OUAN LY MOI TRl/^NC
B A N CCONG CU KINH TE - KINH NGHIEM QUOC TE
TRAN THANH LAM''>
Viet Nam dang trong thdi ky ddy mgnh cong nghiep hod, hien dai hod vd hgi nhdp ngdy cdng sdu rgng vdo ddi so'ng kinh te the gidi.
Trong bdi cdnh dy, viec phdi doi mat vdi nhieu thdch thiic vi moi triedng doi hoi cdn dp dung nhiiu logi cong cu de qudn ly vd bdo ve moi tritdng hieu qud, md mgt trong nhiing cong cu dang ditdc nhiiu nitdc dp dung, do Id cong cu kinh te. Bdi viet tap trung lam ro mgt sd cong cu kinh te trong qudn ly moi tritdng vd gidi thieu nhitng kinh nghiem qudc te dd dp dung cong cu ndy, qua dd rut ra mgt sdbdi hgc cho Viet Nam.
I. Khdi qudt ve' c6ng cu kinh te va ap dung cong cu kinh te'trong qudn ly moi truong
Cae cdng cu k i n h te la bien p h a p khuyen khich k i n b te, dfldc xay dflng tren nen t a n g cac quy l u a t k i n b te tbi trfldng n h a m tac dgng den h a n h vi cua ngfldi gay d n h i e m n g a y tfl khi c h u a n bi cho de'n k h i thflc thi q u y e t dinh. Khi sfl dung cac cdng eu k i n h te cbinh la sfl d u n g sflc m a n h cua thi trfldng de bao ve tai nguyen va mdi trfldng. d a m b i d can b l n g sinh t h a i . Cac bien p h a p k h u y e n khich k i n b te cho p h e p can nhac, so sanh, t i n h t o a n mgt each ky cang gifla cai "diidc" va cai "mdt", cai "ldi" va cai
"hgi" cixa tflng kich b a n p h a t t h e n , tflng phfldng a n b a n b dgng de t r e n cd sd dd lfla chgn kich b a n , phfldng a n cd ldi nha't cho moi trfldng. K h a c vdi cac cdng cu p h a p ly, cac cdng cu k i n h te cho phep ngfldi gay d n b i e m cd n b i e u k h a n a n g lfla chgn hdn, linh ho<it bdn trong khi r a quyet d i n h ve cae p h a n flng can cd ddi vdi cae tac dgng tfl ben ngoai. Hieu theo
nghia hep, cae cdng cu kinh te la cac khuyen khich ve tai cbinh n h l m lam ngfldi gay d nbiem tfl nguyen thflc hien cac hoat dgng ed ldi hdn cho mdi trfldng.
Ddi vdi cac nfldc d a n g p h a t t h e n , khi ngan sach n h a nfldc cdn eo hep, nha't la khi cac k h o a n d a n h cho cac muc tieu mdi trfldng cdn nhd be tbi cac cdng cu kinh te cd the dfldc coi la cac bien p h a p vfla giup t a n g cac ngudn t h u cho ngan sach, vfla giup d a t dfldc cac muc tieu mdi trfldng vdi nhflng chi phi nhd hdn. Kinh nghiem thflc bien cac chinh sach mdi trfldng cua nbieu nfldc cho thay, cac loai cdng cu cua cbinh sach mdi trfldng thfldng dfldc sfl d u n g tdng hdp de d a t muc tieu cuoi cflng la cai thien cha't Ifldng mdi trfldng. Cbinh vi the. cac nha hoach dinh chinh sach thfldng dfla ra cac lfla chgn sad chd cac loai cdng cu nay cd
'"' TS.. Vien trUdng Vien Tai nguyen nUcic vi moi triJdng Dong Nam A, Lien hiep cac Hoi khoa hpc va ky thuat Viet Nam.
20 Thdng tm Khoa hoc xa hdi. sd 6.2009 the bd sung, ho trd l l n nhau de dat dfldc
giai phap tdt nha't cho moi trfldng. Cong cu kinh te trong bao ve mdi trfldng dfldc ap dung dfla tren hai nguyen t i c cd ban da dfldc qudc te thfla nhan la nguyen t i e
"Ngitdi gdy 6 nhiim phdi trd tiin" (PPP) va "Ngitdi hitdng thu phdi trd tiin"
(BPP).
Cdng eu kinh te bao gdm ra't nhieu loai, tuy nhien, ehi ed mgt so' dfldc sfl dung vao hoach dinh chinh sach quan ly va bao ve moi trfldng. Dfldi day la mgt sd loai cdng eu kinh te dang dfldc nhieu nfldc tren the gidi ap dung:
- Cdc logi thue:
+ Thue tdi nguyen, muc dich n h l m xac lap mflc toi da ve sfl dung tai nguyen thien nhien, khuyen khich nhflng hanh vi dam bao cugc song ben vflng, chu yeu la: thue sfl dung da't, thue sfl dung nfldc, thue rflng, thue tieu thu nang lfldng,...
-I- Thue moi tritdng, nham khuyen khich, bae ve va nang cae hieu sua't sfl dung cac yeu to' mdi trfldng, ban che cae tac nhan gay ra d nhiem vfldt tieu chuan quy dinh, gem: thue d nbiem khdng khi, thue d nbiem tieng dn, thue d nbiem cac ngudn nfldc. Chinh phu nhieu nfldc eon ap dung cac bien phap mien giam thue cho cac nganh san xua't phan bdn vi sinh thay cho phan bdn hda hgc, cac nganh cdng nghiep xfl ly nfldc thai, rac thai, san xua't "san pham xanh"...
-t- Cdc logi phi vd le phi, thflc bien nguyen t i c "ngiidi sd dung phdi trd tiin", gdm: Phi ve sinh thanh phd', phi nuoi va giet md gia sue trong cac dd thi, phi cung ca'p nfldc cho sinh hoat va tfldi tieu tren ddng rugng, le phi dfldng phd', le phi sut dung bd bien, danh lam, t h i n g canh...
Phi gdy 6 nhiim dfldc sii dung mgt phan de chi phi cho cae boat dgng nhfl: Nghien cflu va ap dung tien bg khoa hgc, cong
nghe xfl ly 6 nhiim, ngan ngfla d nhiem mdi trfldng. Le phi moi tritdng gdm: Le phi tham dinh bao cao danh gia tac dgng mdi trfldng, le phi ca'p gia'y phep mdi trfldng... va cac Idai: Phi nguon 6 nhiem;
Phi sd dung; Phi ddnh vdo sdn phdm.
- Quy moi tritdng, muc dich chinh cua quy la tai trd kinh phi cho cac boat dgng bao ve mdi trfldng. Nhieu nfldc da xay dflng quy mdi trfldng qud'c gia, tren the gidi ed Quy Mdi trfldng toan cau (GEF). Ngudn vd'n cua quy mdi trfldng qud'c gia la tfl ngan sach nha nfldc, cac khoan thu tfl phi, le phi mdi trfldng, ddng gdp cua nhan dan, cac td chflc qud'c gia, td chflc qud'c te, cac td chflc phi chinh pbu. Ngudn cua GEF do cac td chflc qud'c te cua Lien Hdp Qud'c nhfl: UNDP, UNEP...bay W B t a i t r d .
- Trd cap tdi chinh, nham bd trd nghien cflu khoa hgc, ap dung ky thuat mdi ve bao ve mdi trfldng, khuyen khich phfldng phap canh tae ed ldi cho viec bao ve mdi trfldng hoang da (d Anh), quan ly da't rflng, phuc hdi rflng va cae khu bao tdn thien nhien,... , , , . ,
- Cdc bien phdp tdi chinh ngdn ngda 6 nhiem:
-\- Giay phep chuyen nhddng, loai gia'y nay cho phep dfldc dd phe thai hay sfl dung mgt ngudn tai nguyen de'n mgt mflc dinh trfldc do phap luat qui dinh va dfldc chuyen nhfldng b l n g each da'u t h i u hoac tren ed sd quyen sfl dung da cd san, nd dfldc coi la mgt bien phap tam thdi trdng kbi chd ddi dat dfldc nhflng tieu chuan ehinh xac hdn. ... ., .;
-H He thdng ddt cgc vd hodn trd • ky cddc - bdo hiem - uy thdc, tiin cam kit - tiin ky quy, cac he thd'ng nay bao gdm viec ky quy dat trflde mgt so' tien cho cac san pham ed tiem nang gay d nhiem hoac khai thac gay suy thoai tai nguyen. Neu
tjuan ly mdi tnrdng bang cdng cu kinh te...
cae san pham dfldc tra ve mgt sd diem thu hdi quy dinh hdp phap sau khi sfl dung hoac phuc bdi mdi tritdng sau khai thac... tflc la tranh khdi bi d nhidm, tien ky thac se ditdc hoan tra.
+ Chi trd dich vu moi trUdng la cdng cu kinb te sfl dung de nhflng ngfldi dfldc hfldng ldi tfl cae dich vu he sinh thai cbi tra cho nhflng ngfldi duy tri, bao ve va phat trien cac chflc nang cua he sinh thai dd. Cdng cu nay dang dfldc tien
• hanh tbi diem d cae nfldc dang phat then, trong dd cd Viet Nam, gdm 4 loai chinh: (i) Bao ve dau ngudn: cung ca'p dich vu; (ii) Bao tdn da dang sinh bgc:
phdng trfl dich benh, gia tri be sinh thai; (iii) Ha'p thu caebon: do bien ddi kbi hau cIn trdng rflng ha'p thu caebon lam giam hieu flng nha kinh; (iv) Ve dep canh quan/du lich sinh thai: cung ca'p gia tri tham my, gia tri van boa...
II. Kinh nghiem qufiic t^ ve' dp dung cong cu kinh t^
trong qudn ly m6l truong
1. Kinh nghiem dp dung cdc cong cu kinh te cua cdc nitdc phdt trien
Tren the gidi, nhieu nfldc da ap dung cae cdng cu kinh te n h l m khuyen khich hanh vi tich cflc ddi vdi mdi trfldng, nbieu nha't la cae nfldc OECD. Ddng thdi, cd nhflng khuyen khich kinh te ma cac cdng cu nay tao ra, nham cac muc tieu:
(i) Thay doi triic tie'p cdc mdc gid cd hoac chi phi; (ii) Thay ddi gian tiep cdc mdc gid cd hoac chi phi thong qua nhdng bien phdp tdi chinh hoac thui' khod, ngdn sdch; (iii) Tgo lap thi tritdng vd ho trd cho thi tritdng.
Theo ket qua nghien cflu cua Opshoor va Vos (hai nha kinh te bgc cua OECD da tien banb khao sat tdng quat ve tinh hinb sfl dung cdng eu khuyen khich kinb te cua 6 nfldc Italia, Thuy Dien, My, Phap, Dflc, Ha Lan), tdng cgng
21 85 cong cu loai nay da dfldc ap dung, trung binh ed 14 cong cu cho mdi qudc gia. Khoang 50% nay la phi/tbue, chi khoang 30% la trd gia, sd cdn lai la cac loai khac nhfl cac he thd'ng ky thac-hoan tra va cac chfldng trinh chuyen nhitgng.
Trong sd dd, nhflng cdng cu khuyen khich kinh te thanh cdng nhat la phi d nhiim nfldc d Ha Lan, mgt sd kinh nghiem cua My trong viec chuyen nhfldng gia'y phep phat thai va mgt sd he thdng ky thac-hoan tra d Thuy Dien.
Viec lfla chgn cdng cu bay nhdm cae cdng eu phu thuge vao nbieu dieu kien, kbdng ebi la hieu qua kinh te ma cdn quan trgng la nhdm cac cdng cu dfldc chgn vfla phai ed hieu qua kinh te vfla phai cd tinh cong blng, kha thi ve mat quan ly, tin cay dfldc va thflc sfl gdp p h l n vao viec cai thien mdi trfldng (nbieu kbi cac nha phan tich chinh sach thfldng bd qua). Trdng thflc te, cd the sfl dung mgt he thd'ng cac cdng eu, trong dd mdi cdng cu tap trung vao mgt phln cua va'n de bao ve mdi tritdng.
0 cac nitdc OECD, cac cdng cu kinh te lfla chgn tuy tbugc vao hoan canh cu the cua mdi nfldc, mdi nganh, mdi thdi diem bay vao cac muc tieu dac thfl cua tflng dfl an. Theo bao cao dieu tra OECD, trong so' 14 nfldc dieu tra, da cd tren 150- loai cdng cu kinh te dfldc de nghi ap dung. Cac cdng cu kinh te dfldc ap dung phd bien tfl nhflng nam 70 (the ky XX) d cac nfldc OECD nhfl:
a. Thue'vd phi moi tritdng
- Canada, nam 1972, mgt loai thue 15% cho mgt tan d l u bien dfldc thu cho Quy boat dgng tau bien Canada. Nam 1974, phan flng trfldc khung hoang dlu lan rdng, Chinh phu lien bang da danh thue mdn bai dae biet ddi vdi cac loai phfldng tien giae thdng tieu thu nhieu
22 Thdng tin Khoa hoc xa hdi. sd 6.2009 nang Ifldng nhfl cae loai 6 to, xe g i n may,
may bay, tau thuyen. Thue dau vao ca'p lien bang danh vao xang d l u tfl nam 1985 va 6 loai thue ca'p tinb, tieu khu ddi vdi xang dau; Thue "gas guzzler" ca'p tinh ve cha't dd't khdng hieu qua sii dung cho d td d Ontario va cae tinh khac.
Ve phi, dfldc thflc hien tfl nam 1990:
Phi ddi vdi ngfldi sut dung nhfl Phi nfldc (cd hieu qua ddi vdi khoang 30%) thi xa va thi tran d Canada); Phi hoa ldi cai tao da't; Phi sfl dung nfldc mfla...; Phi khdi phuc hoac loai bd dfldc tra trfldc cho cae cd quan quan ly tai chinh danh vao viec sfl dung thflng dd ud'ng, ac quy, cac thung thud'c sau, va thflng sdn gay d nhiem; Phi mgt ddn vi phat thai do cac ed quan tai chinh dia phfldng thu ddi vdi he thd'ng giam sat cha't Ifldng khdng khi;
Phi danh cho cac ed quan chflc nang xfl ly quy tac, nhfl la phi lien bang chd gia'y phep dd xud'ng bien...; Phi phat tan, dae biet la ddi vdi viec phat thai NO2, SO2, VOC, CO... chii ye'u thflc hien d cap tinh, ca'p tieu khu.
- Phdp, viec sfl dung binh thflc phi va le phi khdng cd tinh chat khuyen khich bdi sua't phi va le phi tha'p. Viec tang sua't phi va le phi ddi vdi cac cha't gay 6 nhiem ngudn nfldc bdi cac nganh cdng nghiep da bi phan ddi kich liet vi hg khdng mudn phai chiu them ganh nang ve tai chinh. Day la diem yeu cua he tho'ng phi va le phi cua Phap. Ngfldi gay d nhiim s i n sang thflc hien cae bien phap cho'ng d nhiim, neu hg dfldc giup dd ve tai chinh nhflng lai khong mudn chiu cac khoan ddng gdp cao hdn de tao ngudn cho sfl hd trd tai chinh nay.
- Ddc vd Italia, hinh thflc phi va le phi danh vao cha't gay d nhiim va ngudn gay d nhiim nhan dfldc sfl iing hg cua quan chung, bdi vi neu phi va le phi danh vao cac cha't gay 6 nhiim nhfl cac
cha't lang dgng, cac chat bi dxy hoa, thuy ngan, cadimi, v.v... ma sau khi cdng bd' sua't le phi, neu doanh nghiep nao tuan thu day du cac tieu chuan ve Ifldng phat thai, doanh nghiep dd se dfldc giam 50%
phi va le phi. j - Hd Lan, Thuy Dien, My vd mgt sd
nddc khdc, cac cdng eu thue va phi cung dfldc sfl dung rgng rai trong ta't ca cac boat dgng bao ve mdi trfldng, dac biet ddi vdi ngudn nfldc va khdng khi.
b. Chddng trinh thddng mgi, co 3 loai chfldng trinh ehu ye'u dfldc suf dung, de la:
- Giay phep phdt thdi, lan dau tien d My va met so' nfldc Tay Au, dac biet la d Dflc da dfla ra hinh thflc gia'y phep phat thai cd the mua ban dfldc (cdn ggi la
"giao dich chdt thdi"). Cac gia'y ph6p dfldc sfl dung dfla tren nguyen tac la ba't cfl mgt suf gia tang cha't thai nao cung phai dfldc can bang vdi giam chat thai tfldng flng. Vi du, ngfldi gay d nhiem A dfldc phep thai ra 10 ddn vi ed the dfldc mua ban tren thi trfldng. Neu A giam 2 ddn vi d nhiem se re hdn tien cap gia'y phep cho 2 ddn vi 6 nhiem. Ve nguyen tae, nen ban giay phep neu ehi phi xfl ly d nbiem nay re hdn gia gia'y phep. Kinh nghiem cua My cho tha'y; H l u het viec chuyen nhfldng deu dien ra trong ngi bg bang hay tieu bang, ra't it cd chuyen nbfldng vdi ben ngoai; Khoan chi phi tiet kiem dfldc ra't dang ke, it nha't la 1 ty USD va cao nhat la 13 ty USD; Mae dfl cdn ed sfl phan doi, song ngay cang nhieu cac td chflc mdi trfldng d My iing hg viec sfl dung gia'y phep phdt thai ed the mua ban va chuyen nhfldng.
- Tin phieu gidm phdt thdi, ban chat boat dgng nay cung nhfl cac loai tin phieu khac, nhflng muc tieu cua chflng nham giam mflc do 6 nhiem nao dd cua
i[?uan ly mdi tnrdng bang cdng cu Kinh te... 23 cae nha hoach dinh cbinh sach. Nd tao
lap mgt thi trfldng "d nhiem" de ngfldi ta ed the mua ban. chuyen nhfldng cae
"quyen" gay 6 nhiem trong quy dinh.
Trong so'cac nfldc OECD, bien phap nay dfldc sfl dung rgng rai nha't d My va thflc te da thu dfldc ket qua td't, nhat la trong linh vute khdng che d nhiem mdi trfldng khdng kbi, cdn cac mdi trfldng nfldc, chat thai ran... kbdng bieu qua do chi phi kiem soat Idn bdn nhieu se vdi ehi phi tiet kiem dfldc cua cae ed sd tham gia.
- Tiin trd cap tieu thu hoac sdn xud't, thflc cha't la cac dang bd trd ve tai ehinh nham khuyen khich nhflng ngfldi gay d nhiem thay ddi hanh vi hoac de trd giup cae ddi tfldng dang gap khd khan de hg tuan thu tot bdn cac tieu chuan moi trfldng, ed 3 dang: Trd cap khong hodn lgi dfldc cap cho ngitdi gay d nbiem se thflc hien giam d nhiem dat tieu chuan trong tfldng lai; Cho vay vdi ldi sud't thdp ddi vdi nhflng ngfldi gay d nhiem kbi bg ap dung cac bien phap lam giam d nhiem; Trd cap qua thui' la giam hoac mien thue danh cho nhflng ngfldi chiu thue, neu bg ap dung mgt so bien phap chdng d nbiem da quy dinh.
c. Dgng cd tdi chinh la cac kha nang chuyen nhfldng, ky phieu vay, trd ca'p qua ty le lai suat qua thue. Loai cdng cu kinh te' nay ra't gin vdi cdng cu phap luat vi nhflng ngfldi vi pham quy dinh se hi xfl phat banb cbinh blng 2 loai phi: Phi vi phgm quy dinh, theo dd ngfldi gay d nhiim phai ngp mgt khoan phi nhat dinh;
Bdo ldnh la khoan tien phai nop cho cbinh quyen de dam bao cac quy dinh dfldc tuan thu nghiem ngat va khi cac quy dinh dfldc tuan thu dly du thi so' tien dd se dfldc tra lai cho ehu nhan. Cac bien phap nay tao ra ddng lflc kinh te cho viec tuan thu (bay vi pham) cac quy dinh va dat hieu qua ro ret d cac nfldc OECD.
d. He thd'ng ddt cgc - hodn trd, ve ban cha't, dat cgc hoan tra la viec cgng them vao gia ban san pham mgt khoan phu thu, ditdc ap dung vdi cac mat bang cd the gay d nhiim. Neu sau khi san pham dd da dfldc sfl dung ma khdng gay d nhiem, ngfldi ta cd the dem san pham da bet nien ban hoac p h l n cdn lai cua nd tra cho cae ddn vi thu gom phe thai, se dfldc nhan lai phan tien phu thu de cac cd quan nay tra lai, gdm: cac Idai nfldc uo'ng ddng chai, bia, rfldu va nay da ap dung sang cae loai vd tau, d td cu, dlu, le quy da sfl dung, thflng dflng thud'c trfl sau, dd gia dung bang dien va cac thiet bi nang ludng... He thd'ng nay dat hieu qua vi nd da khuyen khich tdi tbieu hoa cha't thai do tai sfl dung hoac tai che.
e. Quy moi tritdng, la ngudn kinh phi danh ho trd cdng tac quan ly mdi trfldng, xfl ly cac chat d nhiem, tae ra phflc ldi moi trfldng, cai thien chat Ifldng mdi trfldng cua nganh, dia phfldng bay khu vufc. Quy do mgt td chflc mdi trfldng quan ly. Viec chi Quy dfldc tien hanh theo trinh tut: Dja phfldng hoac ed sd san xua't viet dfl an vay Quy, de trinh ban quan ly Quy. Sau kbi tiep nhan hd sd, td chflc quan ly Quy tien hanh thanh tra dfl an va quyet dinh khoan tien cho vay khdng lai sua't hoac lai sua't tha'p trong thdi ban do bai ben thoa thuan, cung cd the la trd cap khdng hoan lai cho dfl an dd.
Thflc tien sfl dung cac cdng cu kinh te vao muc dich bao ve mdi trfldng d cac nfldc OECD da dat dfldc cac mat tieb cflc:
(i) Dieu ehinh banb vi mdi trfldng mgt each tfl nhien bang thue, phi va le phi;
(ii) Dat dfldc bieu qua chi phi vdi mgt mflc thai cho phep; (iii) Sfl dung cac cdng cu kinh te vao muc dich bao ve mdi trfldng ddi vdi cac doanh nghiep khdng chi cd tae dung lau dai, trflc tiep nham thay ddi hanh vi cua hg, ma cdn cd tac
24 Thdng tin Khoa hoc xa hdi. sd 6.2009 dung sau xa tdi viec nghien cflu, t h e n
khai, thay ddi ky thuat, cdng nghe san xua't ed ldi chd mdi trfldng; (iv) Gia tang ngudn thu cho Quy trong bao ve mdi trfldng, tao them cd sd vat cha't phuc vu trd lai mdi trfldng, ddng thdi gdp phan sfl dung cd hieu qua cae ngudn lflc hien tai.
2. Kinh nghiem dp dung cdc cong cu kinh ti'cua cdc nitdc dang phdt trien
De'n nay, he theng quan ly mdi trfldng d cae nfldc dang phat t h e n chu yeu van dfla vao cae cdng cu "Menh lenh- Kiem soat" (phap ly). Tuy nhien, nhflng nam g i n day do ed sfl trd giup ve mat ky thuat va kinh nghiem cua cac nfldc OECD, mgt so'nfldc da bat dau ehu y hdn den cac cdng cu kinh te. Tuy nhien, cac cdng cu nay mdi chi dfldc ap dung trong mgt Sd it nfldc cd nen kinh te phat then hdn nhfl: cac nfldc cdng nghiep mdi (NICs) va Thailand, Malaysia, Trung Qud'c, Viet Nam... vdi pham vi cen han che treng mgt sd' nganh hoac linh vufc.
Cdng eu kinh te thfldng dfldc nhflng nfldc nay ap dung nhieu nha't la phi danh vao ngudn gay d nhiem va phi danh vao san pham. Khac vdi mdt so' nfldc OEDC, nhflng nfldc nay khdng ap dung cac loai phi nay mgt each rieng biet ma ludn thflc hien nd trong sfl phdi hdp chat che vdi he tho'ng phap luat va bien phap hanh chinh. Ddng thdi, he thdng cac tieu chuan mdi trfldng gifl vai trd lam cd sd de danh gia mflc hieu qua ciia cac ehinh sach do nhflng ye'u to' tich cflc cua cac bien phap dieu tiet b l n g phap luat dfldc bd sung b l n g tinh mem deo, linh hoat cua cong cu kinh te. Tuy nhien, viec ap dung cae loai phi nay d cac nfldc dang phat trien cdn tdn tai nhieu va'n de. Dfldi day la kinh nghiem cua mgt sd nfldc:
- Singapore, mgt trong nhflng loai phi d nhiim, cd bieu gia phi danh vao nhu cau dxy hoa (BOD) va tdng chat r i n
Id liing (TSS) trong nfldc thai, dfldc ap dung vdi ta't ca cac ed sd cong nghiep cua nfldc nay. Mflc phi dfldc xac dinh tuy theo Ifldng nfldc thai va ndng do cac cha't gay d nhiim. Lfldng BOD va TSS cho phep dfldc thai vao be thd'ng cdng cdng la 400 mg/llit. Neu cd sd ed ndng do BOD tfl 401-600 mg/lit thi se phai tra xua't phi nha't dinh/m^. Neu ndng do BOD tfl
1601-1800 mg/lit thi phi se tang len 6%/m^ Neu ndng do cha't gay d nhiim tren n l m trong khoang 601-1600 mg/lit thi xua't phi se tang len mgt ca'p cho mdi 200 mg/lit. Dieu dang chu y la phi nay dfldc ap dung nhfl nhau dd'i vdi mgi cd sd cdng nghiep, khdng phan biet qui md, cd sd mdi hay eu.
- Trung Qudc, tfl nhieu nam nay, da ed mgt he thd'ng phi phat do vi pham tieu chuln mdi trfldng. He thd'ng nay cd tdi 100 mflc phi danh vao cac ngudn gay 6 nhiem ddi vdi nfldc thai, khi thai, phe thai, tieng dn va cae loai khac. Mflc phi 6 nbiem dfldc can cfl vao Ifldng va ndng do cua cae cha't thai ra moi trfldng. Tuy nhien, nbfldc diem cua he thd'ng nay la mflc phi dat ra qua tha'p nen da ban che tac dgng tich cute, khien ngfldi gay 6 nhiem it thay ddi hanh vi cua minh.
Ngudn thu dfldc tfl phi da dfldc dung de trd ca'p cho cac doanh nghiep de hg thflc hien bien phap kiem soat va xuf ly 6 nhiem. He thd'ng phi nay hien nay da dfldc cai each theo hfldng danh 80%
ngudn thu tfl phi dfla vao quy mdi trfldng cua dia phfldng de che doanh nghiep vay flu dai de xuf ly d nhiem, 20%) cdn lai dung de duy tri bg may kiem soat va chi phi thflc hien chfldng trinh nay, bao gdm ca dao tao can bg mdi trfldng, mua sIm va van hanh cac thie't bi quan trie, do dac.
Bat d l u tfl nam 1992, Trung Qudc ap dung phi ddi vdi SO2 tai tinh Chongqing va Sichuan, dufa theo khdi Ifldng va ham
Qu&n ly mdi trutmg bang cdng cu Kinh te. 25 Ifldng lflu huynh (S) cbfla trong than
chay cua cac xi nghiep cdng nghiep.
Cflng vdi thdi gian nay, he thd'ng ca'p phep thai khi SO2 dfldc ap dung tai thanh phd Yiebang cua tinb Hubei. O nhflng tinh nay kbi SO2 trong b l u khi quyen da giam di ro ret.
- Philippines, muc tieu chinh cua viec thu phi moi trfldng la nbam tang ngudn thu. Mgi cd sd cdng nghiep deu la doi tfl- dng cua viec ap dung phi d nhiem moi trfldng. Mflc phi thay ddi tfl 100 den 500 ,d6 la Pbihppines/m' (bay 3,86-19,31
USD/m^. Mflc phi dfldc xac dinh pbu tbugc vao sfl phat thai (tuy theo Ifldng thai va ndng do cac cha't gay d nhiem).
Cbinh phu Philippines da cd nhflng chuyen hfldng ed ban ve cbinh sach trong cac cdng cu kinb te nbam bao ve mdi trfldng bao gdm:
+ Diiu chinh dinh gid tdi nguyen, chuyen hfldng trong quan diem cbinh sach (giai doan 1950-1970) tfl ed ca'u le phi ddn t h u l n la khuyen khich boat dgng khai thac vi muc dich thfldng mai sang cd ca'u ehu trgng den sfl bao tdn va duy tri tinb ben vflng cua cae ngudn tai nguyen (tbufc bien tfl nam 1980). Nhflng thflc tiin cho tha'y viec chuyen bfldng quan diem cbinh sach da kbdng dfldc chuyen thanh cac dieu luat, do ldi ich chinh tri cua cac nhdm van dgng ngam trong cac nganh va sut dd ky trong bg may banb cbinh da lam tieu tan cae nd lflc cai each. Dien hinh nhfl khdng thflc thi dieu cbinh gia tai nguyen trong linh vufc phi sfl dung rflng, phi danh b i t ca, vi lo ngai cd the xay ra viec gia tang cac boat dgng khai thac, sfl dung cac ngudn tai nguyen, cd the anh hfldng tieu cute den ngudn sdng cua ngfldi ngheo va lam tang gia mdt sd bang tieu dung thiet ye'u nhfl nfldc hoac ca. De kbIc phuc, ddi bdi phai tiep can mgt he thdng quyen sd hflu
va quyen loai trfl trfldc kbi ap dung cdng cu dieu tiet theo thi trfldng bay dfla tren gia ca bang boa thie't ye'u.
-I- Dieu chinh vi dinh gid cdc yiu to' moi tritdng, nam 1997, Phihppines lln d l u tien thflc suf ap dung le phi sfl dung mdi trfldng, dd la viec xa nfldc vao hd "
Laguna phai tra tien, nd da vfldt qua suf phan ddi cua cac nganh va doanh nghiep mgt each sudn se. Can cfl tinh le phi cho cac doanh nghiep la ndng do BOD trong nfldc thai. Thanh cdng dat dfldc trong viec tbufc hien quy dinh tren la do tinh chat dac thu ve mat td chflc cua Ban quan ly phat then hd Laguna (LLDA), mgt cd quan cua Chinh phu ed quyen lflc Idn ve quan ly bd Laguna va do viec cd quan nay thu phi de tang cfldng boat dgng cua minh.
+ Thii't lap thi tritdng phe' thdi, thflc bien chfldng trinh trao ddi cha't thai cdng nghiep, mac du cac dich vu ndy dfldc trd ca'p nhflng it thanh cdng. Kha nang thfldng mai cua thi trfldng trao ddi cha't thai cung gap phai trd ngai do cac quy dinh kbdng khuyen khich van chuyen cac phe thai va chat dgc bai, do ngbi ngai cd the xay ra chuyen rui ro mdi trfldng tfl ndi nay sang ndi khac thdng qua san pham phe thai.
III. Bdi hoc ve' sd dung cOng cu kinh t f trong q u ^ ly mei tnfong dtfl vdi Viet Nam
Kinb nghiem cua nfldc ngoai ve suf dung cae cdng cu kinh te vao hoach dinh cbinh sach mdi trfldng cho tha'y: ddi vdi cae nfldc dang phat then do dieu kien luat phap, the che cbfla hoan thien, trinh do dan tri chfla cao, nen cd nhieu va'n de cIn can n h l c ky trflde khi xay dflng va van dung cac cdng cu kinh te, bao gdm:
- Cdc vdn di lien quan tdi thue, phi vd li phi moi tritdng
26 inong tin Khoa hoc xa hdi. sd 6.2009 -I- Cdc vdn di ky thuat: Cd sd de xac
dinh mflc thue la phai n l m dflgc ehi phi boat dgng cua ngfldi gay d nhiim, phai ed he theng giam sat d nhiem, cac dieu kien dia ly, ty le lam phat thai... Day thflc sfl la va'n de khd xac dinh ddi vdi cac cd quan nha nfldc chiu trach nhiem ve bao ve mdi trfldng.
+ Cdc vd'n di chinh tri: Dd la sfl phan flng cua cong chung, cae nhdm xa hgi khi danh thue moi trfldng do nhan thflc ve mdi trfldng cdn tha'p. Cac doanh nghiep ed the phan ddi thue mdi trfldng vi chung lam tang them ganh nang ehi phi san xua't, lam giam kha nang canh tranh tren thfldng trfldng.
- Cdc tdc dgng vi mat phdn phoi, trd cap. Tfl kinh nghiem sfl dung cdng cu kinh te d met sd' nfldc cho thay, nd cd the gay tae dgng tieu cute tdi nhdm dan cfl thu nhap tha'p. De khac phuc tinh trang dd, cac cd quan quan ly mdi trfldng cIn ap dung cac bien phap dac biet de giam nhe ganh nang nay, nhfl thdng qua cac nganh ve mflc do giam thue, flu dai, tin dung hoac trd cap nhat dinh.
- Cdc van di ve the chi, trdch nhiim phdp ly moi tritdng. Sfl dung cac cdng eu
kinh te ddi bdi phai cd cae ed cau the che phu hdp, dae biet la giam sat thi banb chinh sach. Viet Nam da cd Luat Bao ve moi trfldng, nhflng thflc te bieu lute cua nd cdn tha'p. Dieu do ddi hdi phai tie'p tue nghien cflu va de ra nhflng the che, ehinh sach phu hdp n h l m dfla Luat Bid ve mdi trfldng vao cugc sd'ng.
- Cdc van de lien quan tdi giay phep phdt thdi CO the chuyen nhddng. 0 Viet
Nam, hien nay va trong tfldng lai gin chfla the van dung cdng cu ca'p gia'y phep phat thai ed the mua ban, chuyen nhfldng vi dieu kien kinh te va trinh do phat then chfla cho phep. Tren the gidi, binh thflc
nay cung mdi chi dfldc ap dung d mgt so' nfldc, chu ye'u la My, la td ra hieu qua.
Ddi vdi Viet Nam, khi van dung cdc cong cu kinh te vdo hogch dinh chinh sdch moi trddng cdn phdi xem xet den cdc ye'u to'tdc dgng sau ddy:
- Bo sung vd hodn thien cdc cd chi, chinh sdch. Can ra soat loai bd nhflng cd che, chinh sach tac dgng xa'u de'n mdi trfldng, bd sung, hoan thien, xay dflng cd che, chinh sach mdi phfl hdp vdi ddi mdi cd ca'u kinh te thee dinh hfldng phat then ben vflng, binh thanh va tae dieu kien cho cae thi trfldng phat then ddng bg boat dgng mgt each hflu hieu, dam bao mgt sut phat then nhip nhang, can ddi gifla cac nganh, cae linh vufc, cac vflng trong tdng the nen kinh te qud'c dan.
- Cdn xdy diing the chi' vd cdc ky ndng hdnh chinh phu hdp. Xac dinh ro va bao hg quyen sd hflu tai san, dac biet ddi vdi da't dai, ba't dgng san. Xay dflng mgt each ro rang va dn dinh khudn khd quy che, cac the che phu hdp (ed ca'u thue, cac ky nang quan ly hanh ehinh).
Triet de chdng tham nhung, trd'n thue, lau thue, eln phd cap nguyen tae "ngitdi gdy 6 nhiim phdi trd tiin" va "ngddi hitdng ldi phdi trd tiin", day manh qua trinh cai each kinh te va cai each nen hanh ehinh qud'c gia.
- Xdy ditng mgt hi thong cdc cong cu kinh ti'ngay cang hoan ehinh n h l m bao ve mdi trfldng vdi nhflng dae diem va tinb cha't cua ed che thi trfldng dinh hfldng XHCN. Tuan thu cac quy dinh trong qua trinh hgi nhap sau rgng vao nen kinh te the gidi.
- Ddm bdo tinh binh ddng gida cdc thdnh phdn kinh ti thdng qua he thdng thue va phi, Nha nfldc ddng vai trd la ngfldi trgng tai cdng minh.
- Kit hdp hdi hod gida cdc chdc ndng thu ngan sach va chflc nang khuyen
Quin ly mdi tnrdng bang cdng cu Kinh te.. 27 khich nbam bao ve mdi trfldng thdng qua
cae cdng cu kinh te.
- Kit hdp van dung cdc cong cu kinh ti vdi cdi cdch tdi khod xoa bd cac bat hdp ly ve thue, giam bdt cac loai thue, phi, hoan cbinh cac loai thue, phi mdi trfldng.
- Xdc dinh ro muc tiiu vd khuon khd phdp ly the chi trong cac linh vufc tae
dung cua cdng cu kinh te: ca nhan, nganh, doanh nghiep gay d nhiim de phan nhdm muc tieu, tfl dd van dung chinh xac, de dang va ddn gian cac cdng eu kinb te vao muc dich quan ly mdi trfldng theo cac ddi tutdng gay d nbiem.
Vdi nhflng bai hgc kinb nghiem tren day, Viet Nam eln van dung cac cdng cu kinh te vao hoach dinh chinh sach mdi trfldng va quan ly nhflng van de mdi trfldng ca'p bach. Ddng thdi, tiep tuc nghien cflu d mflc do sau sac hdn nhflng cd sd phfldng phap luan va each thflc ap dung chung vao tbufc tien, nham hoan cbinh va md rgng ap dung cac cdng cu kinh te da va dang dfldc tbufc bien d Viet Nam.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. TrIn Thanh Lam (chu nbiem). Tang cfldng quan ly nha nfldc ve moi trfldng dd thi blng cdng eu kinb te. De tai ca'p Bg. Hgc vien Hanh chinh Quoc gia. H.:
2001.
2. Tran Thanh Lam. Quan ly mdi trfldng blng cdng cu kinh te. H.: Lao ddng, 2006.
3. Vu Quyet Thing (ehu nbiem). Nhflng khd khan va thuan ldi trong viec ap dung cac cdng eu kinh te vao cdng tac quan ly mdi trfldng d Viet Nam va de xua't khIc phuc. De tai khoa bgc. Dai hgc Qudc gia, 2003.
4. Dang Nhfl Toan (chu nhiem). Xay dflng va ban banb cac quy dinh ve sfl dung cac cdng cu kinb te trong quan ly, bao ve mdi trfldng d Viet Nam: cd sd khoa hgc va thflc tien. De tai khoa hgc ca'p bg. Bg Khoa hgc, Cdng nghe &
Mdi trfldng, 1998.
(tii'p theo trang 62)
NGUYEN THANH HIEN (chu bien).
Hdp t a c quo'c t e giai q u y e t cac v a n d e m a n g t i n h t o a n c a u c u a c h a u P h i . H: Khoa hgc xa hgi, 2008, 357tr., Vb 45696.
Cudn sach nghien cflu cae van de ndi com nha't bien nay cua rieng chau Phi song mang tinb toan clu, cac nd life cua ban than chau luc nay cung nhfl suf trd giup va hdp tac de giai quyet cae va'n de dd tfl phia cgng ddng qudc te ndi chung va cac ddi tac Idn nhfl My, EU, Trung Qudc, Nhat Ban ndi rieng. Sach gdm 3 chfldng:
Chfldng 1 khai quat mgt sd net ve hdp tac qudc te vi muc tieu phat then toan c l u va kha nang tham gia cua chau Phi; ddng thdi neu bat nhflng ldi
the cung nhfl nhflng va'n de nan giai cua chau Phi hien nay.
Chfldng 2 phan tich cae boat dgng hdp tac qudc te de giai quyet cac v l n de mang tinh toan c l u cua chau Phi nhfl:
xoa ddi, giam ngheo va cai each kinh te nbam khac phuc tinh trang kinh te tut bau; thao gd mau thuan, giai quyet tranh chap, ngan chan xung dot vu trang, cai each chinh tri theo bfldng dan chu boa; dau tranh cho'ng lai dich benh, xoa mu chfl, phat trien giao due.
Chfldng 3 dfla ra mgt sd danh gia, nhan xet ve sfl hdp tae cua the gidi vdi chau Phi, tfl dd gdi y cho viec tang cfldng quan he Viet Nam-chau Phi.
TRUNG HAU
