LIEN KET GliTA CAC DIA PHl/ONG TRONG THU HUT DAU TU TRUC TIEP NUdC NGOAI TAI VUNG KWH T I TRONG MM MIEN TRUNG; LOI ICH, CHI PHI VA RUI RO
Nguyen Hi£p
Trudng Dai hpc Kinh te, Dai hpc Dd Ndng Email: [email protected]
Ngay nhiin: 24/4/2017 Ngay nhin ban siia: 28/7/2017 Ngay duy^t dang. 25/8/2017
Tom tat:
Nghien cuu ndy nhdn dien vd do luang Ipi ich, chi phi vd nil ro cua lien kit gma cdc dia phuang trong thu hiit FDI vdi truang hap dien hinh Id Viing kinh te trpng diem mien Trung. Dua tren nen tdng ly ludn ve bin kit trong khu vuc cdng, nghiin ctru tiin hdnh khdo sdt cdm nhdn ve Ipi ich, chi phi vd rdi ro thuc te vd ky vong cua nhiing nguai true tiip tham gia vdo qud trinh thu hiit cua cdc dia phuang trong Viing Kit qud phdn tich bang cdc cdng cu thdng ke cho thdy rdt nhiiu khia canh Ipi ich lien kit cdn rdt sa khai, chi phi vd nii ro hien tai con thdp vd cdn cdch biet so vdi ky vpng. Ddc biet, nhdn thuc cdn co sir khdc Met Ion giiia cdc cdp qudn ly vd giira cdc ca quan thupc bp may triin khai thu hiit FDI. Nghiin cim cho thdy vdn con nhiiu ca hoi gia tdng liin kit Ddy manh truyin thong de co sif thong nhdt nhdn thuc Id hdmyquan trpng trong nd lice thiic ddy liin kit trong tuang lai.
Tir kh6a: Thu hiit FDI, lien ket, lgi ich, chi phi, nii ro, Viing kinh te trgng diem mien Trung.
Cooperation among local governments in FDI attraction at the key Economic Zone in central Vietnam: Perceived benefits, costs and risks
Abstract:
This study aims at identifying and measuring perceived benefits, costs and risks relevant to cooperation among local governments in FDI attraction using the case of Key Economic Zone in Central Vietnam. Based on theoretical background of cooperation in public sector, a survey of administrative staff on their perception of current and expected benefits, costs and risks inherent in cooperative activities among the Zone s local governments related to FDI attraction is conducted for analysis. The findings show that the benefits are perceived to be primary and the costs and
risks are low in most aspects of interest, with current scales being much smaller than expected.
Especially, there are significant gaps in the perception among management layers and among functional organizations. The findings provide implications that there is still much room for further cooperation. Enhancing mutual understanding via more intensive communication of benefits, costs and risks is needed for more effective regional cooperation
Keywords: FDI attraction; cooperation; benefits; costs; risks; Key Economic Zone in Central Vietnam
1. Dat van de nhau tiong thu but nguon v6n nay. Nhigu quan sat Do dau tu tnrc tiSp nuac ngoai (FDI) co anh cho tii4y canh tranh trong thu hiit FDI dl dan d6n huong tieh cue va nhilu mat d6n sir phat tri8n eiia dia hien tirgiig tdt ca d^u bi thiet trong "cuoe dua tut phuong, chinh quySn ciia cac dia phuang, dac biet xu6ng day", vi th6 thuang eo van dong keu ggi lien la nhung dia phuang trong cung mpt khu vuc kinh kit. Tuy vay, lien ket giira cac dia phuang tiiuong tg dac thii thuang eo nhimg dgng tiiai canh tranh lln gap tra ngai do cae lgi ieh co duac eung nhu cae ehi
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phi va rui ro eu the ma moi dia phuang phai chiu trong lien kkt vai cac dia phuang khac la kho nhan dien. Kho khan nay c6 anh hudng khfing nh6 den cdc quySt dinh c6 nen tham gia lien ket hay khong, lien ket nhu the nao, each thuc to chiic va quan tri lien ket ra sao. Viee thieu thong tin ciing khien cho hieu qua hoat dgng ciia bg may to chiic hgp tac lien ket khong cao. Nh^n dien cy the loai hinh va miic dp lgi ich, chi phi va nii ro ciia lien ket se giiip cho cac dia phuang eo dii ea sd han tiong eac quyet dinh lien ket ciia minh.
Vung kinh te trgng diem mien Trung (KTTDMT) voi 5 dia phuang la Da Nang, Thura Thien - Hue, Quang Nam, Quang Ngai va Binh Dinh dugc xem la viing dong luc cho su phat tnen kinh te - xa hgi ciia ca khu vuc mien Trung va Tay Nguyen. Chii truang hinh thiuih cac viing kmh ti trgng diSm cho phep eo dugc svr md dau thuan Igi giiip tao lap ea ehe hgp tac hihi hieu giua eac dia phuang ciia viing, qua do co ca hgi phdt huy loi the, han che nhirng kho khan tir canh tranh khong ddng cd, giiip thuc hien duge muc tieu phat trien, trong do ed mue tieu thu hiit diu tu.
Mac du 5 dia phuang thuoc Vung kinh te trong diem mien Trung da co nhieu ddng thai hgp tae liSn k6t npi vung, nhieu nh^n dinh eho rang vin chua thSy eo sir hen ket hihi hi6u gi&a cae dia phuang nay, trong dd c6 lien ket trong thu hiit diu tu true ti6p nuoc ngoai. Cd nhieu nghien euru phan tich cae nguyen nhan. Tuy nhien, vdn chua cd nhieu phan tich sau vS eac ca sd hmh thanh eac co chS phdi hop nay. Trong ITnh vue thu hut FDI, phdi hgp thanh edng chinh sach FDI ndi ehung va chinh sdch thu hiit FDI ndi rieng giiia cac dia phuang ddi hdi cd dugc cae thdng tin chat lugng va cu the ve Igi ich, ehi phi va nii ro thuc te va ed the ciia hoat ddng lien kSt, muc tieu eiia timg dia phuang trong lien kk, tinh hieu qua va hieu luc cua cac boat dgng lien kSt dang triln khai, nang lue va muc dp sdn sang phdi hop eua cae ddi tac cung nhu cac dilu kien rang bude khdc dam bao phdi hgp thanh cong. Thilu ede phan tich chuygn sau nay, viec danh gia hien tiang ciing nhu dl xuit ede giai phap de tiiuc dSy lien kit hiru hieu se khong toan dien.
Nghien euu nay tap trung giai quylt mpt trong cae yeu cau ndi tren bang mpt nghien euu trudng hgp thuc tl la lien kit viing tiong tiiu hiit FDI cua Vung kinh tl tipng diem miln Trung. TrSn ea sd khdo sat nh|n thuc ciia nhirng ngudi tham gia vao hoat dgng thu hiit FDI d 5 dia phuang Vung kinh tl trpng dilm mien Trung, nghien curu nay do ludng cam nhan vl
Igi ich, chi phi va nii ro thuc tl va ky vgng ma dia phuang cac dap vien eo dugc khi tham gia lien kit viing trong thu hut FDI. Dira tren eac cdng cu thdng ( ke mo ta, ket qua khao sat se dugc phan tieh nhdm ddnh gid eac dae trung ea ban eiia lgi ieh, ehi phi va rui ro cua boat ddng lien ket. Ve mat l;y ludn, nghiSu eiru nay co the ddng gdp cac gcri y ve viec xay dung thang do ludng ve lgi ich, chi phi va nii ro lien kit trong bdi canh hgp tde khu vuc edng dac thii Id thu hiit dau tu. Ve mat thuc tien, ket qua phan tieh co tiig la nhiing ggi y quan trgng de giai thich thuc trang muc do lien kit vung trong hoat ddng thu hiit FDI hien nay tai Vimg kinh te tiong diem mien Trung, ddng thdi eo the la nhiing thdng tin hiru ieh dl cac ben hiiu quan tham khao khi ra ede quyfit dinh co lien quan den lien ket vimg trong thu hiit FDI noi rieng va lien ket vung trong phat trien kinh te - xa hgi eiia dia phuang ndi chung.
2. Cff sd ly lu^n
2.1. Lien kit vung trong thu hut ddu tu true tiip nir&c ngodi
Theo each tifip can quan tri, thu hiit FDI Id mgt qua trinh marketing quoc te trong dau tu. Thu hut FDI eiia mot dia phuang dugc hieu la cae nd luc cua chinh quyen nham gia tang su quan tam ciia cdc nha dau tu nude ngoai den cac ea hpi ddu tu tai dia phuong minh, loi keo hp thirc hien, duy tri hoae gia tang hoat ddng dau tu tai dia phuang vi muc tiSu gia tang tiem luc vdn va cac muc tieu phat triln khac eiia nen kinh tl - xa hpi dia phuong. Theo Bartels
& De Crombmgghe (2009), din nghien ciiu ciia Loewendahl (2001), ndi dung hoat dgng thu hut FDI duac ehia thanh 4 nhdm la hoach dinh td chiic, lanh dao thuc thi, hd trg thuc thi thu hiit va dich vu h6 trg dau tu.
Theo nghia cua tir, lien kit la qua trinh hop tac ciia td chiie hoac ed nhan vai td chuc hoac cd nhan khac eung hanh dgng vi muc tieu hoac lgi ieh ehung. Lien kit viing vi thi duge hiiu la qud trinh hgp tde giiia ehinh quyen cae dia phuang trong mot vimg nham Cling hanh dgng vi mdt myc tieu hoac Icri ich chung eua ede dia phuang eiia vimg nay. Co sd ly thuyel ciia nghien ciru nay dugc xdy d\rag dua tien ly lu^n ve lien kit vung eiia khoa hge td chuc vung lanh thd, ehu yeu Id ly luan vl hanh dgng tdp thi thuoc pham vi the che (institutional collective action) vd ve hgp tae chinh quyen do thi phd biln trong gidi hpe thuat Au - My. Lien kit viing trong thu hit FDI thue chat la hanh dgng ehung eua ehinh quyln dja
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phuang nham gia tang sir quan tam ciia cdc nha ddu tu nude ngoai den cac co hpi dau tu vao vting ciing nhu vao dia phuang minh, Ifli keo hp thue hi?n, duy tri hoac gia tang boat dgng dau tu trong vung vi muc tieu gia tang tilm lire vdn va cdc mue tieu phat tiiln khac ciia cda moi dia phuang. Trong qua trinh cung img ede dich vy cdng lien quan din thu hiit FDI va quan ly nha nude viec cung ling cdc dich vu nay, giiia ede dia phuang ed nhu edu lien kit vdi nhau dl dat dugc cae muc tieu chung ciia hoat dgng thu hut hoae dat dugc myc tieu nay vdi hieu qua eao ban.
CoE, UNDP & LGI (2010) het ke 8 dae trung quan trpng eiia lien ket viing, thdng qua do co thi hilu rd dugc ban chat eiia lien kfit vimg trong thu hiit FDI, trong dd de cap chii yeu den lgi ich, ehi phi va nii ro cua Hen ket vung,
2.2. Lpd ich, chi phi vd rui ro lien kit viing trong thu hut ddu tu trtfc tiep nude ngodi
Vdi ban chdt ciia lien ket vung noi tren, ed the thay rang mau chdt cua lien ket la vi Igi ieh mdi hoac khdng mat di lgi ieh cii. Dua tren cac nghien curu LGNZ (2011), Feiock, Steinaeker va Park (2009), Feioek (2013) va CoE, UNDP & LGI (2010), cdc Icfi ich cd the cd dugc tir lien ket trong thu hiit dau tu ndi chung vd FDI noi neng cd the la: (i) Dem d€n cho cdc nha dau tu tiem nang cdc sdn pham "co hgi dau tu" tot han, tiic ca hpi sinh Idi cua von eao ban vdi chi phi va riii ro thdp ban; (ii) Dat dugc cae muc tieu eua thu hiit dau tu tren ca sd no luc chung hoac thda thudn khdng cdn trd nd lire eiia nhau; (iii) Giam dugc ehi phi trong thu hiit dau tu, thdng qua han che canh tranh, han ehe chong cheo trong cac nd lue thu hiit hay Igi ich kinh te theo quy mo; (iv) Gia tang khd nang hge hdi kinh nghiem trong qua trinh td chiic thu hut dau tu vd qudn ly dia phuang de nang cao hi?u qud thu hiit; va (v) Dat dugc cac myc tieu chmh tri, xa hdi khac.
Vl ehi phi va nii ro, theo Feioek (2013), cac hanh dgng tap the ndo cung ed nhimg chi phi va nii ro eua nd. Dieu nay dan den cdi ggi Id van de hay tinh hudng tiln thoai ludng nan tiong cac hanh dgng chung, khien cho cae thda thuan hcrp tac khd trien khai neu khdng cd each phan chia cdc ehi phi ndy mdt each hgp ly giira cac bin ddi tae. Dira vdo ly thuylt giao dieh, Feiock (2013) eho rdng ehi phi lien kit ehu ylu la ehi phi giao dich, gdm 4 dang chi phi sau day: (i) Chi phi tim kiem thdng tin phuc vy lien ket; (ii) Chi phi dam phan, giao dich trong qua trinh lien kit; (iii) Chi phi trien khai gidm sat, kiem tra
tinh hieu luc trong thue hien eac thda thuan hen ket;
va (iv) Thiet hai do ed the mat mot sd quyen tu ehu trong cac hoat dpng lien ket theo thda thuan.
Riii ro tiong hgp tae, ciing theo Feiock (2013) gdm: (i) Riii ro tiong phdi hgp: la nii ro khdng the phoi hap ehung hay khd nang phdi hgp cac boat dgng ehung thap phat sinh trong qud trinh lien ket dan den kha nang khong dat duge muc tieu lifin ket hay phat sinh cdc chi phi mdi; (ii) Rui ro bit ddng trong phan phdi Igi ich va phan chia ehi phi: la nli ro phat sinh khi cae ben lien ket da thda thuan dugc cdc myc tieu ehung nhung gap phai khd khan trong phan ehia ehi phi va phan phdi cac lgi ich tii hen kit;
vd (iii) Rui ro tac dyng phu: la rui ro phat sinh khi ed tinh hudng quyet dinh hay hanh ddng eua mdt ben tham gia eo dnh hudng tieu cue den cac ddi tac khac tiong thda thuan lien ket.
3. Phirgng phap nghiSn eiru
Phuang phap thdng ke Id cdng cy chii yeu dugc su dung trong nghien ciiu nay. Hoat dgng lien ket ludn rat phiic tap va ciing ehi la mdt bd phan gdp phan vao su thanh edng hay that bai ciia hoat ddng thu hiit FDI, vi the do ludng miic do lien ket, lgi ich, chi phi va nii ro thuc te cua lien ket la rat khd khan. Chmh nhimg ngudi eo lien quan true tiep den hoat ddng nay d timg dia phuang mdi cd the cdm nhdn dugc eu thS. Ben canh dd, trSn co sd so sanh thuc te vdi ky vpng, hp se thuc thi cdng viec duge giao va viee nay quyet dinh den miie dp lien ket.
Vi vdy, ddnh gid dua tren dii lieu dieu tra khdo sat cac ddi tugng co lien quan trong qua trinh thu hiit va lien ket thu hiit FDI la each thiie phii hgp. Ngodi mpt sd thdng tin thii cap sii dyng de md ta bdi canh nghien euu, nghien euu sir dung cae dii lieu sa edp thdng qua phuong phap tham van chuyen gia bang ban hdi dieu tia khao sat. Ban hdi khao sat tap trung tim hieu nhan dinh cua ddp vien ve cac ndi dung cd lien quan den hen ket vung trong thu hiit FDI, trong dd cd cac ngi dung ve tinh trang Hen ket, lgi ich, chi phi va nii ro ddi vdi dia phuang eiia dap vien trong lien ket vimg. Di^a vao 5 khia canh lgi ich, 4 khia canh chi phi va 3 khia eanh rui ro duge trinh bay d phan ly luan, nghien ciru cu the hda thanh 5 cau hdi ve lgi ich, 6 cau hdi ve chi phi va 5 cau hdi ve nii ro.
Myc dich viec cu the hda nay la dam bao cho cae cau hdi cd tinh phan biet cao va vi the de trd Idi, dong thdi dam bao bdn hdi ngan nhat ed the. Ben canh dd, cac cau hdi nhan dinh ve Icfi ich, ehi phi va riii ro tdng the cQng dugc hdi de giup eho ed edi nhin
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tdng thi nhit vl eac ngi dung nay. Cac cau hdi dugc dupe dua ra dudi d^ng nh^n dinh ring quy md Igi ieh, chi phi va nii ro la Idn theo tiing ngi dung neu tren. Miic dg ddng y dugc do ludng bang thang do 5 miie, vdi miic 1 ma hoan toan khdng ddng y (ham y miic dp Igi ich, ehi phi vd nii ro thap nhat) va 5 la hoan todn ddng y (lgi ich, chi phi va nii ro eao nhdt).
Cdc ndi dung hdi cd vl miic dp thuc tfe va miic dp ky vpng theo cam nhan cua ddp vien. Ve thanh phdn tdng thi nghien cim, do hoat ddng hen kit chii ySu duge tnln khai bdi nhung ddi tugng thude bg mdy chinh quyln dia phucmg va ca quan hihi quan thuge ede ea quan chuyen mon cd lien quan true tilp den ehinh sdch fliu hut diu tu ciia dia phuang nen dieu tra khdo sdt tap trung vdo ddi tugng ndy. Cu the gdm lanh dao Uy Ban nhdn dan (UBND) tinh/thanh, ede ddi tugng co lien quan den quan ly dau tu cua Van phdng UBND tinh/thanh, Sd K I hoach va Ddu tu, Trung tam hay Ban xiic tiln dau tu va cdc khu kinh tl, khu cdng nghiep, khu edng nghe cao cua 5 dia phuong thude Vung kinh te trong diem mien Trung.
Do khd tim hilu chinh xac quy md tdng the, nghien cim tnln khai tilp can mdu theo phuang phap dinh ngach thuan tien trong dd tiep can tat ca cdc thanh
vien tdng thi trong dilu kien ed thi nhit, dam bao tdng s6 quan sat, sd quan sat d mdi dia phuang va so quan sat d mdi cap quan ly trong he thdng quan ly hanh ehinh nhd nude du Idn de eac phan tieh thing ke mo ta dat do tin cay cho phep.
v l phuong phap phan tich vd ddnh gia, nghien eiiu sir dyng chii ylu phuang phap thdng ke mo ta bang eac cdng cy so sanh, ddi chieu cac chi so thong ke thi hien xu hudng trung tam ciia dii ligu so cip va chi s6 tin suit. Cac phan tieh s\r khde bi|t ciing duge thuc hien theo eac tieu ehi dia phuang, loai bmh td ehiie vd eip do quan ly eiia dap vien. Cac ham y dugc dl xudt su dyng phuang phdp dii chilu vdi cac quan he ly thuyet dugc eho la phu hpp vdi dii lieu thuc trang va du bao tuong lai.
4. Kit qua nghien ciiii 4.1. Thing ke md td mau nghiin cdv Khao sdt dugc trien khai tiong khoang thdi gian thang 6 - 9/2015. Cac philu dieu tra dugc phdt true tiep hoae thdng qua mot sd cdn bd eua cae dan vi khdo sdt muc tieu de gui den eac ddp vien thupc tdng till. Mdt sd ban hoi dugc gui qua dudng email, dap vien in va tra Idi bing bdn gidy. Viee thu thap ban Bang 1: Thing kS mo ta mSu nghiSn ciru
STT 1 2 3 4 5
Dja pliuwDg c6ng tac Thiia Thien - Hue (TTH) D i N l n g ( D N ) Quang Nam (QNM) Quang Ngai (QNG) Binh Dinh (BD)
SS quan sat 26 88 48 40 25
Ty trong (%) 11.45 38.77 21.15 17.62 11.01 Don vi Cong tac
1 2 3 4 5 6
UBND tinh/thinh Van phong UBND ScrKHDT Trung tam/ban XTDT Ban quan ly cic KCN, ICKT, KCNC Khac'
10 6 97 39 48 27
4.41 2.64 42.73 17.18 21.15 11.89 Vi tri cong tac
1 2 3 4
Lanh dao UBND
Lanh dao Van phong UBND, dem vi chirc nang Truang, pho cip phong Van phong UBND va cac don vi chirc nang
Nhan vien Tong
9 20 35 163 227
3.96 8.81 15 42 71.81 100
Ghi chii: (*) Nhirng ban hoi dieu Ira khong tm l&i cit the San vi. KHDT: Ke hoach - Dau tu;
XTDT: Xuc liin dau tu: KCN: Khu cong nghifp: KKT Khu kinh ti: KCNC: Khu cong nghe cao:
UBND- Uy ban nhdn ddn Nguon: Tinh todn tic dir lieu dieu tra
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Bang 2: Danh gia 10 I'ch thyc tl vk k^ vong cua lien kit trong thu hut FDI cua Vung kinh tl trong dilm mien Trung
Thuc te Ky vgng NQI DUNG NHAN DINH S6
STT Viec tham gia lien kit viing trong thu hut FDI quan ^ ^ ^ ^ / f S Ty trong muc giup dia phuang. sdt ^ '".'* ^T^Zl
quan den 3 {%)
Ty trgng Miic dfing </ raiic dfing <f
hmh quSn tii 1 3ka 3 (%i P'CBIOI] Tao duQc nhieu ca liQi ddu tu han va
nhiiu ca hoi ddu tu tdt han (khd nang sinh lai cao han, chi phi va rui ro ddu tu thdp han) cho cdc nhd ddu tu tiem ndng
[PCB102] Bgt duoc tdt cdc muc tieu trong thu hut FDI (ve tdng vdn FDI doi lucmg thu hit, vai trd mong dai cua FDI dot vdi tdng tnrang, vi^cldm, thu ngdn sdch vd xudt khau...) [PCB103] Gidm duac nhieu chi phi trong thu hut FDI do tiit laim cdc khodn chi tieu trudc day ddnh rieng cho hoat dong cgnh tranh trong thu hit vai cdc dia phuang khdc trong viing [PCB104] Cidm dugc nhieu chi phi cua dja phuang trong thu hut FDI do hogt ddng lien ket 227 pup loai bo cdc hoqt dpng chdng cheo [PCB105] Gidm duac nhieu chi phi cua dja phirong trong thu hut FDI do lai ich kinh le 227 theo quy mo tir cdc hogt dpng chung
[PCB106] HQC hoi duac nhieu kinh nghiem thu hut FDI tir qud trinh lien kit vdi cdc dia 227 phucmg khdc.
[PCB301] Nhin chung, lai ich tdng the cua lien ket nmg Id rdt Ian
4.32 17 18
4.20 21.15
4.19 18.94
4.19 21.59
4.17 21.15
4 43 12 78 4.20 15.56 Nguon: Tinh todn cua tdc gid tu du li^u diiu tra
hdi dieu tra ctlng dugc trien khai tuang tu. Khi thu thap, trong dieu kien eho phep va vdi sir ddng y eua dap vien, ngudi thu thdp xdc nhan eac ndi dung edn thieu hay ehua ro rang trong phdn trd Idi cua ddp vien. Cd mdt sd trudng hpp tai lien l^c sau khi d§ thu thap dk xac nhan thdng tin. Cd 233 phieu dugc thu hdi, trong dd cd 227 philu hgp le. Cde phieu khdng hgp le la phieu bd qua nhieu cau tia Idi hoac eau trd Idi CO bilu hien khdng dang tin e|y nhu chgn tdt cd mdt miie eho rat nhieu can hdi lien ke nhau va khong the tilp can dugc de xde nhan. Mgt sd thdng ke md td cu the duge trinh bdy trong Bang 1.
Trong ndi dung phdn tieh, cac thdng ke phdn theo cdp qudn ly dugc ehia theo hai nhdm la nhom lanh dao va nhdm nhan vien, tiong do nhdm lanh dao gdm cdc ddp vien la lanh dao UBND (Chu tich, Phd chu tieh UBND), lanh dao Van phong UBND (Phd, Chanh Van phdng) vd cdc dan vi chirc nang (Giam doe, Phd giam ddc cac sd, ban, khu) (nhdm I vd 2 eiia vi tri cong tac trong Bang 1). Nhdm nhan vien gdm cac dap viSn eon lai.
4.2. Lpi ich, chi phi va rdt ro cua lien ket trong thu hut ddu tir true tiep nir&c ngodi tai Vdng kinh
te trong diem mien Trung 4.2 I. Lai ich
Ket qua khao sat trinh bay d Bang 2 cho thay gia tri trung binh eua miie do dong y ve cac nhan dinh liln ket hien dang mang lai nhieu Icri ieh eho eac dia phuang d 6 khia eanh lgi ieh lien ket deu d miie khdng cao, miic ddng y cao (4 hoac 5) chi chiem tren dudi 20%. Phan phdi tan suat da phan ciing l?ch trdi, trir lgi ieh d khia canh tao ca hgi dau tu nhieu vd tdt hon va hpc hdi nhieu kinh nghiem ban ed miic do lech thap ban. Hpc hdi them kinh nghiem dugc cam nhdn Id lgi ieh ndi trdi nhat trong khi cdc lgi ich khac, dac biet la lgi ich kinh te theo quy md trong cae hoat ddng ehung, tiet kiem chi phi tir han che canh tranh, tilt kiem chi phi tu vi?c loai bd cac boat ddng ehdng cheo la chua eao. Trong timg npi dung hoat dgng, lgi ieh tir lien ket trong cdi thien mdi trudng diu tu thu hiit FDI va lien ket trong quang ba, xiic tien diu tu dugc ddnh gid cao han ea. Nhiing lgi ieh thuc tl dugc cam nhan thap hon nhieu so vdi ky vgng. Lgi ich thuc te tdng the eua lien ket dugc cdm nhan la khdng ed su ehenh lech Idn giiia ede dia phuong. Cae dia phuang deu danh gid cao nhat Igi
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Bang 3 : Ddnh gia Iffi ich thire te cua li£n k i t trong thu hut FDI cua Viing Idnh t l trong diem miln Trung phan theo dia phuong
T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
NOI DUNG NHAN DINH Viec tham gia lien ket mng trong thu hiit
FDI hien dang giup dia phuang:
PCBlOl PCB102 PCB103 PCB104 PCB105 PCB106 PCB301 So quan sat
T T H 2.69 2.23 2.35 2.19 2.38 2.88 2.48 26
Mirc dong y binh DN 2.38 2.25 2.33 2.30 2 32 2.58 2.40 88
QNM 3.08 2.83 2.54 2.65 2 83 3.23 2.58 48
quan QNG
2.85 2.85 2.83 2.98 2.73 3.10 2.30 40
BD 3.40 3.24 3.36 3.28 3.08 3.44 3.40 25 Ngudn: Tinh todn cda tdc gid tu dii lieu dieu tra.
ieh hge hdi kinh nghiem thdng qua qud trinh lien ket (Bang 3). Nhdm lanh dao UBND ed danh gia lgi ieh d^t dugc muc tieu trong thu hiit va lgi ieh hoc bdi kinh nghiem eao hon cdc ndi dung lgi ich khdc vd cao hon cdc ddp vien cac ca quan cdn lai. Khdng co si^ khac biet dang kg trong ddnh gia cua khoi sd, ea quan xue tien va cae ban qudn ly khu edng nghiep, khu kinh t l hay khu cdng nghe cao.
Nhu v|.y, cd t h i ndi lgi ieh eiia lien ket chua tuang xiing vdi ky vgng. Cac lgi ich chi d khia eanh gia tang dugc kinh nghiem, trao ddi thdng tm trong trien
khai bo^t ddng thu hiit la chinh ma chua cd nhieu b i l u hien cua cac Igi ich chuyen sau lien quan den tdi uu hda ehi phi hay gia tang lgi ich dae trung theo muc tieu thu hiit FDI. Thuc te lgi ich ky vgng dupe cam nhan Id Idn eho t h i y cd the day ehinh la dieu thdi thuc cac dia phuang tham gia vd gia tdng miic dp tham gia lien ket trong ho£it dpng nay. Cdc danh gia v l Igi ich cung cho thay da ed nhimg lgi ich tit nhiing hdnh dpng ban dau hudng dSn dieu ph6i cac boat ddng lien ket giua cae dia phuong thanh vien, cu t h i la boat dpng cdi thien moi t m d n g dau tu vd Bang 4: Ddnh gid chi phi thuc t l va kj' vgng cua liSn k i t trong thu hut FDI cua Viing kinh te
trong diem mien Trung N p i DUNG NHAN DINH
Khi tham gia lien kit vung trong thu hut
Ky vgng ' . Miic ddng Ty trpng STT FDI dia phmmg bd nhieu chi phi (cdng quan Miicddng mireddngy ^"'^^"""s miicddng
sue, thai gian vd kinh phi trtfc tiep) de phyc vjj hoat dong lien ket, cu the
sat y binh quan tii 1 den 3 _(%}
y tii 1 den 3 (%) [PCClOl] Chiu nhieu chi phi tim kiem,
thu thdp thong tin phuc vu viec ra cdc quyet dinh lien ket
[PCC102] Chiu nhiiu chi phi dam phdn, giao dich trong qud trinh thiet lap lien kit [PCC103] Chiu nhiiu chi phi triin khai thifc Men liin kit
[PCC104] CMu nhieu chi phi gidm sdt.
kiem tra hieu luc thuc thi lien kit [PCC105] 7K- bd nhiiu lai ich vd chiu nhieu thiet hgi de ddm bdo thuc hi^n diing 227 thda thudn
[PCC106] Chiu mdt mQtphdn ddng ke quyin ttr chu trong cdc quyet sdch ciia dia 227 phuong
[PCC30I] Nhin chung, chi phi tdng thi cua lien kit viing Id rdt Ian
227 227 227 227
227 Ngudn • Tinh todn cua tdc gid tir dQ li^u dieu tra
So 243 thdng 9/2017
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Bang 5: Danh gid chi phi thirc te vii k^ \(fng ciia lien Icit trong thu hiit FDI ciia Viing kinh te tr^ng diem mien Trung phan theo ckp qudn ly
NQI DUNG NHAN DESIH
Khi tham gia lien kit viing trong thu hilt FDI, dia STT phuang bo nhieu chi phi (cong sire, thaigianvd
kinh phi true tiep) dephuc vu hoat dong lien ket, cu the
PCClOl PCC102 PCC103 PCC104 PCC105 PCC 106 PCC301
Nhdm lanh dao
' s6
TaT"
29 29 29 29 29 29 29
Mirc dong y binh Thyc te 2.72 2.86 2.76 2.21 2.41 2.69 2.31
quan Ky vong 2.83 2.69 2.52 2.62 2.14 2.55 2.86
Nhom nhan S6
'','^'
198 198 198 198 198 198 198
vien Mite dong y
binh Thuc te 2.70 2 74 2.71 2.56 2.52 2.45 2.55
quan Ky vong 2.99 2.97 3.12 3.11 2.87 2.92 3.46 Nguon • Tinh todn ciia tdc gid tie die li^u dieu tra.
cdng tac quang bd, xuc ti6n FDI. Tuy nhien, cdc boat ddng lien ket cdn sa khai, cd it loai hmh boat ddng lien ket va miie do lien ket edn thdp. Lpi ieh thire te earn nhan hien van dang la thap cd the la mdt trong nhirng rao can quan trpng do cdc dia phuang cd the nan Idng tii ket qua ban dau khdng nhu mong dpi.
4.2.2. Chiphi
Chi phi thue te d tit ca eac khia canh dugc cdm nhan Id khdng Idn va ciing khong cdch xa ehi phi ky vgng (Bang 4). Tuy nhien, phdn bd eac muc ddng y la kha diu, cho thdy nhdn thiie ve ehi phi cdn cd su khac biet Idn giiia ede dap vien. Ve cdc muc chi phi, khdng ed su khac biet Idn trong ddnh gid giua cac loai chi phi, va ciing khdng cd sir khac biet Idn ve ehi phi eua eac ndi dung lien ket khac nhau.
Lanh dao cip cao nhan dinh chi phi trien khai thue hien lien ket la eao nhat va chi phi gidm sat, kilm tra hieu lue thuc thi Her ket Id thdp nhdt, trong khi ddi vdi Sd KHDT va cde ea quan xiic tiln diu tu la chi phi tim kilm, thu thdp thong tin vd "chi phi"
mdt quyln tu ehu trong ede quyet sdch, va ddi vdi cac ban quan ly la chi phi trien khai thuc hien cam kit vd "chi phi" dt thire hifn diing thda thuan cam kit. Nhdm nhan vien nhan dinh chi phi thuc tfi cao han nhdm lanh dao. Nhdm nhan vien cam nhan ehi phi trong triln kJiai lien ket va chi phi giam sdt, kiem tra hi?u lire thuc thi dvtqc xip tren cdc myc chi phi khdc, tiong khi nhdm lanh dao quan tam nhieu han din ehi phi giao dich, dam phan va chi phi tim kiem thdng tin (Bang 5). Chi phi eua hoat ddng quang bd xiic tiln, chi phi eai thien mdi trudng dau tu dugc ed hai nhdm dat d vi tri cao han trong danh sach cdc hoat dpng lien kit thu hut, ed ky vgng va thuc te.
Nhu vdy, cd thi thdy rang chi phi ciing cd the cd mdt
sd can trd ddi vdi viec trien khai lien ket nhung can trd nay khong phai la dang ke. Cac hoat ddng dang yeu ciu chi phi lien kit eao gdm quang ba xiic tien vd eai thien mdi trudng dau tu.
4.2.3. Rui ro
Xu hudng trung tam cua dii lieu ddnh gia ve rui ro trong liSn ket deu nam can ke miic 3 cho thay nii ro duac ddnh gid d miic trung binh, ca thue te va ky vgng. Tuy nhien, phan tich bieu do tdn sudt phan bd eac cau trd Idi cd the thdy nhan thuc cung rat khac nhau, ham y eac nii ro vd bieu hien cua nd ciing rat phiic tap. Rieng nii ro khdng the phdi hgp chung hay phdi hgp chung khdng tdt cd ty le ddng y tir miic 3 trd len la kha cao. Mgt thuc te khd thii vi la ky vpng rill ro se cao lai nhan dugc mirc dg ddng y binh qudn thap hen nhung miic chenh leeh khdng dang ke (Bang 6). Rui ro ky vpng va thuc te d timg ndi dung Cling khdng ed sir khac biet Idn. Riii ro trong cdng tdc lien ket quang ba, xiie tien va rdi ro trong phdi hgp sii dung eac edng cy khuyen khich ed bieu hien cao ban riu ro cac ngi dung khac.
Nhom lanh dao ddnh gia miic do nii ro thuc te va ky vpng thap hem nhdm nhdn vien d tdt ca eac khia cdnh nil ro va d tit cd cae ndi dung lien ket. Lanh dao danh gid rui ro trong phan chia Igi ieh va nii ro tin cay cao han eac ndi dung lien kit khac, trong khi nhdm nhan vien ddnh gid nil ro bat ddng trong phan chia tiach nhiem vd nli ro tdc dung phu la eao han.
v l ky vgng, nhdm lanh dao cam nhan rui ro phdi hgp la cao nhit trong khi nhdm nhan vien nhan dinh nii ro do bit ddng trong phan chia lgi ieh lien kit.
Xet vl su khde biet giiia eac dia phuong, cae dap vien Da Nang, Quang Nam va Binh Dinh cd nhung danh gia nil ro cao hon eac dap vien cdc dia phuang
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Bang 6: Danh gid rui ro thirc te va ky vong cua lien k i t trong thu hut FDI cua Vung kinh te tr^ng diem mien Trung
Ky vpng NOI DUNG NHAN DDSH So Miic Ty trpng Miic ^ . ^ ^ ^ ^ STT Khi tham gia lien ket vitng trong thu hut quan d i n g y miicddngy ddngy ^ 5 j i g ^ t ^ i
FDI dia phuang chiu nhiiu rdi ro sau: sat binh tir 1 din 3 binh
quan (%) qudn den 3 (%)
[PCRlOl] Riii ro do khdng the co suphdi
1 hop chung hay phdi hap chung khdng tdt z z / A.^O u^.i i ^-oo v-u.^u giiia cdc ddi tdc lien kit
[PCR102] Rui ro do c6 bdt ddng trong phdn
2 chia trdch nhi?m lien quan din chiphi thuc 221 3.06 64.76 2.98 60.79 hien lien kit
[PCR103] Riii ro do co bdt ddng trongphdn ^27 3 03 63,88 3.04 60.79 chia lai ich cd duac tii liin ket
^ \PCRm]Rmrodod6tincay^cuadditdc 227 2.99 64.76 2.84 67.84 liin kit trong thifc hiin cam kit thdp
[PCRI05] RHi ro tdc difng phu phdt sinh khi
, mot quyet dinh hay hdnh dong cda mdt ben y,- ^ ^^ 63 44 2 94 62 11 lien kit cd dnh hudng tiiu cue den dia
phucmg minh
, {?C^QV] Nhin chung, riii ro tdng the cua -27 2 87 73 13 2 87 66 52 lien kit viing la rdt Idn
Ngudn: Tinh todn ciia tdc gid tir dii lieu dieu tra.
Bang 7: Danh gia rui ro thuc t l cua lien k i t vung trong thu hut FDI cua Vung kinh t l trong dilm miln Trung phan theo d$c trung th chiic bd may trien khai NQI DUNG NHAN DINH Mirc ddng y binh qudn~
„ Khi tham gia bin kit vung trong thu hilt FDI, dia phuang dang phdi chiu
nhieu rui ro sau:
1 PCRlOl 2 PCR102 3 PCR103 4 PCR104 5 PCR105 6 PCR301
^ So quan sdt
Ghi chu: Cd 27 quan sdt bi thieu dQ lieu phdn loai td chiic nen khong dua vdo thong ke.
Nguon: Tinh todn cua tdc gid tie da lieu diiu tra
khac d tat ca cae khia canh. Rui ro bat ddng trong N h u vay, ed t h i ndi r i n g thuc t l hien hihi nii ro phdn chia trdch nhiem vd tiong phan ehia Igi ich lien k i t d n h i l u khia canh riii ro va n h i l u ndi dung duge nhieu dia phuang ddnh gid dang d miie cao Hgn k i t mac dii Id khdng d miic cao. Tuy nhien, nhdn han ndi dung khdc. Ddnh gid v l miic dp nil ro ciia thiic khong gidng nhau giira cdc chu till tiiam gia dap vien khdi Van phdng UBND, cdc sd KHDT va ^^^ trinh thu hut FDI ndi chung va Hen k i t tiiu hiit eg quan xiic tien ddu tir eao han cae dan vi khac. F D I ndi rieng cd t h i Id nhung cdn trd trong qud tiinh Lanh d^o cap cao quan tam den nil ro dd tin cay eiia *- u- - 1. - 1 • *- - J - i - - 1-*
. i . , , , . • to chuc eung n h u no lue gia tang m u e do ben ket.
doi tac trong khi cac dan vi chuc nang quan tam den
nii ro tac dung phy phdt sinh, nil ro trong phan chia ^- ^ ' * ' " ^ ° ^ ^ '*^"' ^ ' * ' ^ * ' ^^""^
trdch nhiem vd phan chia Igi ich (Bang 7). Nhom Cdng trinh nay Id mgt trong nhirng nghien ciiu lanh dao cdm nhan nii ro ky vgng d miic t h i p h a n d i u tien tai Viet Nam do ludng lgi ich, ehi phi vd nii cde nhdm edn lai. ro cua lien ket trong khu vuc edng trong bdi cdnh
Sd 243 thdng 9/2017 50 KJHII leJIiat im
LD cap cao 2.50 2.50 2.60 2 80 2 20 2.60
VP UBND
3.33 3.50 3.50 3.33 3.67 3.17
S6 KHDT
3.16 3.29 3.33 3.19 3.29 2.95
CQ XTDT
3.41 3.44 3.54 3.44 3.62 3.31
Cac Ban QL 2.40 2.44 2.33 2.31 2.35 2.40
mdt vung kinh t l trgng d i l m vd v l mdt boat ddng chiic nang dac thii la thu hut vdn d i u tu nude ngodi.
Cac ly ludn d u a n g dai ve lien k i t giiia chmh q u y l n dia phuong da qua nhidu k i l m chiing thuc t l dugc sii dung lam e a sd nghien ciiu giup eho nghien ctru cd dp tin cay cao. Day eiing la nghien eiiu ddu tien dua tien danh gia true tiep cua nhimg ngudi tham gia vdo qua trinh thu hut FDI cua cae dia phuang trong liln ket. Nghien eiiu nay cd the la c a sd quan trgng cho viee giai thich thirc trang miic do lien k i t con t h i p giiia cac dia phuang. K i t qua nghiSn ciiu eho thay Igi ich ciia lien ket dugc danh gid cdn d miie thdp, cdc loi ich van cdn so khai va chua cd hay chua nhdn thirc cd dugc cdc Icri ieh ehuyen sau lien quan den tdi uu hda ehi phi bay gia tang lgi ich dae trung theo mue tieu tiiu hiit FDI. Thuc t l lgi ich ky vpng Id Idn vd cdc lgi ieh hien tai chua tuang xiing vdi ky vgng cho thay day cd the Id ddng lue thdi thiic cac dia p h u a n g gia tang m u c do tham gia lien kit. Tuy nhien, lgi ieh ban ddu dugc cam nhan la thap cdng cd the la mdt trong nhiing rao cdn ddng quan tam.
Khdng cd nhieu su khac biet giiia cdc dia p h u a n g trong nhdn thiic lgi ich eiia lien ket cd tbi gnip ede dia p h u a n g ngdi lai vdi nhau vi mdt chuang trinh nghi sir hen ket ehung. Ngugc lai, cd sy khac biet ve nhan thiie giiia cdc c o quan hiru quan va giiia cae cap qudn ly d eac dia phucmg cd the gay khd khan eho viec trien khai thuc hien thanh cdng lien ket. Ve ehi phi va riii ro, quy md thuc te va ky vpng duge cam n h | n khdng each xa nhau nhieu va deu d mirc thap. Dieu nay eho thay ehi phi va nii ro chua han la rao edn Idn, dae biet trong quyet dinh gia tang miic
dp lien ket. Dieu nay eiing eiing cd nhan dinh Id thuc te lgi ieh ban dau edn thap va cdn chenh lech kha xa vdi ky vgng la rao can chinh. Nhdn thiic v l mpt s6 khia eanh chi phi, nii ro edn cd su khdc biet giira eac dia p h u a n g va giira cae cd nhan trong he thdng hanh chinh cung cd the la mdt van d l ed t h i anh hudng den ca khuynh hudng va hieu qua td chirc lien kit.
Vdi ket qud nghien euu nay, cd tbI t h i y rapt ham y rang vide day manh lien ket vimg trong thu hut FDI ciia Vung kinh te trpng diem mien Trung la e i p thiet, xet d tdt cd cac khia canh ndi dung va miic dp, trong dd uu tien ndi dung lien ket trong edi thien mdi t m d n g dau tu, lien ket trong cdng tac qudng ba, xuc tien vd trong phdi hop dinh hudng nganh va cae du an dau t u can thu hiit. De thiic ddy hen kit, cdn thilt phdi tim hieu va do ludng eu the b a n nira cac loai hinh lgi ich, chi phi vd nil ro eiia lien ket, ddng thdi CO each thirc lam gidm sy khac biet trong nhdn thiic giira cac dia phuang, trong bd may to chuc thu hiit ciia timg dia phuang vd giua cdc cd nhan tham gia boat ddng thu hut FDI d cae dia phuong. \ ^ e c myen truyen vd gidi quyet cde van de ed lien quan d i n lpi ieh, ehi phi vd nii ro trong lien ket thu hiit FDI nen dupe trien khai thudng xuyen, tiing dia phucmg nen chu dgng tnen khai eu the vd dac biet tap trung tuyen truyen vd khuyen khich khai thae cdc Igi ich md lien ket cd the mang lai cho timg dia phuong va eho ea Vung. O cap dp Vung nen co co che chia se cac thdng tin nay nham dam bdo "trd chai lien ket"
ban che dugc tinh bat ddi xirng thdng tin vd de ddng thiet ke dugc muc tieu va cac bude di phii hgp.
C a c thira n h a n / 161 c a m o n : Tae gia cdm an su edng tde quy bdu eiia ede cap lanh dao, cdn bg vien chuc cua UBND, Sd Ke hoaeh va Dau tu, cde trung tam va ban xue tien ddu tu, ede ban qudn ly khu kinh t l , khu cdng nghiep va khu cdng nghe cao eua cae dia phuang Vung Kinh te trgng diem mien Trung trong eung cdp thdng tin khao sat.
T a i lilu t h a m k b a o
Bartels, F. L., & De Crombragghe, S. (2009), FDI policy instruments • Advantages and disadvantages. United Nations Industnal Development Organization.
CoE, UNDP, & LGI. (2010), Toolkit Manual on Intermunicipal Cooperation, Council of Europe. Council of Europe, the United Nations Development Programme, and Local Government Initiative ofthe Open Society.
Feiock, R. C. (2013), 'The institutionalcoUectiveacUonframework', Po/(cv5'r«(/ieyyoMrna/, 41(3), 397-425.
Feiock, R. C , Steinaeker, A , & Park, H. J. (2009), 'Institutional collective action and economic development jomt ventures'. Public Administration Review, 69(2), 256-270.
LGNZ (2011), Shared services for local government. Local Government New Zealand, Retrieved from http://www.
Ignz.ccnz/assets/UpIoads/Shared-services.pdf.
Loewendahl, H (2001), 'A framework for FDI promotion', Transnational Corporations, 10(1), 1-42.
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