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HOP TAC LAO D O N G TRONG CONG DONG KINH TE ASEAN
PGS, TS T R A N TH! MINH C H A U •
Ngiy 31/12/2015, Cdng ding Kinb ti /iSEAN (/lEC) cbinb thdc dugc thinh lap. Tham gia AiEC, Viet Nam cd ntiieu ea bgi cUng nhu gap phii kbdng it tbicb thdc trong qui
trinh pbit triin cac nginb, linh vue, trong dd cd btjp tie lao dgng. Di tham gia hieu qui vao thi trudng lao dgng ngi khoi, can ngbien cdu dinam rd khung kho hgp tic lao ddng, cahgi cdng nbu thich thuc, rio ein ctia thi trudng niy, td dd ed bien pbip thich dng cho lao ddng Viet Nam khi hgp tic lao ddng ngi kboi /lEC dugc day manh trong nhdng nim tdi.
TCr khda: Cgng dong Kinb te /\SEAN, hgp tic lao dgng
1. K U i quit ve khung kho htfp tac lao dong trong AEC
Hgp tie ve lao dgng trong ASEAN rit dugc coi trgng. Myc tifu ehung cua hgp tie lao dpng trong ASEAN Ii hudng tdi eii thifn tdt ban ddi sdng ngudi din thfing qua tiii trudng lao dpng dupc vfn hinh vdi hifu qui cao, bio vf ngudi din ASEAN thfing qua vifc ning eao tinh canh tranh cua lyc lugng lao dfing npi khdi. tgo dyng mpt mfii truimg lim vife hai hda vi tiln bfi, thue diy qui trinh tgo vifc lim bin vflmg.
Nfii dung hgp tic vl lgo dfing trong ASEAN bao gdm: chia sf thfing tin kinh nghifm tgi hpi thio vdi cic ddi tac hgp tic vi ddi thogi xa hpi;
phin tich hifu qui trong Unb vye lao dpng d cic nudc ASZAN nhim xie djnh hudng uu tifn chiln luge trong myc tifu phit trien lao dpng;
ting cudng tham vln vi ddng thuin vl cic ehfnh sich ttong Iinh vye lao dfing; dao tgo ning Iyc, ning cao nhfn thue vl thye tiln lao dfing; hgp tic qudc tl vi ddi thogi hgp tic vdi
" Hpc vi$n Chinh tri quoc gia Ho Chl Minh
cic ddi tic, tgo dilu kifn thu hut tii trg vl kinh phi vi ky thuft dl hd trg nang lyc cic ca quan dilu hinh lao dpng ASEAN; giim sit tifu chuin vi chi sd tiln bp nhim bio dim hoin thanh cic myc tifu da d l ra; md rpng sy tham gia cug cie td chdc xa hgi, cic bfn quan tim va nhan dan ndi chung hudng tdi mye tifu ehung vl hgp tie lao dfng.
The che hgp tic lao dpng npi khdi da dugc tdng bude hinh thinh. Ngay td nim 1975, cic Bp trudng ASEAN ve Lao dpng da hpp lln thd nhit vi lgp ra Ban tu vln vl lao dfing dl xic djnh cic linh vye hgp tic ve lgo ddng. Td dd den nay, khung khd chung vl hgp tic lao dpng lifn tuc dugc hoin thifn. Hifn nay Hdi nghi Bfi trudng Lao dgng true thupe Hfii ddng Cfng ddng Van hda - Xa hdi ASEAN la thi chl hgp tic lao dpng cao nhit. Cic ca chl bfn dudi efi trich nhifm phuc vu vi bio cio lfn Hpi nghj Bd trudng Lao dfng bao gdm:
Hpi nghi quan chdc cao d p lao dfing ASEAN (SLOM), bao gdm dgi difn cao d p din tu mdi nudc ASEAN, hgp mdi nim mfit lln 52 I TAPCHfKINHTtvAQUAN 1^15(520(12-2016)
de icuat, kiln nghi lfn Hgi nghj Bg trudng de quyet djnh va thfing qua. Dudi SLOM cd cie nhdm cong tac chuyfn nganh.
- Ngoii ra. ASEAN cung cd nhilu hogt dfing hgp tie ydi cic ddi tic ttting nhieu Unh vye nhu quan he lao dpng. bao vf xa hfii. phit trien nguon nhin Iyc. ASEAN cung hgp tic vdi cac td chdc qudc tl. dgc biet la To chdc Lao dgng qudc te aW).
- Cie vin kifn nln ting ve hgp tie lao dfing trong ASEAN bao gdm: Chuong trinh lam vifc Bp trudng Lao dpng ASEAN. Chuong trinh lim vifc tgo khufin khd dl lyc lugng lgo ddng trong khu vye ddi phd vdi cic thach thue cua qui j ^ i n h toin d u hda vi ty do hda. Chuang trinh '^m vifc dgt ra cie linh vye uu tien eho cic giai dogn nhim bio dam viee dgt duge muc tifu mpt cich hifu qui nhit. Tbyfn bd ASEAN vl thuc diy vi bio ve quyin eda lao dfing di cu (2007). T\iyfn bd nay tgo dilu kifn cho cie nude ASEAN thue diy lao dpng cfing bing, bio vf lao dfing, tri tiln luong va tgo dilu kifn lam vife cho ngudi lao dgng.
2. Nhumg |0j idi cua htfp tac lao tfong noi khoiAEC
Mit li, tang trudng kinh t l vi vifc lim, thu nhip. Theo dy bio cua mfit sd chuyen gia, thye hifn AEC cd thi gdp phin tang tdng sin luong kinh te ASEAN len 7% vio nam 2025 vi tao ra khoing 14 trifu vife lim mdi cho ngudi lao tfdng. Vdi vifc thinh lip AEC, nhung dilu kifn diu tifn cho phfp di ehuyen ty do lao dpng giua cie thinh vifn ASEAN da bit diu dugc thilt Up. Tgi Hpi nghj d p ego ASEAN hop ngiy 19/2/2007 tgi Cebu, Philippin. cic thinh vifn ASEAN da ra tuyfn bd vl ASEAN, trong dd cd cam kit bio vf vi thue day cic quyen eda ngudi lao dfing di tru. Mge du diy chua phii la vin kien cd tfnh phip ly ring bufic cae nudc thinh vifn phii thyc hifn, nhung Tuyfn bd ASEAN 2007 da khing dinh feh lgi cua di chuyin ty do lao dfing ddi vdi tat ei cie nudc
chuyen ty do lao ddng ngi khdi. Hiep dinh ASEAN vl di chuyen the nhan (MNP) dugc cic nudc thinh vifn ky kit nam 2012 cd ghi: "Cie qudc gia d n tao dilu kien thuin lgi cho vifc di chuyen the nhan, hudng tdi ty do hda lao dfng cd ky nang trdng ASEAN". Tiln tiif m mgt budc nua, vio nam 2013, ttxing Ttiyfn bd cua ASEAN ve an sinh xa hpi. cic nudc da cung nhau cam kft xay dyng Cpng ddng ASEAN ed trieh nhifm ve mat xa hdi vi xay dyng sin an sinh xa hpi Chung cho cae nude thinh vien di dfii vdi cfing nhin quyen cua ngudi lao dpng di trd trong tilp can binh dang sin an sinh xa hoi d nudc hp di chuyin tdi di lim viee. Cic cam kit khie ve cap visa, the lao dfing cho doanh nhin va ngudi lao dgng cd chuyfn mon ky thuat, cfing nhin lln nhau vl trinh dp nghl, hd trg ning cao nang lye cho ngudi lao dpng vi hinh thanh thj trudng lao dpng tuang ddng... eung tao dieu kifn cho lao dpng di chuyen giua cic nudc trong AEC. Nhung cam kit niy mang lgi lpi ieh cho lao dfing Vift Nam trfn cic khfa cgnh: Md eda thj trudng lao dpng eua cie nudc nfii khdi cho lao ddng Vift Nam. Mic du eda md cdn hpp (mdi uu tien md eda nhilu nhit eho doanh nhan vi ngudi lao dpng cd trinh dd chuyfn mfin, ky thuat eao), nhung eung tgo eg hpi cho nhieu ngudi Vift Nam di lim vifc d nudc ngoii vdi thu nhgp cao ban. Dilu kifn di cic efing ty dua ngudi di xult khau lao dfing d cic nudc ASEAN cung thugn Igi ban.
Hai la, hgp tic lao dfing giua cic nude ASEAN hinh thinh mfit mgng ludi sin xult thdng nhit, mfit thi trudng lgo dpng cd tfnh kit noi ego vi vin hinh thfing sudt trong nfi khdi.
Bdi vi AEC khfing chi Ii mpt khu vye thuong mai ty do mi tiln din mpt trinh dfi hpi nhfp cao han li thj trudng ehung. Cung vdi vife hinh thanh dan eac chuin myc chung vl lao dfing nhu thda nhin lln nhau vl trinh dfi tay nghl, ve tif u chuan ky thugt sin pham, vl an sinh xi hfii... se din den cic tifu ehuin chung vl dio tao, vl mdc luong, ve cie dieu kifn phuc vu lao dpng khic. Khi do, vifc di chuyin lao dfing se 5020(12-2016) I TAPCHfKINHTfVAQUANLy I 53
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tao khi nang vi khuyen khich ngudi lao ddng.
cac C0 sd dio tao cua Viet Nam tham gia dao tgo. ren luyfn theo chuin myc khu vye. HIU het cic danh muc nginh nghe eua Vift Nam vi cic nudc ASEAN khic tucmg ty nhau. nfn tgo ca hpi hgp tic trong dao tgo nghe nghifp vi cfing nhin lln nhau vl trinh dfi tay nghe.
Ba la. ddi mdi. tiien dgi hda thi trudng lao dpng trong nude. Di chuyen lao dfing ty do nfii khdi se dua din Vift Nam nhieu lao dgng nudc ngoai cd tay nghl, trinh dp va khi nang quin i^ ego. Hp khfing chi don thuan bd sung cung cho thj trudng lao dpng. m i cdn gay i p lyc bufie thj trudng lao dpng vi Nhi nude phii ddi mdi de phu hgp vdi chuan myc chung. Cic doanh nghifp Vift Nam se cd co hfi thu hut ngudn nhin Iyc ed ky ning quin Iy. ky nang nghe, cd chuyfn mfin va nang suat ego tu cic nudc trong khu vye d l bu dip vio nhumg thilu hyt d cic vj tri tgi dognh nghifp minh. Ngudi lao dfing vi doanh nghifp ttong nudc cua Vift Nam cung dugc hudng lgi ich td sy thay ddi tic phong, thii dp vi ky nang khi tham gia thj trudng lao dpng cua ngudi trong nudc.
Bon li, sy tuong ddng giua cic nude se eho phfp ngucri lao dfng hfi nhfp vio nudc khic dl ding hem. Khoing cich di chuyen giua cie nudc ASEAN khi gan, muc dfi hieu biet lln nhau khi ldn, tinh tuong ddng vl van hda... li nhung ylu td bd sung khuyen khich ddng di chuyen lao ddng nfi khdi. Cie nudc se thu dugc Igi feh td vifc di ehuyin lao dfing trfn cie khia cgnh: tang ip lyc cgnh ttanh ttfn thi trudng lao dfing bufic mgi ngudi phii chuyfn tam trau ddi nghe nghifp vi ttung thinh vdi co sd tgo vife lim hem; ning suit lao dgng txS dgng Iyc tang nhanh; mde do chuyfn mfin hda eong viee ting If n... Kit qui lg se hinh thinh nfn dpi ngu lgo dfing chuyfn nghifp, cd y thue, ky luit lao dgng tdt cho cic nude, nhit li cho Vift Nam, vi day li diem ylu cua cic nudc chuyin ddi sang kinh t l thj trudng.
Nam li. hinh thinh ca che dieu phdi chung.
Trong AEC d i hinh thanh ca chl hgp tic lao dpng (Hfii nghi Bfi trudng ASEAN vl lgo dpng
hpp 2 nam 1 lan) khi chit che. Hdi nghi ngy ban ve cic van de lifn quan din lao ddng nhu trao ddi chfnh sich phat trien nhin lyc, vln de lao dpng - vifc lam; bio hiem xa hdi; quetn hf lao dgng; di chuyfn lgo dfng... Giup vifc cho Hgi nghj Bfi trudng vl lao ddng li Hgi nghj quan chdc d p cao hang nam v l lao ddng vdi ba nhdm cfing tic chinh la: nhdm cdng tic vl cic diln hinh lao dfng tien tiln nham ting eudng tfnh eanh tranh trong ASEAN, nhdm cfing tic vl Uy ban ASEAN ve xay dyng vin kifn nham thyc hien Ttiyfn bd /^E/UM vl Bio vf vi thuc day quyen cua ngudi lao dpng di chuyen vi nhdm cfing tic ve mgng an toan lao dfing. Dien dan khu vye ASEAN ve lao dpng di tru nim 2010 d Ha Npi d i thuc day tiln trinh xiy dyng van kifn khung cua ASEAN vl bio vf cic quyen lao dpng cua ngudi lao dfing di tru.
Ngoii ra. mgng ludi cic td chdc cfing doin vi td chuc xi bfii din su hogt dfng trong linh vye lgo dgng di trd nfii khdi ASEAN d i dugc thilt Ifp cd khi ning tham gia bio vf quyin cua ngudi lao dpng di tru...
3. Thach thufc va rao dm tfoi v6i htfp tic lao tfdng trong AEC
Thti nhat, ASEAN ehua xic Ifp dugc nhung quy dinh ring bufic vi chua cd ca chl thuc diy mgnh me cie nudc thilt lip cic dieu kifn lim vifc vi tifu chuan lao dgng chung cho khu vye.
Vi the, ehua cd qudc gia nio thyc hifn nguyfn tie doi xd quoc gia vdi ngudi lao dfing di tru.
Vj the cua ngudi lao dfing nudc ngoii d cic nudc thinh vifn chua binh dang vdi ngudi lao dpng trong nudc.
Thti hai, nhieu nudc chua tham gia cic dilu udc quoc t l ed tie dyng bio vf ngudi lao dpng di tru. Hifn nay mdi chi cd Philippines thdng qua hau bet eie edng ude qudc t l lifn quan.
Nhilu nudc nhu Vift Nam, Lao, Brunei ehua tham gia efing udc nio, Singapore mdi thfing qua 1 cfing udc, Malgysia thdng qua 2 cdng udc... Tinh trgng chua thyc sy md eda cho di chuyin lao dpng ty do khiln hgp tic nfi khdi ve lao dpng cdn tdn tgi nhilu bit ddng giug cic 54 I TAPCHfKINHTfvAQUANiyi 5(520(1 2-2016)
thanh vifn.
Thu ba. di ehuyen lao dfng se chl kieh boat d mpt so phan khue thj trudng lao dpng cd ky nang cao. hinh nghl chuyfn nghiep. Mdi cd 8 nginh nghe dugc ty do di chuyen li ke toan, kien true s y nha si, ky su, bae si, y ta va can bp hp sinh, trie dja vifn va cie nghe Ufn quan den du Uch. Nhung nganh nghl niy chi chilm 1% tong lye lugng lao dpng cua Vift Nam nfn tic dpng cua AEC din thj trudng lao dfing trong ngin hgn li khfing ldn. Ngoai ra. cdn nhieu rao cin ve van hda, ngfin ngu, tilp nhan cua xa hpi, tfin giio, ky nang sdng ddi vdi lao dpng di cu. Hon nua, sy khic biet vl eg ehe dao tgo, trinh dp, quin ly, dinh gii, cap van bang chdng^chl giua cic qudc gia eung li rio cin 1cm. Dl lao dfing trinh dp cao ed the tu do di
^ y l n trong nfii khdi AEC, lao dpng dd phii chdng minh dugc trinh dp ky thugt cua minh;
chdng minh dugc khi nang ngfin ngu, ky nang mem nhu lim vifc theo nhdm, ky nang miy tfnh,... Hien nay viec lao dfing ehung minh dupc kha ning cua minh d nude khic van cdn ggp nhieu khd khan. Dl cong nhin lan nhau, AEC phai cd mpt thudc do chung cho mdi nganh nghl va thda thuan efing nhan lln nhau (MRA). Cho din 2016 eac nude ASEAN mdi ky dupe eac Thda thuin thua nhin lln nhau (MiRAs) lien quan tdi 8 nginh. Han nua, sau nhieu nam ky kit, mpt sd MRAs dudng nhu chua dupc di vio thyc thi do thilu sy kit ndi siu rfing giua nhung cam ket tim khu vye vdi su djch chuyin lao dfing trong khu vye.
Thii tu, thd tyc hanh ehinh phdc tgp han che di chuyen lao dpng nfii khdi, tang cudng di chuyen lao ddng ra ngoii khdi. Trong AEC eac nudc chi dung d mue dp cfing nhgn bing d p c ja nhau, khfing cho phep ngudi lao dpng nudc niy ty do sang nudc khic. De lam viee d nude thanh vien khic, ngudi lao dpng van can ed giay phep lao dfing trudc khi din nudc dd. Ngay trong 8 nganh cho phfp di chuyen lao dpng, ngudi lao dpng van d n cd "thf xanh" thi mdi dugc lim vifc d nudc khic.
Thti nim. cic nude kem phat trien cd nhu
d u lao dpng khae bift vdi cac nude phat trien
c
ban trong ASEAN. C:ic doanh nghifp trong mdi nudc thanh vien cung cd quan diem khac nhau ve CO chl md eua thj trudng lao dpng.
Do do, mde dp md eda thi trudng lao dpng d eac nudc thanh vien ASEAN vi d cac thj trudng nganh se khic nhau.
Thti sau. sy chua sin sang cua lyc luang lao dgng cd till di chuyin. Cic sd Ufu thdng kf cho thay, mac du ty If that nghiep cua cic nude thinh vien ASEAN kha eao, nhung da phin ngudi that nghifp cd trinh dp tay nghe thap, khfing cd kha nang di chuyen sang lam vifc d nudc khic.
Ngoai ra, di chuyen lao dpng giua cic nudc cung d l lim phat sinh eac van de xa hfi. Lao dpng nhip cu cung gay ra tinh trgng cang thing vl vifc lam tai nudc tiep nhfn va lim tang ty If thit nghiep trong nen kinh t l nudc dd.
4. Mik do sin sang h ^ tac lao ddng eda Viet Nam Phan tich ve ngudn nhan lye Vift Nam cua Lifn hgp qudc cho thiy Viet Nam dang d trong giai dogn ca d u din sd ving va theo kinh nghifm cie nude, day li giai doan nln kinh te CO kha nang d t cinb de trd thinh nudc eong nghifp. Hien nay Vift Nam dang xult khau nhieu lao dpng sang eie nude ASEAN, dac bift sang Malaysia. Nhieu td chdc kinh t l cua Vift Nam da dua lao dpng trong nudc ra lim vifc d eie chi nhinh nude ngoii.
Nhan Iyc Viet Nam cd khi nang dim nhin nhung cfing vifc ke ci vi trf dieu hinh khi cao trong doanh nghiep cua cac ddi tic dau tu din tu ASEAN. Ngoai ra, mpt sd lugng ding ke ngudi Vift Nam di chuyen sang cac nudc ASEAN bang con dudng du ljch va tim viee lam phi chfnh thuc tai cic nudc niy cung li diu hifu cho thiy kha nang tilp can nhanh chdng vdi thi trudng lao dfing nfii khdi cua Vift Nam.
Tuy nhifn, d Viet Nam, sd ngudi cd the di chuyen sang nudc khic lim viec khong ldn. Bdi vigkn mfit nua sd lao dfing Vift Nam dang lim viec trong nginh nong nghifp ed tri thue vd ky
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nang lao dpng thap. Nang suit lao dfing binh quan eua ngudi Vift Nam cung thap. Theo danh gii eua To chdc Lao dgng thi gidi (ILO), nam 2013 nang suit lao dgng cua Vift Nam thap ban 15 lan so vdi Singapore, bing 1/5 nang suat lao dfing cua Malaysia vi bing 2/5 nang suit lao dfing Thii Lan'. Trinh dp chuyfn mfin ky thuit cua lgo dpng Vift Nam ehua ddng diu. chi sd phit triln con ngudi (HDI) khi thip so vdi cic nude ASEAN 6. Mdc do sin sang ve kien thuc. ky nang vi thii do cung nhu trgng thii tim ly dl ra nude ngoii lam vifc eua ngudi Vift Nam chua cao. Cung theo danh gii eua ILO. chit lugng ngudn nhan Iyc Vift Nam chi dgt 3.79/10 diem.
Co clu nhin lyc lao dpng cua \Af t Nam cdn bat hgp ly. Tfnh din quy 2/2015, eg d u trinh dp nhin lye lao dpng Vift Nam Ii 1 dgi hpe trd lfn - 0.35 eao dang - 0,65 trung d p - 0,4 so clp^ Trong khi do, ca clu lao dpng hgp l-y Ii:
ty trgng ngudi lao dpng tryc tilp d trinh dp trung d p , sa d p phii nhilu ban rit nhilu lln so vdi lao dpng giin tilp cd trinh dp dgi hpc.
5. Cic tfl xuat. Men nghj
De chuan bj tfch eye cho hgp tie lao dpng trong AEC, Vift Nam d n :
Mqt li, tfch cye chuan bj va vgch ra 16 trinh chu dfing tham gia cic Cfing udc qudc t l vl lao dpng di eu, md rfng dd bao phu vi tinh lien thfing cua hf thdng gn sinh xa hpi dinh eho lao dpng di cu, md eua dan din thj trudng lao dfing.
Hai li, day nhanh qui trtnh dim phin de cfing nhin trtnh dp nginh nghe lln nhau.
Trude hit cln trien khai i p dyng khung trinh dp qudc gia theo khung tham chieu ASEAN;
thuc day sy hinh thinh vi phit trien he thdng chuyen ddi tin ehi, thyc hifn cfing nhan vin bang vi chuyin ddi tfn chi giua cac nudc trong khu vye ASEAN vi thi gidi.
Ba li. cii cich hf thdng dio tao nghe theo hudng tuong thfch vdi cic nude ASEAN, phit triln giio dye nghe nghifp pbu hgp vdi nhu d u thye tl, nang cao chat lugng dgy nghe.
nhanh chdng tiep cfn cic chuin khu vye vi thi gidi.
Bon la, tdng kit idnh nghiem cua cic qudc gia khic de lam bii hpc tham chilu cho Vift Nam. Tfeh eye hgp tie trao ddi lao dgng vdi cic nude thinh vifn ASEAN, die bift li tip trung vao vifc xay dyng eie cam kit chung vl lao dpng di cu.
Nam li, eung d p thfing tui vl tinh hinh lao dfing cic nudc cho ngudi dan. Xiy dyng mfit cdng tiifing tin difn td qudc gia vl thj trudng lao dpng trong AEC hogc sin giao djch, chp vifc lim trong AEC vdi lugng thfing tin thilt thyc vl chfnh sich, tieu chuin, mdc tien luong, dilu kifn sinh hogt dl ngudi din de ding tilp cin. Cfing bo chdng ehl cua cic ca quan dugc ASEAN thda nhgn. Cip nhat chfnh sich lao dfing eua cie qudc gia trong khu vye.
Siu la, cd chiln luge quin ly vi thu hut lao dfing nude ngoii lim vifc d Vift Nam. Cic doanh nghifp d n nghien cflai thj trudng lao dfing ASEAN di cd kl hogch thfch nghi. Ting eudng dao tgo lao dpng ed ky nang eao thupe cie logi nginh nghe dugc ASEAN chip nhin cho di chuyin lao dgng ty do. Ngudi din phii cd traeh nhifm chu dfing chuin bi dieu kifn dl hgp tic lao dpng, ehu dfing trang bj cho minh cie chdng chi hinh nghl dgt chuan khu vye, trong dd chu trpng tifu chuin ngoai ngu, tin hpc, rfn luyfn tim ly, sdc khde thfch nghi vdi cudng dp lim vifc cao, mfii trudng da vin hda.
T A I L I ^ U T H A M K H A O :
1) ThiiyDung, ILO: Nang suit lao ding thip ehua phin inh khi nang cua lao ding Vi4t, httpj/www.tbe- saigontimes.vn, truy dp ngiy 24/9/2014.
2) http://www.molisa.gov.vn. Bin tin c$p nh$t thj trudng lao ddng V4t Nam si 6, quy 2 nim 2015.
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