc Uii^u hyt cyc bO theo khu vue mdc du tdng sdn lugng dy trO ed nude
tgi thdi di^m dd hodn todn cd kha nang cung cdp du nhu cdu cdn thiet. Di^u ndy lau dai da dnh hudng ddn tap qudn kinh doanh hang hda tgi tiii trudng Viet Nam, tgo didu ki§n thuan lgi cho cdc nha ddu co hogt ddng gay dnh hudng xdu ddn hogt ddng di^u phdi hoat dgng cfla Chinh phfl ddi vdi thj trudng hang hda.
- Kenh phdn phdi: Cac doanh nghidp Viet Nam cd chu y ddn xdy dung he thdng phan phdi cho hang hda . d minh sdn xuat. Tuy ntiidn, vide mdi doanh nghidp vdi tidm Ige tai eiu'nh, quan tri, nhdn Igc han ehd, tu phdt hidn kdnh phdn phdi rieng Id, thidu tinh lidn ket theo nganh, iiidp hdi dd khidn cho viec dua hang hda ddn ngudi tidu dflng cdn khd khdn, tSng gid hang hda, kdm cgnh tranh so vdi hang hda ngogi nhdp. Ngodi ra hidn tai chua cd doanh nghidp Vidt Nam ndo xdy dung dugc hd thdng phdn phdi rdng khap mang ti'nh khu vgc va thd gidi.
- Thj trudng vd ddu ra eho sdn pham: Ddi vdi ngudi ndng ddn, tinh thu ddng hong viee tim dau ra eho hdng hda ndng san Id dae didm ndi bdt hong phuang tiiiic mua bdn efla ngudi ndng dan Vidt Nam. Ndng sdn Idm ra chfl ydu dugc ban eho thuong Idi nhd; cde thuong Idi tdp tmng hang hda cho thuong lai ddu mdi tiudc idu dua qua cho cdng ty sdn xudt (hoac thuong mgi); hang hda se duge xudt khau ho^e tieu dung hong nude.
- Quy md san xudt: Quy md san xuat hang hda, dac biet la hong linh vuc ndng nghidp cdn nhd id, manh mun ehua ddp img dugc ydu edu cde hgp ddng ed ldn. Ngodi ra, vide sdn xudt chua cd dinh hudng, chuydn mdn hda, ehgy theo phong hdo, ddc bidt trong sdn xudt mat hang n' ig sdn, ddn ddn vide mdt sd loai hang hda sdn xudt OM ihiia. Didu nay ddn ddn sg Idng phi vd ly v^ nguon Ig-. hong xd hOi.
- Chdt lugng: Hdrr nda sdn xuat khdng ddng bd ddn den chdt lugng sar: pham ddu ra khdng ddng nhdt gay ra khd khan cho hoat ddng tidu thy, xudt khdu.
IGnh nghidm sdn xudt nan chd, khdng cd su phdi hgp ddng bd giOa cdc khdu -:dn xudt, chd bidn, bdo qudn, v^n chuydn, tidu thg troiig ehu6i gid trj ddn ddn chdt lugng hang hda kdm eanh hanh.
- Rfli ro thidn tai, djch hga, bdnh dich: Thdi tidt thay ddi tfidt thudng, ifl lyt, bdnh dich khidn cho cdc sdn lugng, chdt lugng hdng hda hong linh vuc ndng nghidp khdng dn djnh. Cdc loai hinh bdo hiem rCi ro ve gid vd tdi sdn chua phdt tii^n tai \^et Nam khidn thu nhdp tir sdn xudt ndng ngiildp cua ngudi ndng ddn bap bdnh, vdn tdi ddu tu sdn xudt cua ngudi ndng ddn tiiudng thdp hi dd hidu qud ddu tu khdng eao.
- Thanh phdn tham gia thj trudng: Hi$n tgi chi cd cdng ty sdn xudt, cdng ty Uiuong mgi, ndng ddn tham gia true tidp vdo thj trudng hdng hda. Ngdn hdng, djnh chd tdi chinh chi tham gia gidn tidp thdng qua hir.
thuc eho vay. Cde nhd ddu hi cd nhdn nhd Id thi chua cd nludu CO hOi tham gia tiij trudng.
- Kdnh ho hg vdn: Ddi vdi cdc doanh ngiudp sdn xudt edng nghidp, Udu dung, cdc ngdn hang, cac dinh chd tai eiu'nh cho vay tin dyng dd tang vdn san xudt kinh doanh. Ddi vdi vdn h6 trg eho san xudt hang hda ndng sdn thi hidn tgi, ngudn vdn xa hdi phyc vu eho sdn xudt ndng ngiiidp cdn rdt hgn che do tinh rfli ro eao trong san xuat ndng nghiep; phdn Idn vdn ddu tfl Ngdn hang Ndng ngiiidp va Phdt tridn ndng thdn, Ngan hdng Chinh sdch xa hdi vd eac quy tin dgng nhdn dan.
3. Cv hdi va thach thirc doi vol nong san Viet Nam trong hoi canli hoi nhap
Nam 2015 cd the ndi la nam bude ngodt cfla ndn kinh te Vidt Nam ndi ehung eflng nhu nganh ndng nghidp ndi ridng kill ma Viet Nam da dam phdn thanh cdng cde hidp djnh thuong mgi tg do (FTA) ddi vdi cdc ddi tdc da phuong, khu vue va song phuang, va hidn dang tridn ktial tdm hiep djnh thuong mgi gdm Hidp djnh thuong mai hdng hda ASEAN (ATIGA), FTA ASEAN — Tmng Qudc, FTA ASEAN - An Dd, FTA ASEAN — Australia/New Zealand, FTA SEAN — Hdn Qudc, FTA ASEAN — Nhdt Bdn, FTA Vietiiam — Nhat.
Tii khi nude ta hdi nhdp sau rdng vdi thd gidi, XK ndng sdn da gianh dugc niiidu thanh h'ch ddng kd. Ty trgng XK ndng sdn trong XK hang hda efla nude ta dn dinh d miic cao, dgt 26 - 27%. Hidn nay, Vi^t Nam dd ed 10 sdn phdm XK vdi kim ngaeh trdn 1 ty USD. Ke tu khi tham gia hgi nhdp, Viet Nam da ed qucin h6 thuong mai dn dinh vdi hon 160 qude gia vd vung lanh thd.
Trong khdi ASEAN, Vidt Nam dugc danh gid la mOt hong bdn thdnh vien cd ty le hoan thanh tdt nhdt ede eam kdt trong Ld tiinh tdng thd thue hidn AEC, Vidt Nam dd tham gia hgp tac mdt each toan didn vdi eae nude ASEAN tii cac linh vuc tmydn thdng nhu: thuong mai hang hda, djch vy, dau tu, ndng nghidp, vidn thdng, eho ddn cdc linh vgc mdi nhu: bao hd sd hiiu tri tud, ciiinh sdeh canh tranh, bdo vd ngudi tidu dflng... Cho tdi nay, \^et Nam da giam thud nhdp khdu cho hon 10 nghin ddng thud xudng miie 0 - 5% theo ATIGA, chidm khoang 98% sd ddng tiiud trong bidu thud. Ket hgp vdi nhiing igi thd vdn cd, hdi nhdp vdo ndn kinh td qudc td cd the md rdng nhieu lgi ieh eho ndng nghidp Vidt Nam, nhu:
- Thj trudng tidu thy rdng ldn hon: Vdi vi^c ki kdt eae hidp dinh FTA, Vidt Nam da thaim gia vdo mdt Uu trudng vdi dan sd Idn, tang trudng nhanh vd nhu cdu tidu thg cao. Ddy la co hdi tdt dd ndng sdn Vidt Nam ndm bdt thdi co md rdng thj trudng. Theo dng VQ Dinh Ddp, Chfl tjch Hiep hdi Cd ngfl- Viet Nam, thue sudt gidm xudng rdt cd Igi cho nhd sdn xuat va chd bidn.
Hidn nay, ddi vdi cae doanh nghidp chd bidn va xudt khdu ndng sdn, quan trgng nhdt Id ddu ra, ndu dau ra dugc md rdng khdng phdi ciiiu thdm loai thud ndo vdo sdn phdm, ndng ddn sd khdng ehju canh bj dp gid, h^
gid. Ddy sd Id co hgi Idn eho ndng sdn cfla Vidt Nam.
- Xudt khdu duge md rdng: IChi tham gia hgi nhap
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NGHIEN CUU
RESEARCH
kinh te vdi cdc hidp dinh thuong mgi, thud sudt luu thdng hdng hod giiia Vidt Nam vdi cdc nude se dugc cat gidm, tham chi giam ddn vd 0%. Didu ndy se giflp Viet Nam ndng eao dugc loi thd canh hanh vd gid ea so vdi cdc mat hang eung logi. Nhat la vdi cae mat hang ndng san giu mdt vj tri quan hgng nhu gao, thuy san, rau qud,...
lugng, se ddnh mdt thi hudng cho cae doanh nghidp nude ngoai ngay hen thj trudng ndi dja.
- Khd khan trong nhdm "bidn phdp ky thudt" (TBT) va cae "bien phdp ve sinh va kiem dich ddng thgc vdt"
(SPS): Day la nhiing rao can dudi dgng quy djnh ky thudt, ve sinh djch te rat cd khd nang vd hidu hda Igl ich tu viec giam thud quan ddi vdi hdng hda Viet Nam.
- Co hdi thu hflt ngudn dau tu: Mdt trong nhiing co Nguyen nhan bdi du thue nhdp khdu vao cdc nude cd hgi ldn nhdt khi hdi nhap kinh te, do la cdu chuyen duge xda bd nhung viec kidm djch, kidm tra du lugng dau tu xuyen qudc gia. Khi mdt sd nude cdm thay khdng sinh, cdc ddi hdi ve nhan mac bao bi... eua cdc
nude vdn ngan ehgn kha nang xudt khdu efla ndng sdn Viet Nam, tham ciii edn rui ro hon nhieu so vdi thud quan. Vi du nhu tgi nhirng thj trudng ldn nhu My, Nhat... cae tidu ehudn ve ve sinh an todn thue phdm nay khd khdt khe. Cung mdt tidu ehudn ehung, ndng san Viet Nam XK mudn qua eiia thi phdi ddp ung duge. Neu khdng, dfl cae nude ndy cd md rdng ciia thi hdng efla Viet Nam eung khdng thd tidp cdn duoc vdi khdng ed Igi the ve ndng nghiep, lai bj dp giam hang
rao bao hd ndng nghiep thi cd the hg se chuydn ngudn ddu tu sang Viet Nam. Khi cd dau tu nude ngodi, ben cgnh vide tao them viec ldm, tang them thu nhap, dieu quan trgng nhdt la ndn ndng nghiep Viet Nam se hap thu dugc khoa hgc ky thuat mdi, thay ddi dugc each lam tmyen thdng kem hieu qua.
Tuy nhien, vdi nhflng han chd dang edn ton tgi
trong boat ddng san xuat va luu thdng hang hda trong ^hi tmdng nude dd.
nganh ndng nghiep, viee ddi mat vdi nhiing khd khan
trong qud trinh hdi nhdp Id didu khdng the tranh khdi. 4. Ket luaU Va i(huyen Ughj
^^ ^^^'- Cd thd thay tidm lue phdt trien ndng sdn tgi Vidt - Canh tranh khde lidt: IChi Viet Nam thuc hien hdi Nam Id rat ldn nhung thge td sdn xudt vd luu thdng nhdp kinh td, cdc cam kdt gidm thud sudt ddi vdi cdc hang hda ndng sdn tai Viet Nam edn nhi^u hgn chd, sdn pham nhap khau tir eac nude ddi tdc ma Viet Nam dac bidt la thdch Ihiie ddi vdi ndng sdn Vidt Nam trong dd cung ky kdt Hiep djnh thuong mai se khien hang bdi canh hdi nhdp la khdng nhd. Nghidn eiiu cho rdng hda Viet Nam se phdi ddi mat vdi su canh tranh cfla
hdng nhdp khdu tfl cdc nude ddi tac nay. Khi mdt nen kinh td chua duge chuan bj day du trude nhiing ddi thu eanh tranh trong dieu kien cde hang rao thud quan da sdm bi dd bd sd ddn ddn nhiing tdn thdt vd kinh td trong eudc cgnh tranh khdng edn sue, ddng thdi cdn gdy sflc ep ddi vdi sdn pham ndng san cfla Viet Nam.
Them vdo dd la nguy co canh tranh giiia Viet Nam va My, mdt nude cd the manh trong eae san pham chan nudi gia sflc, gia cam. Hien tai, Viet Nam dang nhap khd nhidu eae mat hdng ndy tu My, neu md cua tiii tmdng, nguy eo khi canh tranh vdi san pham nhdp khdu tuong tu Id rat ldn .
- Nguy CO mat thj tnrdng: Mdt trong nhiing thach thiie Idn nhdt eua Viet Nam trong qua trinh hgi nhdp la giu vflng thj trudng, bdi lau nay, hang Viet vdn chua canh tranh dugc vdi ede sdn pham cua nude ngodi.
Trong khi trong tuong lai gan, hang ngoai se tran vdo, neu chdt lugng, mdu ma va eae che do hdu mai kem theo cfla sdn pham ndi vdn gidm chdn tai ehd, hang Vidt cd thd se bj ddnh bat khdi thj trudng ndi dja.
- IChd khan trong dam bdo ehdt lugng: Theo cac chuydn gia kinh te, van de bdo dam chdt lugng ndng sdn XK dang la thdch thirc vdi cac ngdnh hdng cua Viet Nam. Don cii nhu dd'l vdi mat hdng dieu, thdi gian gdn ddy, phia My - thi trudng nhdp khau dieu Idn nhat cua Viet Nam, qua khdo sdt 32 nha mdy chd bidn dieu cua Viet Nam, dd phdt hidn khd nhieu don vi chua dat yeu cdu ve chdt lugng. Ndu doanh nghiep khdng thay ddi phuang phdp sdn xudt, mdu md, ddu tu ehdt
6 0 KiNH Tfi CHAL, A - T H A I B I N H DuaNO (THANG 3 / ZDZD)
trong thdi gian tdi, Chinh phu vd eac dia phuong nen hd trg thflc ddy qua trinh san xudt tdp tmng va lidn kdt trong san xuat thdng qua vide thue hien cd hidu qua cde ehinh sach hd trg eae doanh nghiep ddu tu vdo sdn xudt, xdy dung khu vuc san xudt tap tmng nhdm day manh lien kdt san xuat giua ngudi ndng ddn vdi ngudi ndng ddn, giua ngudi ndng ddn vdi doanh nghiep ddu tu vao sdn xudt, giua ngudi ndng dan vdi dotinh nghiep thu mua eung nhu tiep tue ddy manh vide thanh lap eae hiep hdi ndng dan hoac hgp tac xa ndng dan. Vd phia ngudi sdn xuat va kinh doanh ea phe, hg cdn chu ddng va tich cue hon trong ddy manh phdt trien va thue hien cdc md hinh sdn xudt theo ehudi gid trj cung nhu tang eudng khd nang du bao thi trudng bang edch lidn kdt vdi cde edng ty, td chuc chuyen tu vdn./.
Tai lieu tham Ithao
Nguyen Thi Son (2016), Ndng nghidp Viet Nam - Nhflng CO hdi va thdch thflc trong bdi canh hdi nhap.
Tap chi Khoa hgc Dai hgc Su Phgm Hd Chi Minh.
Gia Nguydn (2017), TPP - Co hdi va thdeh thuc vdi ndng nghiep Viet Nam, Bao Nhan Dan.
Vu van Hidn (2018), Ddi mdi tu duy ve hdi nhdp kinh td qude te, Hdi ddng Ly Iuan Tmng uong;
Thanh Giang (2019), Hdi nghj tang eudng hdi nhdp qudc te ehfl ddng, sang tao, hieu qud vi phdt tridn nhanh vd ben vung, Bdo Nhdn ddn dien tu;
