HGHICH CUU KIHH Ti
CONG DONG KINH TE ASEAN - 0 0 HOI VA THACH THUfC DOI VflTl LAO DONG VIET NAM
V
iet Nam da va dang hd nhip sau rpng hon vao nfin kinh te khu vuc va ttie gid. Qua trinh nay da dem lai cho Viet Nam nhieu cp hpi de phat trien, gop phan day nhanh flen ttinh CNH.HDH di't nuflc. Oac biSL trong bfi ranh hifin nay, khi Cong dong Kinh te ASEAN (AEC) da dupc flianh lap sS dem lai cho Vifit Nam nhieu cp hd md de phat trien.Trong dfi phai ke de'n do B md ra nhieu cfl hfii viec ISm cho ngud lao dfing, die biet B vise lam theo hudng d n g nghiSp vd ham lupng tti thttc rao. Tuy nhien, fliach flittc dat ra dfi vd van de lao dong - viec Bm ttong boi ranh hien nay cflng rat ISn. Su canh tranh ve lao dfing, die biSt la lao dpng d tey nghfi, teo ddng d tinh dp rao se ngay d n g gay gil hfln, d c tieu chl tuyen dung se rao hon. D l tin dung tot co hfii, vupt qua kho khan, fliach flittc trong qua ttinh hpi nhap, ngoai viec phai nSng rao tinh dp duyen men ky fliuat, mdc do Bnh nghe thi d c yeu rau khac ve chat luong nguon teo deng cfla Viet Nam cflng dang dat ra nhung thach thflc md Bai viet tip trung phan ttd nhung co hoi, thuin Id va nhung kho khan, ttiach thuc dfi vd lao dflng cfla Viet Nam khi gte nhap AEC va de xua't giai phap phal trien. >• f y
Ve CO hpi
Cong dong Kinh t l ASEAN bao gom 10 quoc gia vol dan so hon 620 tneu ngud, ttong do 300 tneu nguo, fliam gia luc luong lao dfing. Ba quoc gia co
40/.) Philippines (16%) va Viet Nam (15%) Luc tog teo dflng nay khi duoc tu dodi chuyin trong
• Tku, A /;«. „;,„ ck,nH ir, fO,u ,uc 1 64
BAM THt THANH THUY' thj ttuflng Chung se B nhan tfi co bin d l fliflc dSy su phit trie'n kinh t l - xa hpi cfla rac nudc ttiinh ViSn ttong Cpng dfing Kinh t l ASEAN.
Theo danh ga efla To ehdc Lao dflng Quic g (ILO) va Ngan hing Phat ttiln d a u A (ADB), sura dd cua AEC se hfi frp ttiflc da'y ting ttudng GDP cfla ViSt Nam thSm 14,6% v i teng frudng vific iim thfim 10,5% vio nim 2025.
(3 gtei doan d i u khi md fliinh lap, AEC nvS chii trpng vao viec djeh chuygn nhttng lao dpng d tay nghg Cho din nay ehi d 8 nghe ehuySn mfin dun;
quyen chuygn dfi'i nd tem viee ttong ASEAN ttifliig qua d e flioa thuan d n g nhin tay nghfi ttrong duong, chiem khoang 1,5% long luc lupng lao dfing trong ASEAN vfl chfl ygu te nhfim dd tuong cfi trlnh dp rao, bao gfim bac si, y te, nha sT, ky su, ttic dja vifin, kg loan, kifi'n ttflc su vfl ngud Bm trong nginh du Ijch. Ngoii la, nhfln luc chi't lupng rao (chuyfin gte, Iho tenh nghe) d ttinh dp ttt dai hpc t d I6n, thing thao ngoai ngtt, die bifit B tigng Anh sS duoc di chuyin tudo hon, Sau nam 2015 d l dip flng qui tnnh hfii nhip se d nhieu nginh nghl dupc mfl rpng va day se B d hpi Idn v6 vific Bm cho nhifiu lao dfing trong nddc.
Theo Nghifin cflu cfla To ehdc Lao dfing qufic te (ILO) ve nhttng tac dpng cua AEC dfi vfli ttij tiuflng lao dfing Vifit Nam dfi'n nim 2025, nhu d u dfi vd lao dpng d frinh dp ky nang fl mflc ttung binh se tang rao nhit fl mtte 28%, lao dfing cfl trinh dp ky nang thi'p B 23% vfl Bo dpng d kf nang rao se Bng 13%. V d su hinh thanh cfla cflng dong nay, viec Bm trong d c ngflnh nhu sin xuS gao, xay dung, giao thing vpn t i i , dpi may v i chl
TAP CHi GIAO Dye LY LUAN - S6 247 C6/2016) /
H^tHCiUKUKTE ) Win ttiue pham efla V i i t Nam s e d s u tang ttudng I manh mS n h i t
I _Gte nhip vao AEC, ViSt Nam d nhflng kJi ttil s nhat dinh. Bfl B Mfit Nam d nguin lao dpng k h i , d l i dao v i CO eau bo dpng tt*. Tbeo sfi I'iSu cfla i Ting cue Tbingke WSt Nam nim 2014, quy mfi luc i lupng lao dpng ttt 15 tufi ttd Ifin fl Viet Nam B 53,8 I t i l u ngud, ttong dfi sfi ngud ttong dp ttioi teo dpng . , 1147,52 ttiiu ngud; d IrSn 51% s f i i ^ u d ttiupc lue lupng lao dpng d dp t i l i ttt 15 - 39 ttili. B i y B nhflm ttjfii d fllm ning ldn, dfi d i o teo, d l flip fliu tti ttidc md, ky nang m d d l nSng cao d a t lupng nguin nhin luc gflp phan ning rao nang suit Bo ding cfla WSt Nam. B i y d n g B nhflm flioi l i t linh hoal ttong chuyin dfi nghl nghiSp. Cfl d u lao dpng da d S I ; d u y l n d j d ttieo huflng fld cue, ty ip bo ding l i m vise ttung ITnh vue nflng, Bm nghiSp i^flifly san giim d n khoing 47%, d j d vu l i 32%;
efing nghiip B 3 1 % . BSn eanh dfl, diat lupng nguin lac dfing d a ViSt Nam d n g da ttmg birdc dfldi ning Ifin. Lao dfing qua d i o teo d i phin nio dip flng dUDc yfiu eiu efla doanh nghiSp v i flij ttudng b o ding. L ^ lupng lao dfing ky thuat d a Vifit Nam ffi Bm chfl dune khoa lipc - d n g nghi,
^ m nhin dupchauhgtdcvjttidngvIScphdclap thng sin xuit kinh doanh m i tmflq day phii ttiuS
chuy^gbnuAengoiL
v l kho khan, t h i c h thflc
AEC ra d d s i fliMC hiSn tt/ do d d u y l n 5 y l u tfi cin ban dp l i : Vfin, hing hfia, d j d vu, d i u ttr v i bo dfing linh nghl d a 10 quic gb ttianh vifin ASEAN.
^V "td do" dl duygn nfly vfla B CO hfi cho flij ttuflng b o d i n g ViSt Nam nhung dfing ttid d n g Ifi nhttng fliich ttidc khflng nhfi khi mfit Idpng Idn lag dpng ttt . d c nddc ASEAN v i e VISI Nam se lao nSn cufic
canh ttanh v d bo dpng flong nufle.
Do xuit phit d i m ttiap, co d u kinh H d a VISI
• Nam chfl y&i vSn B nflng nghISp nSn ty IS iap dpng tham g b v i o ttij ttuflng lao dpng d i n h ttittc d i l m ty
•fj ttiip, khoing 30%. Chit lupng ngufln Iao dpng cita VlSt Nam biSn nay d n ttiip v l ttinh dp duySn mfln, liy ning, ttinh dp ngoai ngtt v i d v l tee phong d n g nghifip (ky l u i l va ttid nhiim)... Theo
sfi lieu cfla Tong cue Thfing kfi Viet Nam nim 2014, If IS luc luong bo dflng dang tem viec tong nfin kinh.
te, bo dflng pho ttifing khfing d duyfin mfin ky fliuit d U m 81,8%; bo dfing d i qua d i o tao nghl d U m 5,4%; lao dfing d ttinh dp ttung cap duyfin nghiep te 3,7%; lao dpng d ttinh dp ttt eao dang, dai hpe ttd ISn d U m 9,1%. Cung flieo nghBn cdu d a ILO/ADB ttong dUn dan "Cpng dong ASEAN 2015: Quan ly hpi nhap huflng t j viSc l i m Ifit hon v i ttijnh vupng dung," eie duySn gb d a ILO va ADB cho iang, teo dflng Vifit Nam ttiilu duySn mon, d u a dupe d i o teo, d c ky nang duoc ttang bj khfing phfl hop v d dfli hoi d a ttij trddng v i nhieu bo dpng phii d i o tao bL C^ng v d do, nhin sd eao cap efla ViSt Nam so v d d c nudc ttong khu vuc vin d n khoang d d k h i k)n. Trinh dp lao dpng d a Vifit Nam d n han c h l v l ky ning nghl dang giy khp khin ttong vipc ttlp ttiu flng dung ttinh dp khoa hpc - d n g nghfi khi ttiam gia hpi nhip. BSn canh do, hilu bUt d a bo ding ViSt Nam v l van hfla doanh nghiSp v i phap luit d a nudc ban d n han d g . Ngoii ra, ttnh ttiin lim viSc ttieo nhfim v i tec phong d n g nghiSp d u a t l t d n g te d i m y l u khfi eanh ttanh kbi ttij ttudng bo dpng dupe md efla.
Chit Iddng nguin lao dpng d a Vilt Nam fliap v i d n khoang d d khi xa so v d d c nuflc flong khu vuc. Theo dinh gB d a Ngfln hing Thg gid nim 2014, MSt Nam d i dat 3,79/10 d i m , x l p ttitt 11/12 nuflc chiu A, frong khi Hin Qufic b 6,91;
Malaysb te 5,59; Thii Lan B 4,94. QSy B nguySn nhin d i n h dan dgn ning suit bo dpng efla Vifit Nam kbi ttiap so v d d e ngn kinh t l ASEAN khie nhu Malaysb, Thii Lan, Singapore. T i c dp lipg ning suit lao dpng dang d xu hufing ehpm iai. GBi doan 2002 - 2007, ning suit lao dfing teng ttung binh 5,2%/nim, sung ttr nam 2008 din nay tfie dp teng ning suit ttung binh hflng nim d a Viet Nam d i d n 3,3%. Chat lupng ngupn lae dpng thap B mfit frong nhttng nhan tfi d f l y l u i n h httdng din ning lue canh ttanh d a nfin kinh t l Viet Nam (nam 2011, Viet Nam x l p ttitt 65/141 nudc dupc x l p hang v l ning luc ranh ttanh nhung d i n nim 2013 x l p ttitt 75/144 nufle xgp hang).
I*PCHlSI*OO»C«»UI»(l-56247»/2016)
65
HBHIEH ciu xam Ti
Mot so giai phip trong tbdi gbn tdi Bg nang cao d a t Iupng v i sflc ranh ttanh cfla lao dpng ViSt Nam dip flng ySu d u day nhanh flgn ttinh CNH,HDH d i l nuflc, die biet khi Viet Nam da dinh ttiflc gb nhip ^ n g i^ng ^f^ t l ASE/\N v i Hiep djnh dffi tie xuyfin Thii Binh Dupng (TPP), mpt ttong nhttng giii phip co bin B d n phii d l i md manh me hS ttifing giio due - dao tao d a nude te, ttong dfi d dao tao day nghfi v d mfit sfi giii phip cu ttil sau:
Tha nhH, ran nang cao nhin flittc efla ttiin xa hpi vg vj fli, vai ttfl efla d i o tao nghe ttong Chiln lupc phit t i l n nguin nhin luc eda dit nufle flid ky 2011-2020. Cd dau ttr d i o teo nghl nghiSp B d i u fl; cho phit ttHn. Cin uu ttfin dau ttr dio tao day nghl ttong ttmg duong ttnh, dd i n phit ttiln kinh l l - x i hfli cfla da phudng, vflng, nginh.
nahai, dfi md CO c h l d i n h s i d vg dio tao day nghl. Cp eo d l d l CO sd dio lao nghi te mflt chfl ttil dpc lip, tti d f l , tt/ d j u ttid nhlpm. Cfl dinh s i d uu dai dfi vd gBo vifin day nghfi; ngud ddng diu CO sd day nghl; d i n h sich dflo tao IiSn ttifing, hfi ttp dfi vd ngud hpc nghfi. Co ep c h l d l doanh nghifip v i co sd sd dung lao dpng ttiam gB xiy dung duong flinh dio lao nghl, huflng dan flipc hinh v i dinh gb ning iuc ngud hpc, huflng din cie doanh nghiSp B mfil tong nhttng d f l flil flam gb d c hoat dpng dio tefl nghl.
Thfl'fia.nangcaodit Ittpng d i o t e o d a d c e o sd day nghl, bao gfim d u i n hfla dpi ngu giio vifin vfi tlnh dp, ky ning nghfi nghiSp, phuong phip su ph?m ttieo d e cip dp qufic gte, khu vuc va quic 11.
B l i md npi dung, chupng tinh dSo tao nghl phfl hpp vd fliuc flin cfla dat nuflc frong ttid ky hpi nhip. Ap dung mpt sfi duong ttinh dio teo cfla d c nuflc ttfin filn ttong khu vuc va ttfin ttil gid phfl hpp vd ttiuc flfin ViSI Nam. Tbuc hiSn kilm dnh co sd d?y nghl va dupng tinh dflo tao. Xay dung d u I n dau la nginh dao tao phfl hpp vd su d u y l n biln dat nufle ttong ttid ky day manh CNH.HDH, phfl hpp vd xu ttil d e nuflc tong khu vuc va flSn flig gid. T l chflc dflnh gte, ra'p ddng d i ky nang nghl qufic gia d n ngud lao dfing, ban hfinh d e flSu
d u I n vfi CO sd vpt d a t v i thiS l» d;y nghi c t ( | ^ ttftig nghl d tting d'p dp.
Tha ta, dli md hoat dfing d i o tao day nghl. ' Chuyin d i o lao tU mue ttfiu ttang tH k i ^ ttitti; sang, phit ttien ky ning v i ning liJC ttiuc hinh eho ngiSj'' hoc. Vile dinh g B k l ) q u i deo teo can chfl t p r Q # 1 ' nang lue nhan ttittc eda ngud hpc Chfl ttpng Mti ning van dung kiln ttiflc v i khi nang sing tao ttDi^>
giii quygt d c van d l ttong ttuc flin d s i ; fliam ^ dadoanhnghiSphoicngudsddunglao dfii^, Cic CO sd day nghfi fli d j u ttid nhifim vfi d c boat dpng d i o lao ttr khiu fljyln sinh, x i y dung duong ttnh, ke h e a d dao teo d i n viic danh gb kit qua dio bp, TrSn CO sd phai bio dam c h i i Idpng dio teo, c h i ^ hfla "diu vflo", "dau ra" efla nginh d i o l?o.
Tha nim, lifin kit, hop tec gitta eic co sd dio taodaynghfivdttij ttuflng Bodpngvisi/fliamgia d a doanh nghifip, hufing v i o vific dip ttng y l u d u phit ttiln kinh t i - x i hpi cua tttng da phuong, tflrgi nginh, dip flng nhu rau eda doanh nghifip. Biy.jii \ mpt huflng d rit quan ttpng khflng chl giflp t i n g f , IS kit nfi thinh d n g ttong t i y l n dung m i d n giflp d i o t a o g a n d a t h o n v d n h u r a u s d d y n g .
Tha siu, diy manh xa hpi hfia d e nguin li/c d o phit friln day nghg Khuyin k h i d hpp tio \ * fliflnh lip d c Cfl sd dao tao nghg d v i n diu Id nuflc ngoii. Lua chpn nhttng nddc flianh d n g ttong phit ttiln d i o tao nghl ttong khu vuc ASEAN v i frSn ttil gid B dfi tec d i l n lupc ttong ITnh vpc die taa nghl. Ting euflng hpp tec v d d c nudc ASEAN v l d i f l tao day nghg d l flgn ttji d n g nhin v l ttinh j dp d i o tao, tao co hd cho lao dpng Vilt Nam sangi Iim vise tai d e nin kinh tIASEAN.H
Tai lieu tham Ictuio:
1 -NghiQujiihiinshiTnmguangldnlUiSIKhiii^
2 - Thdi bio Kinh t/Sii Gdn. Sd'1-2016.
3 - Tdng cifc Thdng Id Viet Nam. 2014.
4 - Bio cio ndng luc canh uanh uiin cdl4 2013. Dien ddn kinh tg thi'gidi.
5 - PGS, TS Mae Vdn Tien: "Ca hdl vi thiL ddi ndi lao ddng Viit Nam khi gia nhip C^ng ddnl ie ASEAN ". Tgp chl Cdng sdn, 1212014.
6 - Cdng ddng ASEAN 2015: Qudn ly hdi , hudng Icri ihinh vucrng chung vi viic ldm tit hdn, Hdi Viil Nam: ILO vd ADB, 2014.
