KHAI NIEM TRANH CHAP LAO D O N G TAP THE TRONG PHAP LUAT VIET NAM VA
MOT SO NUOC TREN THE GIOI
' : > • • • (
TRAN HOANG HAI*
D 6 HAI HA**
'• I Yanh cha'p lao ddng tap the (TCLDTT) J. la mdt hien tugng khach quan cua nen kinh te' theo ca che' thi trudng. Trong co che' dd, lgi Ich la }'e'u td co ban ehi phdi viec xae lap. duy tri va phat trien quan he lao ddng giua ngudi lao ddng vdi ngudi su dung lao ddng.
Mac dd. trong mdi quan he nay, nha't la trong nhirng nam gin day. xua't hien xu hudng hai hoa %'e loi ich giOa ngudi lao dpng (NLD) \'a ngudi sir dung lao ddng (NSDLD); nhung neu xem xet tha'u dao thi cd the ndi ring loi ich giua hp ludn cd nh&ng khac biet. Chinh \"i le dd, bat ddng xay ra uong quan he lao ddng la dieu khong the uanh khdi. TCLDTT phat sinh khi bat ddng dd xay giua mdt tap the lao ddng va NSDLD.
Do tinh phuc tap eda TCLDTT nen phap luat eda cac nirdc tren the' gidi thudng quy dinh CO che' giai quydt rieng cho loai tranh chap nay.
Ben canh dd, phap luat cdn phan chia TCLDTT thanh cac Ipai khac nhau (tranh chap ve quyen va tranh chap \'e lgi Ich) va quy dinh eo che' giai quyet rieng cho tung loai TCLDTT dd.
va'n de diu tien d n lam rd khi xay dyng d c CO che' giii quyet tranh chap nhu vay la phii dua ra dugc nhung khai niem hgp ly va. khoa hpc ^"e TCLDTT va cac loai TCLDTT.
Bai viet nay se phan n'eh khai niem TCLDTT, TCLDTT \e quyen\a.TCLDTT ve Ipd Ich Uong phap luat Viet Nam va. mdt sdnudc uen the' gidi.
Qua dd, bai vie't se rut ra mdt sd nhan xet ve elc khai niem nay \-a hudng hoan thien cac quy dinh
* IS Luat hpc. Giang vien Khoa Luat Dan su Trudng Dai hpc Luat TP. Hd Chi Minh,
** ThS Luat hpc. Giang \-ien Khoa Luat Dan su Trudns Dai hpc Luat TP. Hd Chi Minh.
hien hanh ve khai niem TCLDTT, TCLDTT ve quyen va TCLDTT ve lgi Ich.
1. Khai niem TCLDTT
Phap luat Viet Nam va nhieu qudc gia tren the' gidi chia tranh chap lao ddng ra lam hai loai: Uanh chap lao ddng ca nhan va tranh chap lao ddng tap the. Muc dich eda viec phan chia nay la de qu)' dinh co che' giai quye't rieng cho mdi loai tranh chap lao ddng. Vay TCLDTT la gi va TCLDTT ed gi khic biet so vdi tranh cha'p lao ddng ca nhan?
a. Khdi niem TCLDTT trong phdp lugt Viet Nam
O nuoc ta, mdt thdi gian dai, phap luat khdng phan chia tranh chap lao ddng thanh Uanh chap d nhan va tranh chap tap the. Cho de'n khi Phap lenh Hgp ddng lao dpng nam 1990 va Nghi dinh sd 18-CP ngay 26 thang 12 nam 1992' ra ddi, sy phan chia nay mdi manh nha xua't hien. Vao thdi diem dd, tranh chap ve viec thyc hien hpp ddng lao ddng dugc gpi la "tranh chap lao ddng". Trong khi dd, tranh chap lien quan den viec thyc hien thda udc tap the cd ten gpi rieng la "ti'anh chap thda u&e tap the". The nhung, syphan biet nay khdng ed nhieu y nghia bdi cl hai loai tranh chap nay deu dugc giai quye't theo mdt co che' chung.
Tir khi Bd luat Lao ddng (BLLD) dugc ban hanh nam 1994, viec phan loai uanh chap lao ddng thanh uanh chap ca nhan \'a tranh chap tap the Uong phap luat lao ddng mdi trd nen rd net va cd y nghia quan Upng. Khoan 1 Dieu 157 BLLD hien hanh quy dinh: "Tranh clidp lao dgng bao
' Nghi dinh sd 18-CP eiia Chinh phii ngay 26 than" 12 nam 1992 ban hanh quy dinh ve thda udc lao dpng tap the.
LUAT LAO DONG 35 gom tranh chap lao ddng cd nhdn giita nguai lao
dpng v&i ngudi sit dung lao ddng vd TCLDTT giim tap the lao dgng vdi ngudi sit dung lao dgng".
Nhu vay, khoan 1 Dieu 157 BLLD phan biet tranh chap ca nhan va tranh chap tap the dya tren tieu chi ve ehd the. Tranh chap ca nhan la tranh chap giua ca nhan NLD vdi NSDLD, cdn tranh chap tap the la tranh chap giua tap the lao ddng vdi NSDLD. Theo khoin 4 Dieu 157 BLLD, "tap the lao dgng Id nhiing NLD cimg ldm viec trong mgt doanh nghiep hodc mgt bg phdn ciia doanh nghiep". Nhu vay, de dugc xem la tap the lao ddng, nhdm NLD tranh chap vdi mdt NSDLD chi d n thda man mdt dieu kien duy nhat - nhirng NLD dd phai cdng lam viec vdi nhau trong mdt doanh nghiep hoae bd phan eda doanh nghiep. Dinh nghia nhu vay la qua so sai, chua the hien dugc nhUng dac trung coban cua cl hai khai niem "tap the lao ddng" va "tranh chdp lao dgng tap the'".
Vdi dinh nghia nay, cd ve nhu tranh chap nao giua NSDLD vdi mdt nhdm NLD cung lam viec trong mdt doanh nghiep hay bd phan eua doanh nghiep cung cd the dugc xem la TCLDTT, bat ke ring giua nhOng NLD dd cd sy lien ke't chat che hay khdng hoae cd the hp chi dua ra nhOng yeu d u rieng re hay nhirng yeu elu khdng lien quan de'n toan bd NLD Uong doanh nghiep hay bd phan doanh nghiep do-.
Trong bdi canh phip luat cdn chua rd rang va diy dd, nhieu nha nghien cuu da gdp phin lam rd sy khic biet giua tranh chap ca nhan va Uanh chap tap the vdi viec dua ra nhung tieu chi khi cu the de phan biet hai loai Uanh chap nay vdi nhau. Chang ban, cd tac gia cho ring Uanh chap ca nhan va tranh chap tap the dugc phan biet vdi nhau dya vao hai tieu chi co ban sau day:
- Sd lugng NLD tham gia tranh chap: Thdng thudng, tranh chap chi cd sy tham gia eda mdt NLD la tranh chap lao ddng ca nhan. Trong khi dd, tranh chap ed sy tham gia eda nhieu NLD thudng la tranh chap tap the.
- Muc dich eda d e ben tham gia tranh chap:
Trong tranh chap ca nhan, yeu eau cua d c ben Uanh chap chi lien quan de'n quyen lgi cua rieng
hp. 6 tranh chap tap the, yeu d u cua d c ben lai lien quan de'n quyen lgi eda ca mdt tap the ^.
Mdt sd tac gia cdn bd sung tieu chi nua la tinh td chuc cua nhUng NLD tham gia tranh chap"'. Theo d c tac gia nay, trong tranh chap tap the, ludn cd sy lien ke't chat che giua nhung NLD tham gia tranh cha'p vdi nhau ma mdt
- Viec phan chia tranh chap lao dpng thanh tranh chap ca nhan va tranh chap tap the dupc ghi nhan ti-ong BLLD 1952 eiia ehinh quyen Sai Gdn (Viet Nam Cong hda) vdi cac thuat ngir"ci3 nhdn phdn tranh" va "cgng dongpMn tranh". Dilu 280 Bp luat nay quy dinh: "Cgng dSngpIidn tranh Id nhiing tranh chdp giua mgt chu nlidn vd ft nlidt la 10 cdng nlidn vdi dieu kien Id sd thudc vien hay thg'thuyen nay bang hay tren 1/4 tdng sd cdng nhdn trong xf nghiep hay xudng. Neu khong dii ty le ndy thi sudinh cdng mgt lupt ciia hg phdi lain ngimg tre suliogt dgng ciia todn the hay mgt phdn xf nghiep ".
Dieu 149 Bp luat neu tren cQng quy dinh: "Cd nhdn phdn tranh Id nhimg tranh clidp giua chii nhdn vd cdng nlidn trong viec thi lidnh kJieudc lao dgng, klidng ligi dii dieu kien cua mot cgng dong pltdn tranh".
Qua nhung quy dinh tren, cd the thay rang BLLD 1952 xae dinh tranh chap tap the dua tren hai tieu chi: thit nlidt, Tranh chap tap the phai cd it nhat 10 NLD tham gia va thong thudng, sd NLD nay phai chiem it nhat 1/4 sd luong NLD trong doanh nghiep; thit hai - la tam anh hudng ciia tranh chap lao dOng ddi vdi hoat dOng ciia doanh nghiep. Neu sd NLD tham gia tranh chap chiem dudi 1/4 sd lupng NLD trong doanh nghiep hoae bp phan doanh nghiep thi tranh chap dd phai cd the dan den cac cuoc dinh cong lam ngung tre hoat dpng ciia toan bp hoae mpt phan doanh nghiep mdi dupc xem la tianh chap tap the.
Cac tieu chi xae dinh tranh chap tap the ndi tren cd uu diem la ro rang va dl ap dung nhimg lai chua phan anh day dii
"tfnh tap thi' eua loai tranh chap nay. Gia dinh rang tranh chap lao dpng cd tren 10 NLD hoae 1/4 tdng sd NLD tham gia nhung mdi NLD lai cd yeu eau quyen loi rieng re, thi khd cd the xem day la tranh chap tap the. Ndi each khac, sd lupng NLD mdi chi la mpt trong nhiing yeu td can xem xet. Kha nang din den sir ngimg viec lam te liet hoat dpng eiia doanh nghiep cung chua phan anh day dii ban chat ciia tranh chap tap the. Doi khi, sungimg viec ciia mOt vai NLD giBnhting vi tri quan trpng trpng doanh nghiep cung ed the dua den hau qua tuong tu trong khi nhiing NLD dd cd the chi dua ra nhung yeu cau ve quyln Ipi cd tinh ca nhan.
' Luu Binh Nhuong & Nguyin Xuan Thu, 'Tranh chap lao dpng va giai quyet tranh chap lao ddng" trong Gido trinh Ludt Lao dgng Viet Nam (Luu Binh Nhuong chu bien), Nxb Cong an nhan dan, Ha Ndi, 2009, tr. 432.
"* Xem: Nguyin Kim Phung, "Tranh chap lao ddng va giai quyet tranh chap lao dpng" trong Gido trinh Lugt Lao dgng Viet Nam (Pham Cdng Tni chii bien), Nxb DHQG Ha Npi, Ha Npi, 1999, tr. 342; Phan Diic Binh, 'Tranh c h ^ lao ddng va dinh cong" trong Gido trinh Ludt Lao dgng Viet Nam (Chu Thanh Huong chii bien), Nxb Cona an nhan dan, HaNpi, 2003, tr. 252.
trong nhirng bidu hien rd net nhat la sy hien dien cua nhOng ngudi dai dien cho tap the lao ddng (thudng la Ban Chip hanh Cdng doan CO sd). Trong khi dd, tranh chap el nhan thudng cd tinh don le va khdng ed sy td chuc chat che.
Cle quan diem khoa hpc tren da gidp ich rat nhieu Uong viec lam sang td sy khic biet giiia tranh chap lao ddng ca nhan va TCLDTT. Song, ed the thay ring viec thieu d c quy dinh phap luat rd rang da din den ed nhUng quan niem khic nhau nhu uen ve khii niem TCLDTT.
Hon nua, bin than cac tieu ehi ma cac tie gia neu ra cung cd diem chua hoan chinh. Vi trong mdt vu tranh chip e l nhan cung ed the cd sy tham gia cua nhieu NLD nen, tren thyc te', tieu chi ve sd lupng NLD chi cd the gidp khing dinh mpt tranh chap lao ddng khdng phai la tranh chap tap the, chu khdng giup khing dinh ring mdt Uanh chap lao ddng la tranh chip tap the. Ngoai ra, viec xle dinh yeu cau cu the nao dd eda mdt ben tranh chap cd phai la yeu elu gin lien vdi quyen lgi cua ca tap the lao ddng khdng phai luc nao cung de dang. Trong mdt sd trudng hgp, xle dinh tinh td chuc cung la mdt vin de khd khan. Thdng thudng, sy hien dien eda td chuc edng doin la bieu hien eda ye'u tdnay, song td chuc nay cung ed the tham gia vao ca-tranh chap ca nhan. Chinh vi vay, viec nghien cuu, xay dyng mdt khii niem thd'ng nha't va hoan chinh ve tranh chap c l nhan va tranh chap tap the trong phap luat la rat cin thie't ca ve ly luan va thyc tien.
b. Khdi niem TCLDTT trong phdp lugt mgt sdnuae
Theo phap luat eda nhieu nudc tren the' gidi, tranh chap lao ddng dupe phan thanh hai loai la tranh chap c l nhan va tranh chip tap the.
Mdt d c h ehung nhat, tranh chap el nhan dupe hieu la tranh chap cd sy tham gia eda mdt NLD hoae mdt nhdm NLD trong dd, mdi NLD tham gia vao tranh chap vdi tu d c h c l nhan, cdn tranh chap tap the' la tranh chap lien quan de'n mdt nhdm NLD vdi tu d c h la mdt tap the^
Cach phan loai nay cd ngudn gdc lich su gan lien vdi sy hinh thanh he thd'ng Tda an
chuyen giai quyet tranh chip lao ddng {conseih de prud'homines) a Phip. He thd'ng Tda an nay dugc thanh lap theo mdt dao luat ban hanh tu nam 1806. Day la thdi ky ma td chdc cong doan chi mdi bit diu xuat hien va cle khii niem thuong lugng tap the va thda udc tap the tham chi cdn ehua tdn tai. Vi vay, Tda an Lao dpng ehi giai quye't cac tranh chap lien quan de'n cac thda thuan ve lao ddng ed tinh ca nhan. Tranh chap lien quan de'n cac loai thda thuan khac se do d c Tda In thdng thudng giai quyet. Ve sau, md hinh Tda an Lao ddng eda Phip da dugc tie'p thu d nhieu nudc nhu Bi va Thuy Sy**.
Sy Idn manh cua td chuc cdng doan, sy phat trien eda thuong lupng tap the va sy ra ddi cua thda udc tap the da din den sy hinh thanh mpt loai tranh chap mdi, ddi hdi phai cd eo che' giai quye't rieng. Dd la cac tranh chap cd tinh tap the va gin lien vdi to chuc cdng doan. Tuy nhien, do he thd'ng Tda an chuyen giai quye't tranh chap lao ddng ca nhan boat ddng kha hieu qua, nen khi cac qudc gia neu tren ban hanh cac quy dinh mdi ve giai quyet tranh chap lao ddng, he thd'ng Tda In nay vin dugc giu nguyen. Vi vay, dnhirng nude nay, tdn tai song song hai co che' giai quye't tranh chip lao ddng:
mdt danh cho tranh chap e l nhan va mdt ap dung cho tranh chap tap the.
Md hinh giai quyet Uanh chap lao ddng neu uen da duge ke thiia d nhieu qudc gia tdng la thupc dia cua Phip, nhu: Benin, Cameroon, Chad, Congo, Gabon, Bd Bidn Nga, Lebanon, Madagascar, Mah, Senegal va Zaire (nay la Cdng hda Dan ehd Congo). Khdng nhiing the, cac quy dinh hen quan de'n phan biet tranh chap el nhan vdi tranh chip tap the eda nhirng nuoc nay cung chiu anh hudng sau sac eda phap luat Phip.
Theo Bd luat Lao ddng (Lanh thd Hai ngoai) nam 1952 eda Phip, tranh chap c l nhan la tranh chap "phdt sinh hin quan den hgp dong lao ddng giita NLD vd NSDLD"'. Dieu nay co
^ International Labour Office, Conciliation and Arbitration Procedures in Labour Disputes: A
Comparative Stiidy, Geneva, 1985, tr. 5.
' Internationa! Labour Office, Sdd, tr. 6.
^ International Labour Office, Sdd, tr. 6.
LUAT LAO DONG 37 nghia la tranh chap tap the phai la tranh chip
khdng phat sinh tu hgp ddng lao ddng.
Ke thua quy dinh tren, Dieu 131 Bd luat Lao ddng nam 1992 eda Cameroon quy dinh tranh chap cl nhan la tranh chap "phdt sinh tie hgp dong lao ddng giiia NLD vd NSDLD hodc tit hgp ddng thuc tap nghe". Tuy nhien, Bp luat Lao ddng nudc nay bd sung them dinh nghia ve tranh chap tap the. Theo Dieu 157 Bd luat Lao ddng Cameroon, tranh chap tap the la tranh chap thda man hai dac diem:
- Cd sy tham gia eda mdt nhdm NLD lam cdng an luong, dd nhung NLD nay cd lien ket vdi nhau trong td chuc cdng doan hay khdng; va
- Quyen lgi tranh chip la quyen lgi ed tinh tap the.
Bd luat Lao ddng Zaire cung quy dinh tuong ty nhung dinh nghia tranh chap tap the cu the hon: "Bdt ky tranh chdp ndo phdt sinh giiia mgt ben Id mdt hodc nhiiu NSDLD vd mgt bin Id mot sd lugng nhdn viin nhdt dinh eda hg [vd] liin quan din cdc diiu kien ldm viec, trong trucmg hgp tranh chdp do cd the dnh hudng den viic thuc hien binh thucmg cdc cam kit hodc nen hda binh cdng nghiep vd khdng thudc thdm quyen ciia Tda dn Lao ddng"^.
O Due, phap luat cflng phan chia tranh chap lao ddng thanh tranh chip d nhan va tranh chip tap the. Theo phip luat Due, tranh chip cl nhan la tranh chip giua mdt c l nhan vdi NSDID cua minh; d e tranh chap lao ddng khac duge xem la tranh chap tap th6^ Day la mdt quy dinh rat chung ehung nhung lai cd y nghia quan trpng. Trong khi tranh chap lao ddng ca nhan duge giai quyet nhu d c tranh chap dan su thdng thudng, thi TCLDTT dugc giai quye't theo d c co che' rieng biet. Tuy vay, viec xae dinh ddng tranh chip ve quyen va tranh chap ve lgi ich ed y nghia quan trpng hon vi d c h phan loai mdi lien quan true tiep den viec xae dinh tham quyen va co che' giai quyet tranh chap'°.
- a Lien bang Nga, TCLDTT duge hieu la:
"Nhiing bdt dong khdng thi dieu chinh dugc giiia nhitng nguai lao dgng (dgi dien ciia hg) vd ngudi sit dung lao ddng (dgi dien cOa hg) ve
vdn di xde lap, thay ddi diiu kien lao ddng (bao gom cd tien luong); ky ket, thay ddi vd thuc hien hgp dong tap the, thda thudn, vd dong thai cd liin quan den viec tit choi xem xet y kien ciia caquan dgi diin dugc bdu cua nhimg ngudi lao dgng khi thdng qua cdc vdn bdn phdp ly cas&"".
Theo quy dinh tren, de mdt tranh chap dugc xem la tranh chap lao ddng tap the, phii thda man hai dieu kien. Thunhdt, tinh tap the eda tranh chap; Thit hai, ddi tugng dac biet eda tranh chap: nhiing van de ve xle lap, thay ddi dieu kien lao ddng; ky ke't, thay ddi va thyc hien hgp ddng tap the, thda thuan, vl ddng thdi cd lien quan de'n viec tu ehdi xem xet y kie'n eda CO quan dai dien dugc biu eda nhung ngudi lao ddng khi thdng qua d c van ban phip ly eo sd.
Phap luat Y cung phan biet tranh chap ca nhan vdi tranh chap tap the vl dinh nghia tranh chap tap the la d c tranh chap lao ddng lien quan den "cdc quyen lgi nhdm khdng the phdn chia" cdn tranh chap ca nhan la tat ca d c tranh chap lao ddng cdn lai'^ Vdi dinh nghia nay, cflng nhu Phap, Y da loai tru tranh chap hpp ddng lao ddng khdi khii niem TCLDTT. Cflng d n ndi them 11, tuy duge quy dinh trong phap luat, viec phan biet tranh chap ca nhan vdi tranh chip tap the khdng cd nhieu y nghia tren thyc te'.
* Duoc trich din trong: International Labour Cffice, sdd, tr. 6.
' T. Hanami & R. Blanpain (chu bien). Industrial Conflict Resolution in Market Economies: A Study of Australia, the Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, Japan and the USA (Deventer, Boston: Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers, 2'"' ed, 1989), tr. 7.
'"M. Weiss, S. Simitis & W. Rydzy, "The Settlement of Labour Disputes in the Federal Republic of Gennany"
trong T. Hanami & R. Blanpain, (chu bien), Industiial Conflict Resolution in Market Economies: A Study of Australia, the Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, Japan and the USA (Deventer, Boston: Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers, 2'"' ed, 1989), tr. 100.
Dieu 398 Bp luat lao dpng nam 2001, siia do, bd sung Mn cudi cimg vao nam 2008. Xem Tpydoeou Bamn PocciMCKoii 0edepai(uiL Hsfl. lOpHHCJxjp, M., 2008, c. 446.
' ' T . Treu, "Conflict Resolution in Industrial Relations" trong T. Hanami & R. Blanpain, (chu bien), Industiial Conflict Resolution in Market Economies: A Study of Australia, the Federal Republic of Gennany, Italy, Japan and the USA (Deventer, Boston: Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers, 2"'' ed, 1989), tr. 137.
O Nhat Bin, Dieu 6 Luat Dieu chinh Quan he Lao dpng nam 1947 dinh nghia TCLDTT la: "bdt dong ve cdc yeu cdu ve quan hi lao dgng phdt sinh giiea cdc ben lien quan den quan he lao dgng vd ddn den viec mgt hdnh dgng tranh chdp (act of dispute) hay cd the ddn den mgt hdnh dgng nhu vdy". Dieu 7 cua Luat nay giai thich them: "hdnh dgng tranh chdp la dinh cdng, lan cdng, be xudng hodc cdc hdnh dgng khde hodc cdc lidnh dgng ddp trd ldm cdn tra hogt dgng binh thudng cua doanh nghiep, do cdc ben lien quan den quan hi lao dgng thuc hien nhdm dgt dugc cdc yeu cdu cua hg".
Khdng nhu nhung nudc thudc truyen thd'ng phip luat Chau Au luc dia, cac nudc thudc truyen thd'ng phap luat Angld-Slexdng nhu Anh, My va Uc khdng phan chia Uanh chap lao ddng thanh tranh chip el nhan vl tranh chap tap the'l Do anh hudng cua nhOng nhirng nude nay, phap luat cua hiu het cac qudc gia Ddng Nam A cung khdng chia Uanh chap lao ddng thanh tranh chap ca nhan vl tranh chip tap the. Tuy nhien, eIn ndi rd ring, oBranei, hidonesia, Malaysia, Singapore vaThli Lan, sy phan chia nay vin tdn tai dudi mdt hinh thuc khic. O nhiing nudc nay, thuat ngu "tranh chdp lao dgng'' II de chi cle Uanh chap giua NLD va NSDLD tren binh dien tap the. Tranh chap giuci NLD va NSDLD tren binh dien d nhan khdng dugc coi la tranh chap lao ddng va dugc giai quye't theo mdt co che' khac.
Rieng ddi vdi PhiUipines, khii niem tranh chap lao ddng trong phap luat bao ham ca tranh chap ca nhan va Uanh chap tap the'''. Tuy nhien, phap luat nudc nay khong cd quy dinh ve phan loai Uanh chap lao ddng. Tren thyc te', d PhiUipines, ngudi ta chd ye'u quan tam den viec phan biet tranh chap ve quyen vdi tranh chap ve Ipi ich hon la phan biet tranh chq^ canhan vdi tranh c h ^ tap the''.
2. TCLDTT ve quyen va TCLDTT ve loi ich
Nhu Uen da ndi, phap luat eda nhieu nude chia TCLDTT thanh hai loai la tranh chip ve quyen va Uanh chap ve lgi Ich. Muc dich cua viec phan loai niy cung la de quy dinh co che' giai quyet rieng phd hpp vdi tdng loai tranh chap lao dpng.
a. TCLDTT ve quyen vd TCLDTT ve lgi ich theo quy dinh phdp lugt Viet Nam
Viec phan chia TCLDTT thanh tranh chap ve quyen va Uanh chap ve lgi ich mdi chi dupc ghi nhan Uong phap luat nuwc ta ke tu Luat sua ddi, bd sung mdt sd dieu eua BLLD nam 2006.
Theo BLLD, tranh chip tap the ve quyen phat sinh khi tap the lao ddng cho rang NSDLD vi pham mdt quy dinh nao dd. Khoan 2 Didu 157 BLLD quy dinh: "TCLDTT vi quyin la tranh chdp ve viec thuc hien cdc quy dinh ciia phdp ludt lao dgng, thod udc lao ddng tap the, ngi quy lao dgng da dugc ddng ky vai caquan nhd nudc cd thdm quyen hoae cdc quy che, thod thudn hgp phdp khde a doanh nghiep md tap the lao ddng
cho rdng NSDLD vi phgm ".
Dinh nghia tren cd mdt sd diem ehua hpp ly.
Diem bat hgp ly thu nhat hen quan den cum tir
"cdc thda thudn hgp phdp khac ddoanh nghiep".
Cum tunay cd the gay hieu lam ring tranh chap ve hgp ddng lao ddng vdi sd lugng Idn ngudi lao ddng tham gia ddng thdi cd the dupc xem la Uanh chip tap the. Diem bat hgp ly thu hai la d ch6 Uanh chip tap the ve quyen phit sinh khi tap the lao ddng cho ring NSDLD vi pham. Quy dinh nhu vay la ehua diy dd. Thyc td', tranh chap tap the ve quyen cflng cd the phit sinh khi NSDLD cho ring tap the lao ddng vi pham. Don cu nhu trudng hpp NSDLD cho ring tap the lao ddng da vi pham quy dinh eiia thda udc lao ddng tap the hay truong hpp NSDLD yeu elu tap the lao ddng boi thudng thiet hai do dinh cdng trai phap luat gay ra.
" T. Hanami & R. Blanpain, Sdd, tr. 8; W. Brown,
"Industrial Conflict Resolution in Great Britain" trong T. Hanami & R. Blanpain, (chu bien), Industrial Conflict Resolution in Market Economies: A Study of Canada, Great Britain and Sweden (Deventer, Boston: Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers, 1987), tr. 103.
" Xem: Quyen 5, BO luat Lao dong PhiUipines nam 1974.
"' Carmelo C. Noriel, "Voluntary and Compulsory Arbitration of Labour Disputes in the PhiUipines" trong ILO/UNDP/ASEAN Programme on Industrial Relations for Development, Voluntary and Compulsory Arbitration of Labour Disputes: A Survey of the Current Situation in ASEAN (Geneva: International Labour Office, 1988), tr. 52.
LUAT LAO DONG 39 BLLD cung dua ra dinh nghia TCLDTT
ve lgi ich tai khoan 3 Dieu 157 nhu sau:
"TCLDTT ve lgi ich Id tranh chdp vi viic tap the lao dgng yiu cdu xde lap cdc diiu kien lao dgng m&i so v&i quy dinh cua phdp ludt lao ddng, thod u&c lao ddng tap the, ngi quy lao ddng da dugc ddng ky vdi caquan nhd nu&c cd tlidm quyin hodc cdc quy che, thod thudn hgp phdp khde &
doanh nghiep trong qua trinh thuong lugng giOn tdp the lao ddng v&i NSDLD ".
De lam rd hon dinh nghia trdn, khoan 5 Dieu 157 BLLD giai thich them: "Diiu kiin lao ddng m&i Id viic sua ddi, bd sung thod u&c lao dgng tap the, tien luang, tien thudng, thu nhap, dinh mite lao ddng, thai gi& ldm viic, thai gi& nghi ngai vdphue lgi khde trong doanh nghiep ".
Nhu vay, tranh chap tap th6 ve lgi ich phat sinh khi tap the lao ddng dua ra yeu d u vd d e quyen lgi mdi - cac quyen lgi chua dugc quy dinh hay cao ban mue dugc quy dinh trong phip luat, thda thuan giua cac ben va quy che' cua doanh nghiep. Day la nhung yeu cau ma tap the lao ddng dua ra Uong qui trinh thuong lugng tap the vdi NSDLD. Viec giai quyet nhung yeu elu nay hoan toan khdng dya tren bat ky co sd phap ly nio. Ve ban chat, Uanh chip ve lgi ich la tranh chap thuin tdy ve kinh te.
b. TCLDTT ve quyen vd TCLDTT ve lgi ich theo quy dinh phdp lugt ciia mgt sd nu&c
Rat nhieu nudc tren the' gidi chia tranh chap lao ddng thinh tranh chap ve quyen (dispute of rights) va Uanh chap ve lgi ich (dispute of interest).
Thdng thudng, tranh chap ve quyen dugc hieu la Uanh chap phat sinh tu viec Ip dung hoae giai thich cle quy dinh eda phap luat hoae eda thda udc tap the hoae, dd'i vdi mdt sd nude, cua hgp ddng lao ddng"^. Trong khi dd, tranh chap ve loi ich phit smb khi qui trinh thuong lugng tap the giUa cle ben v6 mdt van de nao dd, thudng la thuong lugng thda udc lao ddng tap the, lam vao be' tic'I Nhu vay, tuong ty nhu d nudc ta, viec phan chia Uanh chap lao ddng thinh tranh chap ve quyen va tranh chap ve Ipi Ich Uong phap luat da sd cac nudc Uen the gidi cung ehi dat ra dd'i vdi tranh chap tap the, chu khdng dat ra vdi tranh
chap ca nhan.
Mdt sd qudc gia thudc truyen thdng phip luat Angld-Slcxdng eflng chia tranh chap lao ddng thanh tranh chap ve quyen vl Uanh chap vd lgi ich, cdn gpi la tranh chap phap ly (legal dispute) va tranh chap kinh te' (economic dispute). O My, tranh chap ve quyen dugc hieu la tranh chip ve nhung ndi dung se dugc dua vio mdt thda uoc tap the mdi. Loai tranh chap nay phit sinh khi cdng doan hoae NSDLD mudn dua mdt quy dinh nao dd vao thda udc. Trii lai, tranh chip vd quyen phit sinh khi mdt ben dua ra yeu elu ve quyen lgi dya tren d c thda thuan dang ed hieu lye. Loai tranh chap nay phat sinh khi mdt ben cho rang quyen lgi hgp phip eda minh da bi ben kia vi pham. Tranh chap ve lgi leh thudng dugc giai quyet bing hda giai va trung gian trong khi tranh chap ve quyen thudng dugc giai quye't bing trpng tai phi Nha nude'I
Bd luat Lao ddng Canada cung phan biet Uanh chap ve quyen vdi tranh chip ve Ipd Ich. Theo Myc 3(1) Bd luat niy, tranh chap ve lgi ich dugc gpi la "tranh chdp" (dispute) va duge dinh nghia la tranh chap phit sinh lien quan den viec ky ket, gia ban hoae sira ddi thda udc tap the. Trong khi dd, Muc 57(1) gpi tranh chap tap the ve quyen la ve "bdt dong" (difference) vin de giai thich, Ip dung vl thyc hien thda udc tap the hoae khi mdt ben cho rang ben kia da vi pham thda udc.
Tuong ty nhu d My, tranh chap ve quydn d Canada ehd yeu dupe giai quyet thdng qua co che Upng tai dugc quy dinh Uong thda udc tap the, cdn tranh chap ve lgi ich chd ye'u duge giii quye't bang con dudng hda giii".
Ngay nay, viec phan biet tranh chap ve quyen vdi tranh chap ve lgi ich da duge ghi
htemational Labour Office, sdd, tr. 5.
H..3. KncejieB.. CpaenumeMbHoe u MeoKdymapodHoe mpydoeoe npaeo, Hsfl. JXeno, M., 1999, c. 265.
T. St. Antoine, "Conflict Resolution in Industrial Relations" ti"ong T. Hanami & R. Blanpain (chu bien), Industiial Conflict Resolution in Market Economies: A Study of Australia, the Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, Japan and the USA (Deventer, Boston: Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers, Z'"" ed, 1989), tr. 256.
Xem Bp luat Lao dpng Canada, Muc 57 va 71.
nhan trong phap luat va thyc tiin eda nhieu nudc va vung lanh thd thudc cac truyen thdng phap luat va cac khu vyc khac nhau tren the' gidi. ChIng han, Iceland, Phap, Phin Lan va Y d Chau Au; Austraha, Dai Loan, Hdng Kdng, New Zealand, Nhat Bin va Pakistan d Chau A- Thai Binh Duong; Argentina, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cdng hda Dominica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Panama, Peru va Venezuela d Chau Myla-tinh.
Tuy vay, vin cd nhUng nudc tren the gidi khdng phan chia Uanh chap lao dpng thanh Uanh chip ve quyen va Uanh chap ve Ipi ich nhu Anh va mdt sd nudc chiu anh hudng eda nudc nay (An Dp, Sri Lanka...)-". Nguyen nhan chd yeu cua hien tugng nay la phap luat Anh va nhung nudc nay khdng quy dinh thda udc tap the cd gia tri phap ly bat budc-'. Ben canh dd, thda udc tap the dnhung nude nay thudng la thda udc khdng xle dinh thdi ban va do dd, thuong lugng tap the la mdt qui trinh hen tuc, Uong dd nhimg bat ddng xung quanh viec giai thich thda udc thudng gan Hen vdi nhung bat ddng ve viec siia ddi thda udc-l Tuy vay, d Anh vin ed nhirng eo quan giai quye't rieng cho mdt hoae mdt sd loai Uanh chap ve quyen.
Trong khu vyc Ddng Nam A, do anh hudng eda phap luat Anh nen phap luat eda mdt so nudc nhu Brunei, Malaysia va Singapore cung khdng phan biet rd gifla Uanh chap tap the ve quyen vdi Uanh chap tap the ve lgi ich-^ Tuy nhien, phap luat cua nhieu nudc nhu Campuchia, Indonesia, Lao va Philhpines lai ghi nhan sy khac biet giiia hai loai tranh chip nay dnhung mdc dp khic nhau.
Campuchia khdng chinh thiic chia tranh chip tap the thanh tranh chip ve quyen va Uanh chap ve lgi Ich nhung Uong cac quy dinh ve giai quyet tranh chip va dinh cdng Uong BO luat Lao ddng cua nudc nay lai the hien rd syphan chia dd. Dieu 312 Bp luat Lao dpng Campuchia quy dinh Uanh chap lien quan den viec giai thich va thyc hien phip luat, cle quy tic hay thda udc tap the duge giii quyet Uen eo sd phip luat Uong khi elc Uanh chap khic dugc giai qm'e't theo le edng bang. Ben canh dd, Dieu 321 Bd luat nay nghiem d m dinh cdng phit sinh tir viec giai thich mdt phan quyet
dua uen phap luat hoae dida udc tap the hay tu viec giai thich quyet dinh Upng tai ma cac ben da chap nhan (nic la, nghiem d m dinh edng Uong trudng hpp Uanh chip tap the ve quyen).
Tuong ty nhu d Campuchia, phap luat lao ddng d PhiUipines cung cd nhirng quy dinh gian tie'p the hien sy phan biet giua Uanh chip tap the vh quyen va Uanh chap tap the ve lgi ich. Theo Dieu 217 Bd luat Lao ddng PhiUipines, tranh chap phat sinh tir viec giai quyet giai thi'ch hay Ip dung thda udc tap the va Uanh chap phat sinh tir viec giai thich hay thyc hien cac chinh sach nhan sy cua cdng ty phii dugc giai quyet theo co che' khie'u nai va Upng tai ty nguyen quy dinh trong thda udc tap the. Day la mdt quy dinh chiu anh hudng sau sic eda phip luat va thyc tiSn giii quye't Uanh chap tap the d My vl Canada.
Dd'i vdi Indonesia, phap luat quy dinh rd la Uanh chap lao ddng dugc chia lam hai loai: tranh chip ve quyen va Uanh chap ve lgi I'ch. Dieu 1 Luat ve Giai quyet Tranh chap Lao ddng Indonesia quy dinh: "Tranh chdp ve quyen la tranh chdp phdt sinh ve cdc quyen lgi (rights) bi viphgm do nhiing bdt dong trong viic dp dung hodc gidi thich cdc quy dinh phdp ludt, cdc thda thudn vi lao dgng (work agreements), cdc quy dinh ciia cdng ty hodc thda udc lao dgng tap the". Cdn "Tranh chdp vi lgi ich la tranh chdp phdt sinh trong quan hi lao ddng do subdt dong y kien trong viic soan thao vd/liogc thay ddi cdc diiu lain ldm viec dugc quy dinh trong cdc thoa thudn ve lao dgng, cdc quy dinli ciia cdng ty hodc thoa udc lao dong tap the".
3. Nhan xet va kien nglii
Tir nhung phan tich tren, cd the rdt ra mdt sd nhan xet va kien nghi lien quan de'n khii niem TCLDTT, TCLDTT ve quyen va TCLDTT v^
loi ich nhu sau:
-° International Labour Office, Sdd, tr. 8.
-' Royal Commission on Trade Unions and Employers' Associations, 1965 - 1968, op. cit., para. 39 dupc trich din trong: International Labour Office, Sdd, tr. 8.
" Nhu tren. paras. 60 & 471.
- Xem: Luat ve Tranh chap Lao ddng nam 1961 ciia Brunei; Luat ve Quan he Lao dpng nam 1967 cua Malaysia; \'a Luat vl Tranh chap Lao dpng nam 1981 ciia Singapore. •'
LUAT LAO DONG 41 Thit nhdt, tuy cd mdt sd khac biet nhat dinh,
phap luat eda hiu bet cac nudc neu tren deu thd'ng nhit ve nhflng dac diem co ban cua TCLDTT nhu sau:
TCLDTT lien quan den cac quyen lgi cd tinh tap the hay, ndi each khac, "cdc quyin lgi nhdm khdng the phdn chia", cdn tranh chip lao ddng el nhan la tranh chip ve quyen Ipi eda nhung ca nhan rieng le.
Tuy trong TCLDTT, khdng nhat thiet phai cd sy tham gia eda toan bd NLD trong mdt tap the, nhung it nhit nhung NLD tham gia vao tranh chap lao ddng dd phai cd yeu d u thd'ng nhat va yeu d u dd phai lien quan de'n quyen Ipd cua ca tap the lao ddng. Bieu hien cu the nhat eda dac diem nay II d chd TCLDTT khdng phit sinh tir hgp ddng lao ddng hay nhUng thda thuan ed tinh cl nhan khac nhu hgp ddng thyc tap nghe ma bao gid cung lien quan den elc thda thuan cd tinh tap the nhu thda udc lao ddng tap the. Tranh chap lien quan den hpp ddng lao ddng hay elc thda thuan ve lao ddng ed tinh ca nhan la Uanh chap lao ddng canhan.
- TCLDTT ed the Inh hudng nghiem trpng den sy boat ddng binh thudng cua doanh nghiep.
Dac diem nay cd hai diem khic biet quan Upng cua TCLDTT so vdi Uanh chip lao ddng el nhan:
1. Tranh chap tap the cd sy tham gia eda so ddng NLD vi, thdng thudng, phii la sy ngdng viec eda sdddng mdi cd the lam giln doan boat ddng eua doanh nghiep; va 2. NLD tham gia vao tranh chip tap the cd sy td chdc chat che vi neu khdng cd sy td chdc chat che thi NLD khd ed the tien hanh duge nhung hinh ddng cdng nghiep. Xle dinh day II mdt dac diem co ban eda TCLDTT gidp ta giai quye't duge vudng mic ve ly luan:
Uanh chap tap the phai cd sy tham gia eda bao nhieu NLD vl lim the nao de xae dinh mdt nhdm NLD la cd tinh td chiic. Tranh cb^) tap the can dugc phan biet vdi tranh ch^) cl nhan va dupc giai quyet theo mdt cache rieng vi tranh chap tap the cd the din den cac hanh ddng cdng nghiep lam anh hudng den hoat ddng binh thudng ciia doanh nghiep.
Thie't nghi, khai niem TCLDTT trong phap luat nirdc ta nen dugc sira doi, bd sung theo hudng
ghi nhan nhung dac diem tren nhu la nhung tieu chi CO ban de xle dinh TCLDTT.
Thuhai, ngoai trij Anh, Nga va mdt^sd qudc gia chiu anh hudng eua phip luat nhflng nudc nay, phin Idn cle nude deu chia TCLDTT thanh tranh chap ve quyen va tranh chap ve lgi leh va deu quy dinh co che giai quye't khic nhau cho cac loai tranh chap dd. Trong khi tranh chap ve quyen thudng dugc giai quyet bdi Tda an hoae trpng tai, thi tranh chap ve lgi ich chd yeu dugc giai quyet thdng qua hda giai va trung gian.
Thu ba, ngay ca d nhflng nude khdng phan biet Uanh chap ve quyen vdi tranh chip ve lgi ich, phip luat da sd d e qudc gia dd vin ed nhflng quy dinh rieng cho viec giai quye't mdt sd loai tranh chap ve quyen. Dieu nay chdng td ring viec quy dinh d e co che giai quyet khic nhau cho elc loai tranh chip lao ddng khic nhau la het sde d n thidt.
Thit tu, mac du, theo phip luat eda da sd d c qudc gia tren the' gidi, viec phan chia tranh chap lao ddng thanh tranh chip ve quyen vl Uanh chap ve loi ich chi dat ra tren binh dien tap the. Tuy nhidn uen thyc td, loai Uanh chap nay xiy ra thudng xuyen va chinh nd la mam mdng eda Uanh chap ve lgi Ich Uen binh dien tap th6. Theo chung tdi, cung d n phan chia Uanh chap lao ddng d nhan thanh Uanh chap ve quyen va Uanh chap ve Ipi Ich. Tir viec phan dinh dd, phap luat se quy dinh cle thd tuc khac nhau dd'i vdd hai loai tranh chap nay. Cu the: Toa In chi giai quyet Uanh chap ve quyen ma thdi (ke ca tranh chap d nhan va tranh chap tap the) ehu khdng giai quyet tranh chap (ke ca tranh chip d nhan) ve lgi Ich.
Thd ndm, ngoai tru Viet Nam, cdn d nhieu nudc tren the' gidi, khai niem TCLDTT khdng chi bao gdm truong hgp NLD cho ring quyen Ipd hop phap eda minh bi vi pham ma cdn ham chda ca trudng hop NSDLD cho ring quyen loi hpp phip eda minh bi vi pham. Trong khi dd, theo khoan2Dieu 157 BLLD eda nudc ta thi TCLDTT ve quyen chi phit sinh khi tap the lao ddng cho ring d c quyen lgi hgp phip eda minh da bi NSDLD vi pham. Thie't nghi, quy dinh nay d n sdm dugc siia doi cho phd hgp vdd thdng le qudc te' va tiiyc tiSn tranh chap lao ddng tap the. •
