OOI MOI PHUONG PHAP - Kl THUAT DAY HOC BAI LEN LOP
O P H A N S A C L O N G *
1. Phuomg p h d p d q y hqc - Ki thudt d q y hoc The ki 2 0 , cudc edeh mqng thdng tin vd truyen thdng dd mong Iqi eho khoo hqc gido dye nhieu thdnh tyu, mdt trong so dd Id ldm xudt hien, phdt trien vd hodn thien khdi niem cdng nghe dqy hqc (CNDH). Ngdy nay, nhieu nhd gido dye edn e ngqi thudt ngu hien dqi ndy trong khi vdn tiep tye nghien cuu, thye thi hoqt ddng Ddi mdi phuong phdp dqy hqe (DMPPDH).
Gdn ddy, nhieu bdi vie't ve DMPPDH dd di sdu hon vdo ede bien phdp, kT thudt day hoc (KTDH) vd coi KTDH Jd mot «edp dd"'eua'PPDH.
Dd Id mdt budc tien cd y nghTa li ludn vd thyc tien trong dqy hqc.
PPDH Id sy dmh hudng cdch thuc tie'n hdnh;
edn KTDH Id ede bien phdp vd kT ndng vqn dyng PPDH, st/ dyng cdc phuang tien dqy hqc trong thye tien gidng dqy. CNDH thiet ke viee dqy hqe theo mdt quy trinh logic ehdt ehe, bdng he thd'ng cdc bien phdp KTDH, vdi cdc hinh thuc to ehi/e dqy hqc hqp li. Dieu ndy thdng nhdt vdi quon diem eoi dqy hqe vua Id khoa hqe vuo Id nghe thudt. Ld khoa hqe, hoqt ddng dqy hqe (DH) ludn duqe quy dinh bdi ndi dung vd PPDH. Ld nghe thuqt, nd duqe the hien thdng qua ede bien phdp, KTDH. Viec ndng coo ehdt luqng, hieu qud DH ddi hdi phdi ludn ludn ddi mdi vd tdi uu hdo quy trinh CNDH, ddng nghTa vdi ddi mdi phuang phdp - KTDH. Khi dd ndm vC/ng ndi dung dqy hqe, lyo chqn PPDH dung thi KTDH se Id yeu td quyet djnh tryc tie'p hieu qud dqy hqc. Cung xin ndi Iqi rdng, bdn chd't cuo dd'i mdi phuang phdp - hCTDH Id tieh cyc hda hoqt ddng cua ngudi hqe, do dd, phdi tieh eye hdo hoqt ddng eua ngudi dqy, khdng ed cdi gqi Id «phuang phdp tich eye" nhu nhieu ngudi vd mdt so sdch vd Idu nay thudng dCing.
2. Tim tdi sdng tqo KTDH b d i len Idp KTDH Id sy xdc lap (kien tqo) tinh hud'ng vd xt> li tinh hudng bdng mdt chudi ede thao tdc kT thugt vdi nhi/ng thu thugt su phgm (TTSP) ey the; trong dd TTSP dieu luyen se ndng eao trinh
do ehuyen nghiep hda KTDH. Cd hai loqi thao tdc Id thao tdc tu duy vd thao tdc vgt chdt Thao tdc tu duy gdm phdn fich, tdng hgp, so sdnh,
khdi qudt hoa, triru tugng hda... Thao tde vqt ehdt gdm dge, ndi, viet, hdnh dpng vdi ede eong ey vd phuang tien DH. lir d d , DMPPDH nhdt thie't phdi tien tdi vd dqt tdi viee dd'i mdi KTDH vd gdn vdi nhiem vu hdng ngdy eua GV - dd Id ddi mdi KTDH bdi len Idp!
Mudn ddi mdi KTDH bdi len lop, gido vien phdi tieh eye ren luyen ndng lyc tu duy sdng tqo, kT ndng tim tdi, the nghiem vd trien khoi ede bien phdp, KTDH thdnh he thdng ede thoo tde kT thuqt vdi TTSP ngdy edng dieu luyen, de to chuc hqc sinh ty nhqn tht/c, chiem iTnh ndi dung kie'n thuc vd hodn thien kT ndng hqe tdp dd'i vdi h/ng bdi hqe.
Sou ddy, bdi viet ddn ro he thdng ede bien phdp, hCTDH duqe phdn loqi theo 5 nhdm (khdng phdi nhieu nhdm!) d y a tren ede nhdm PPDH:
- Nhdm kT thudt «phd thPng"; - Nhdm kT thuqt luyen tqp; - Nhdm kT thuqt ldm viee vdi sdch, thie't bj DH; - Nhdm kT thudt hqp tde, tuong tde; - Nhdm kT thudt kie'm tra, ddnh gid.
2.1. Nhdm KTDH «phd thong". Nhdm ndy boo gdm do dqng, phong phu ede bien phdp KTDH thdng dyng nhdt, ehiem ti trqng Idn nhdt hien nay, tuong ung vdi khdi luqng nqi dung ehuong trinh DH, st> dyng td'ng hqp vd phdl hqp cdc thao tdc tu duy, thao tde vqt ehdt.
Dd Id: - DH tie'p edn ndi dung bdi hqe mdi, thudng dung kT thudt neu tinh hudng, kT thudt dqt edu hdi gqi md, bdi tdp ddn ddt sy phdt hien...;
- DH hinh thdnh khdi niem thudng dung kT thuqt md td, neu v i d y , so sdnh, khdi qudt hda...; - DH eijng ed khdi niem, thudng dung kT thudt tim vi dy, phdn vi d y . . . ; - DH dqy Tu vd Cdu, thudng dung kT thuqt gidi nghTo tu, kT thudt bien dd'i ddng nghTa, bien ddi trdi nghTo (tu, y edu)...; - DH edm thy, phdn tieh tde phdm thudng dung kT thuqt dqe (dqe to, dqe thdm, dqe dien cdm), kT thudt
* Phong GD-DT Bo Trach - Quang Binh
Tap chi Giao due s6 2 2 6 (ki 2 • 11/2009)
lien tudng, dyng hinh tuqng, suy nghT, phdt bleu edm tudng, kT thudt gidng - binh...
2.2. Nhom kl thugt luyen tap. Tdt ed cdc mdn hqe deu cd bdi luyen tdp, nhd't Id Tie'ng Viet - Vdn, cdc mdn khoo hqc ty nhien. Tuy theo mdn hqe, bdi hqe, ed the dung: - KT thugt «vira gidng, vira luyen" (dqy den ddu, luyen tdp vdn dyng de'n dd) hoqc «vt>a luyen, vira g i d n g " (luyen tdp den ddu eung ed, dn tdp kien thue den dd);
- KT thudt chirng minh, trong dd cd kT thudt vdn dyng cdc phuong phdp cht/ng minh dd cd dd'i vdi khoo hqc bd mdn nhu quy nqp, phdn tieh - tdng hqp...
Trong luyen tdp edn ed kT thuqt lyo chqn, sdp xep he thd'ng bdi tdp tu d l den khd, tu don gidn de'n pht/c tqp, tu bdi tdp eung cd kien tht/c den bdi tdp vdn dyng tdng hqp he thdng kien thue de ren kT ndng tdng hqp. Ddy Id mdt nghe thudt - TTSP ddng luu y.
2.3. Nhdm kT thudt ldm viec vdi sdch vd thief bi DH. Ldm viee vdi sdch vd thiet bi DH ed y nghTo ren luyen, ndng coo ndng lye ty hqe, ty nghien euu, boo gdm:
KT thuqt tri gidc tdi lieu mdi vd tdm tdt ndi dung, thu hoqch ket qud; - KT thudt neu edu hdi sou thoo tdc dqe; - KT thuqt ddi ehieu, so sdnh rut ro ket ludn; - KT thudt thoo tde tren thiet bj DH dqng finh (tranh dnh, bdn do...); • KT thudt thoo tde tren thiet bj DH dqng dpng (thi nghiem thye hdnh);
- KT thudt su dyng mdy tinh, su dyng phdn mem DH; - KT thudt ty ldm dd dung DH thdng dyng.
2.4. Nhdm kT thudt hgp tdc, tuong tde.
Nhdm KTDH ndy gdm cdc edeh thue td cht/c hoqt ddng hqe tdp eho hqe sinh, cd the cd sy ddng nhdt phuang phdp vd hCTDH: Td eht/c phdn nhdm, eung vdi kT thudt xir li tinh hudng nhu thdo ludn, neu thdc mdc, gidi thich, ke't luqn...; - KT thudt ro phieu hqe tdp, phieu gioo viec cho cd nhdn, eho nhdm; - KT thudt khuye'n khich hqc sinh ty the hien tdi ndng...
2.5. Nhdm KT kiem tra, ddnh gid. Dd'i mdi kiem tro, ddnh gid chd't luqng, hieu qud dqy hqc - gido dye ve ed phuong phdp vd kT thudt dong Id xu hudng dd'i mdi ddng quan tdm hien noy. KT thudt thie't ke he thd'ng ndi dung kie'm tra tung mdn, tung loqi bdi; - KT thudt thie't ke mdu phieu kiem tro tung bdi; - KT thudt de hqc sinh ty kiem tro ke't qud cuo minh, cua bqn minh trong tung bdi len Idp; - KT thudt phdl hqp cdc hinh tht/c, cdc lyc luqng kie'm tro, ddnh g i d ; - KT thudt xi/ li sou kiem tra, ddnh g i d . . .
Tap chi Giao due s6 2 2 6 (ki2-11/2009)
Viec phan logi 5 nhom KTDH noi tren chi la tuang ddi, bdi mpt thao tdc ed the dugc sd dyng trong nhirng KTDH khde nhau; han nua PPDH
&KTDH, ngoai quan he thir bde edn co the chuyen hda Idn nhau, ddng nhdt vdi nhau frong mpt sd frudng hgp dge biet.
3. Phdn tieh su phqm vd t d ehijc hoqt ddng hqe tqp
Phdn tieh su phqm nqi dung vd phuang phdp - KTDH Id kT ndng cdt ldi, ddc trung ctja GV. Phdn fich su phgm bdi dgy Id he thdng cdc thoo tdc su phqm tich cyc, khoi thdc sdu sde ndi dung bdi hqc, djnh hudng sy lyo chqn PPDH, ddc biet Id phdt trien ndng lyc tim tdi sdng tqo KTDH, su dyng linh hoqt cdc thoo tde vd thu thudt DH. Dd Id sy chudn bj ke hoqch DH, xdy dyng quy trinh CNDH bdi len Idp nhdm td chuc khoo hqe hoqt ddng DH, nhdt Id hoqt ddng ty hqe, ty nghien euu cuo hqe sinh.
Phdn tieh su phqm Id hoqt ddng nghien ct/u khoo hqc vuo tdm, vuo sue ddi vdl GV, giup hq phdt huy sdng kie'n, tieh luy kinh nghiem DH, ndng cao trinh do chuyen mdn nghiep vy cijo mdi ngudi. Neu ed nhung quyen sdch «Phdn tieh Su phqm" tung mdn hqe thay eho sdch GV hoqc dd'i mdi cdch vie't sdch GV hien noy theo hudng phdn tieh su phqm thi bd ich hon cho viec soqn bdi len Idp, giup ddi mdi phuang phdp - KTDH hieu qud hon, vi sy tien bd cuo hqe sinh.
Mdt trong nhi/ng bien phdp ren luyen ndng lye phdn tich su phqm bdi dqy cho GV Id to chirc sinh hogt su phgm theo chuyen de 6 to ehuyen mdn, d trudng. Sinh hoqt chuyen de ed nen nep, ed ehdt luqng se Id cdch ty hqc, ty bdi dudng hieu qud, giup GV vuon len ddp irng yeu edu dd'i mdi - hCTDH trong tinh hinh mdi.
Cung vdi tien bd ve KTDH, phdn tich su phqm chde chdn phdl phdt trie'n thdnh mdt li thuyet eua CNDH, bdi ddy Id gidi phdp nghiep vy quon trqng trong ehien luqe ddo tqo, bdi dudng vd su dyng ddi ngu nhd gido, gdp phdn ddi mdi gido due the'ki 2 l . a
1. Phan Sdc Long. "Cong nghe giao due vai viec doi mdi phuong phap day hoc". Tgp chi Dgi hgc & gido due chuyen nghiep, so 3/1998.
2. Cling tac gia. Tgp chi Gido due, so dac biet 4/2003.
3. Ciing tac gia. Tgp chi Gido due, sd 113/5-2005.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Tran Ngoc Lan - Dang Thi Hong Hie'u. "KI thuat day hoc, mOt cap do ctia phuong phap day hpc".
Tgp chi Gido due, so' 205 ki 1-1/2009.
