CAC CHUAN Mirc QUOC TE VE MINH BACH TRONG MUA SAM CHINH PHU VA MfC DO TtfONG THICH CUA VIET NAM
Vu Thi H i k Dai hoc Ngoai thuang Email: [email protected]
Ngaynhan 24/6/2017 Ngay nh^n ban sua- IIIIKMI Ng^iy duy?t dang 25/8/2017
Tom tSt:
Minh bach trong mua sam chinh phu co y nghia to Idn trong viec tao thudn Ipi, cong bang cho thucmg mai, ddm bdo quyin vd lai ich ciia cdc nhd thdu noi dia vd nuac ngodi, cung nhu tdng hi^
qud SU dying v6n cho chinh phu. Cdc dinh che quoc te da hinh thdnh cdc chudn muc ve minh b<fch dp difng cho cdc thdnh vien cua minh, dac biet Id To chirc Thuang mqi The giai (WTO) vd mpt so lien ket kinh te md Viet Nam Id thdnh vien nhu Dien ddn hpp tdc kinh te Chdu A- Thdi Binh Duang (APEC), Hiepdinh thuang mai tif do EU-Viet Nam (EVFTA),... V&i muc tieu hoi nhap sdu han ve linh vuc mua sdm chinh phu vd tdng hieu qud cua he thong dau thdu npi dia, bdi viet se tap trung nghien cuu cdc chudn muc quoc te ve minh bach trong Itnh vycc ndy, xem xet muc dp tuang thick hien tai cua Viet Nam, tie do, dua ra mpt sd khuyen nghi cho Vi^t Nam trong viec cdi thien tinh minh bach trong mua sdm chinh phu.
Tir khod: Chudn muc qude te, mua sam chinh phu, minh bach.
International transparency standards in government procurement and Vietnam's compatibility
Abstract:
Government procurement is a large slice of a country's spending, accounting for about 14% to 20% of a country's GDP (TI and CIPE. 2010). Transparency in government procurement is of great significance in facilitating trade, creating fair trade, ensuring the rights and interests of domestic and foreign contractors, and increasing efficiency of government funding. International agreements have set the standards of transparency applicable to (heir members, in particular the WTO with the GPA agreement and some other economic integration to which Vietnam is a member, such as APEC, EVFTA. etc. With the goal of deeper integration in government procure- ment and increasing the efficiency of the national procurement system, this paper will focus on intemational transparency standards in this area, taking into account the current compatibility of Vietnam. The paper also provides some recommendations for Vietnam in improving transparency of its government procurement system.
Keywords: Government procurement; international standards, transparency
"?t van de viec dam bao minh bach, ciing vdi cac yeu edu ve Mua sam chmh phu (hay la mua sdm edng) la mdt csinh tranh, khdng phdn bi?t ddi xir,... la yeu edu khoan mua sdm Idn, chilm tdi khoang 14% din 20% khdng ehi xudt phdt tii nhu edu ndi tai, ma cdn tii doi GDP eiia mpt quoc gia (Td ehiie minh bach qude hdi eua cae ben lien quan khi qude gia dd tham gia te - TI & Trung tdm Doanh nghigp Tu nhan Qude vdo cae lien kit qude tl, vdi mue tieu tao su thuan te - CIPE, 2010). Do ddy la mgt khoan chi tieu edng, lgi, edng bdng, dam bdo quyIn vd lgi ich eiia eac nhd
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thdu ndi dia va nude ngoai, eiing nhu tang hieu qud su dyng vdn cho chinh phii.
Minh b^ch trong mua sdm chinh phii, theo (APEC, 2006) cd nghia la "su san ed thdng tm hen quan vd day du cho tdt ca cdc ben ed quan tam theo mdt cdch kip thdi va nhdt qudn thdng qua mdt phuong thuc hien hihi rdng khap vd san sang de tilp can, dilu nay dp dung cho mpi khia canh trong hoat dpng mua sam chinh phii, bao gdm cd mdi trudng van hdnh chung, cae ea hdi mua sam, eac yeu edu mua sdm, cdc tieu ehuan ddnh gid thdu va viec trao hgp ddng". Minh bach cd tdc dpng tich eye vd cd tieu cue din hoat ddng ddu thdu va din nIn kmh tl, nd cd thi 1dm giam chi phi ddu tiidu (Ohashi, 2009), tang khd ndng cung cap tir ben ngodi nen kinh te (Aris Georgopoulos &
edng su, 2017), song cung ed the ddn din su thdng tri cua tidu chi gid ca trong cdc quylt dinh mua sdm (Ochrana & Pavel, 2013).
Cac dinh che quoc te deu eoi trpng vdn dl mmh bach tiong mua sdm chinh phu, vd da hinh thdnh cae ehuan mue cho cdc thdnh vien eiia minh. Trong cac hiep dinh/dinh che ma Viet Nam da ky ket hoae dang dam phan tham gia, chudn muc mmh bach trong mua sam ehinh phu thupc 3 hiep dinh/dinh chi sau, thi can duge xem xet mpt each nghiem tiic; GPA - Hiep dinh mua sam chinh phu trong khudn khd WTO, EVFTA - Hipp dinh thuang mai ty do Viet Nam- Lien minh Chdu Au (EU), vd APEC - Dien dan hgp tac kinh te Chdu A - Thdi Binh Duong. Ly do Id, thii nhdt, Viet Nam hien Id quan sdt vien cua GPA vd dang cdn nhac trd thdnh thdnh vien cua hiep dinh ndy. Thii hai, EVFTA da duge Viet Nam vd EU ky ket vd se ed hieu lue trong thdi gian tdi; va eudi cung, Viet Nam dang la thanh vien tieh cue trong APEC vd mong mudn tang eudng hgp tae vdi cdc nen kinh t6 APEC. Nghien ciiu cua Nguyen Thi Thu Trang (2016) da ra soat su tuong thich eiia phap luat Viet Nam hien hdnh vdi eac dieu khodn trong Hiep dinh EVFTA, tuy nhien, ehu de mmh bach khdng duac xem xet mdt cdch he thdng ma dupe "an ddu"
trong rat nhieu dieu khodn. Ben canh do, bdo cao cua (TI & CIPE, 2010) da trinh bdy 11 chudn myc minh bach eua APEC va phdn tich viec trien khai eac chudn myc d Viet Nam. Tuy nhien, can cii de so sdnh, phan tich trong bdo cao la Luat ddu thdu ban hdnh nam 2005, siia ddi ndm 2009, trong khi Luat nay hien da dugc thay the bang Luat ddu thdu nam 2013 vdi nhilu thay ddi ca bdn. Nhu vay, hieo chua cd nghien eiiu ndo tap trung phdn tieh miie dp minh bach cua Viet Nam trong ITnh vyc mua sdm ehinh
phii trong tuong quan so sdnh vdi cac chudn myc qude te, dac biet la chudn muc thupe ba hipp dinh/
dinh che tren.
Vdi muc tieu hdi nhap sdu hon ve mua sam ehinh phii vd tang hieu qud cua he thdng ddu thdu ndi dia, bai viet se tap trung nghien ciiu cae ehuan mue qude te ve mmh bach trong mua sam ehinh phu tren ea sd xay dyng khung tieu chudn minh bsich ed tinh bao trum, so sanh vdi miic dp minh bach hien teii ciia Viet Nam (chu yeu d gde dp phdp ly), tir dd, dua ra mpt sd khuyen nghi cho Viet Nam nhdm cdi thien he thdng mua sam chinh phu cua minh.
2. Cach tiep cdn vd phir<mg phdp nghien cihi Can cii vdo khai niSm minh bach trong mua sdm chinh phu theo quan diem eiia APEC, tdc gid se rd soat todn bd cdc dieu khodn thude pham vi ciia khdi mem minh bach trong cd 3 hiep dinh/dinh che thude ddi tugng nghien eiru. Tu dd, tdc gid xdy dyng mdt bd khung tieu ehuan minh bach bao tnim todn bp cdc dieu khodn nay 1dm khung phan tieh, ddng thdi, nhdm eac dieu khodn ciia timg hiep dinh/dinh che theo khung da xdy dung de de ddng trong viec tim kiem cae dieu khoan cd lien quan tir cdc van bdn quy pham phdp luat hien hanh eiia Viet Nam. Bd khung tieu chudn minh bach bao gdm cdc tieu chudn sau:
Tieu chudn 1: Cong bo luat vd cdc quy dinh phdp ly lien quan den mua sdm chinh phu.
Tieu chudn 2 • Cung cdp ca hoi de dong gop ykien vdo cdc du thdo quy dinh ben quan den mua sdm chinh phu.
Tieu chudn 3: Xdc Idp kenh de tiep nhdn vd xu ly cdc thdc mdc ve lugt vd du thdo luat ve mua sdm chinh phii.
Tieu chudn 4: Thong bdo vd dien gidi thu tuc phdp ly dp dying doi v&i mua sdm chinh phu cho cd nhdn tic cdc nen kinh te khdc.
Tieu chudn 5: Xdc lap thii tuc de xem xet vd sua chiia cdc quyet dinh hdnh chinh.
Tieu chudn 6: Viec tiep cdn cdc ca hpi ddu thdu.
Tieu chudn 7: Cong bo cdc yeu edu, thong tin cdn thiet trong qud trinh ddu thdu (ho sa thdu. hoat dpng ddnh gid ho sa du thdu, ket qud ddu thdu, ky ket hpp ddng)
Tieu chudn 8: Thong tin bdo mdt.
Ve pham vi nghien ciiu, tdc gid su dung phuang phdp nghien ciiu luat viet, tire la nghien ciru eac vdn bdn thude ddi tuong dieu chinh ciia Luat ban hdnh van bdn quy pham phap luat 80/2015/QH13 ngay 22
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tiiang 06 nam 2015, tuy nhien tac gid khdng nghien edu todn bd van ban, ma chi nghidn ciru nhung npi dung cd lien quan din tinh mmh bach trong mua sdm chinh phu, dua tren tmh lien quan eiia cdc dieu khoan ti-ong van bdn din 1 trong 8 tieu chudn minh bach dd xay dyng.
D I tim ra miic dp tuang thich cua Viet Nam vdi cdc chudn muc minh bach qude tl, tac gia sd dung phuong phap ludt so sdnh: so sdnh giiia ede diSu khodn quy dinh vl cimg mpt vdn de trong 3 hi£p dinh dl gdp phdn lam sang td ndi dung cua cac hiep dinh, khi soi chilu din cdc van bdn quy pham phap luat hien hdnh cua Viet Nam edng lam sang to quy dinh vd khoang each vdi cdc chudn myc qude te cua cdc van bdn quy pham phap luat hien hanh ve minh bach trong mua sdm chinh phu. Sy sdng td ndy la mpt trong nhung dilu kien cdn ddi vdi viec lua chpn cdc hudng di eho viec cdi thien miie dp minh b^ch, ndng cao tinh hieu qua eua viec tiiyc thi sau ndy, dac biet la tinh chinh xdc khi dp dung trong thyc tiln.
3. Mua sdm chinh phu trong m$t so hiep djnh/
dinh chi quoc tl vd mdi quan tdm ve van dS minh b^cb
3.1. Hiep dinh GPA
Hipp dinh GPA dugc xem la hiep dinh todn dien nhdt vl mua sdm ehinh phu. Nghien cihi cua (Philippe Pelletier, 2015) da nhdn dinh rdng ngay cang cd nhilu hiep dinh thuang m^i khu vuc dua dilu khodn mua sdm chinh phu vao, vd GPA nhu la hiep dinh mdu de tham chieu.
Hipp dinh dugc ky kit Idn ddu nam 1979, siia ddi nam 1987. Sau khi ddm phan de md rdng pham vi, hiep djnh mdi da dupe ky ket nam 1994, tiep tuc sira ddi vd hodn thanh nam 2012. GPA Id mdt hiep dinh nhieu ben (khdng bat bupc moi thdnh vien WTO phdi tham gia), hien cd 19 thdnh vien (tucmg img vdi 47 thanh vien cua WTO), 29 quan sdt vien. Muc tieu cua GPA la thuc ddy co hpi tiep can cae thi trudng mua sdm d cdc nude Id thdnh vien GPA, thuc ddy su gia tang gia tri ddng tien trong cdc boat ddng mua sdm, ddng thdi, giup cho viec qudn tri tdt hon (mmh baeh, canh tranh Idnh manh va khdng cd dau hieu tham nhiing) (WTO, 2017).
Minh bach Id mpt trong 3 nguyen tae ca bdn eua GPA, ben canh nguyen tae khdng phdn biet ddi xii vd edng bang ve thii tuc, vd ngdy cang ddnh dugc sy quan tam ban, the hien qua viee nhieu nude dang can nhdc trd thdnh thanh vien cua GPA vd phien bdn ndm 2012 da bd sung mdt sd npi dung so vdi phien
ban nam 1994 de tang tinh minh bach, bao gdm vifc sii dung eac edng eu dien tii trong mua sdm nhu ddu thdu qua mang, nit ngan thdi han thdng bdo mdi thdu,...
3.2. APEC
APEC Id mpt diln dan ddi thoai do 12 nIn kmh tl Chdu A-Thdi Binh Duong tiidnh lap nam 1989 nhdm thiie ddy tang tiiidng kinh tl vd sy thinh vugng trong khu vyc. Din nay, APEC da Idn manh vdi 21 thdnh vien, trong dd cd nhiing thanh vien la eac nude phat triln hdng ddu thi gidi nhu Hoa Ky, Canada, Nhat Bdn, Australia,... Cae boat dpng cua APEC dua tren CO sd 3 tm cdt: (I) Tu do hoa thuang mai va ddu tir, (2) Thudn lgi hoa kinh doanh, (3) Hpp tae kinh tl va ky tiiudt.
Cdc nha lanh dao APEC da cam kit thuc thi cac Chudn myc minh baeh chung vd ehuan mue rieng cho timg Imh vyc cu till, dac biet Id mua sdm edng tai Los Cabos nam 2002 vd tai Bongkok nam 2003 (APEC, 2017). APEC da hoan thdnh bd Cdc nguyen tac khong rdng bupc ddi vdi Mua sdm cong (NBPs) vao thdng 8/1999, lam tiln dl cho viec hinh thdnh Cdc chudn muc minh bach doi vdi mua sdm cong nam 2004, thi hien quyet tam eua cac nha lanh dao APEC trong vipe nang cao tinh liem chinh va phong chdng tiiam nhiing. He tiidng chudn muc ndy bao gdm 11 tieu chudn, vdi pham vi yeu cau ve minh bach khd rdng. Diem manh eua he thdng nay la de hiiu, de van dung, song diSm yeu ciia nd la khdng ed tinh rang bupc cao, phu thupc vao tinh tu nguyen cua cac nude thdnh vien.
3.3. Hiep dinh EVFTA
Hipp dinh EVFTA Id mdt Hiep dinh tiiuang mai ty do (FTA) till he mdi giiia Viet Nam va 28 nude thdnh vien EU. EVFTA cd pham vi cam ket rdng va miic dp cam ket cao nhat ciia Viet Nam tii trudc tdi nay. Ngay 01 thang 12 nam 2015, EVFTA da chinh thiie ket thue dam phdn vd den ngay 0! thang 02 nam 2016, vdn bdn hiep dinh da dupe edng bd, dy kien se cd hieu luc tii nam 2018 sau khi dugc quoc hdi cae nude thdng qua. Van kien cua Hiep djiih gdm 24 ehucmg, vdi ndi dung ddm phan bao tnim khdng chi cdc vdn de thuang mai truydn thdng ma cdn cd cac van de thuang mai phi truyen thdng.
Mua sdm chinh phu Id npi dung dugc dac bi$t quan tam trong Hiep dinh, dupe danh rieng Chuong 9 gdm 23 dieu vdi kha nhieu dieu khodn lien quan den minh bach, trong dd nhdn m^nh viee edng bd thdng tin va tilp can ca hdi ddu thau cho cac nha
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tiiau nude ngoai. Ngoai ra, cdn cd 03 Phu luc dl cap den bien phap chuyen tilp thye thi, din nhiing nhdm cam ket ma Viet Nam bdo luu vl Ip trinh thuc hien, trong dd, cd cam kdt ve edng bd thdng tin trong qua trinh ddu thdu, vd phuang phdp danh gia khi tiln hdnh ddu thdu dien tii.
4. Cac chuaD mac \h miuh batch trong mua sam chinh phu vd mirc do tuong thich cua Viet Nam
Sau khi rd sodt cdc quy dinh vl nunh baeh trong mua sam chinh phu eua ba dinh chl/hiep dinh tren, tac gid xem xet 8 tieu chudn da xdy dung trong cac hiep dinh/dinh che nay dd tim ra muc dp tuang thich hien tai ciia Viet Nam.
Tieu chudn I: Cong bo luat vd cdc qui dinh phdp ly lien quan den mua sdm chinh phu.
Minh bach ve luat vd cae qui dinh phdp ly lien quan la vdn de cdt yeu eua mdt he thdng ddu thdu lanh manh. Cd 3 hiep dinh/dinh che tren deu yeu cau cdc thdnh vien kip thai edng bd cdc ludt, qui dinh va cae quyet dinh phdp ly, cdc quy dinh hanh chinh, chinh sdch, thu tyc vd thdng le lien quan den mua sam chinh phii.
Ve cdch thiic edng bd, EVFTA khdng cd quy dinh, song GPA va APEC deu dat ra ehuan mge rat eu the: yeu cau ludt vd cdc qui dinh ndy phdi dugc edng bd tren it nhat (01) phuang tien gidy ho^c dien tu dupe phd bien rdng rai va duy tri viee sdn sdng tiep can cho cong chung; chinh phu thdnh vien phdi tudn thu ca che bdo eao tdi bd phan dieu phdi ve mua sam chinh phu true thude td chiic cua minh.
Ngoai ra, APEC edn yeu cau phai cong bd danh sach cae ben mdi thdu phdi tudn thu hoae khdng phai tuan thu theo cae quy dinh nay.
O Viet Nam, ngodi quy dinh cua Ludt 80/2015/
QH13 (Qude hdi, 2015), tiii Dilu 8 Luat ddu thdu sd 43/2013 (Qude hdi, 2013)cdnquy dinh vdn bdn quy pham phap ludt ve ddu thdu phai duge dugc dang tai tren He thdng mang ddu thdu qude gia, Bao ddu thdu, vd duac khuyen khich ddng tdi tren trang thdng tin dien tii eiia bp, ngdnh, dia phuang hoae tren eac phuang tien thdng tin dai chiing khac.
Rd rang, ddi vdi tieu chudn 1, xet ve tinh kip thdi va each thuc edng bd, Viet Nam da tuong thich hodn toan vdi GPA, EVFTA, vd APEC, nhung chua tuong thich hodn todn vdi APEC ve edng bd ddi tugng nhd thdu dp dung.
Ueu chudn 2: Cung cdp ca hpi de dong gop y kien
vdo cdc dif thdo qui dinh lien quan din mua sdm chinh phd.
GPA vd EVFTAkhdng qui dinh ve tieu ehuan nay, rieng APEC yeu edu mdi nen kinh te, khi cd the, se edng bo trudc cdc quy dinh ve mua sdm edng du dinh se phe duyet, vd neu cd the, eung cdp cho cdc cd nhan cd quan tdm ca hdi hgp ly de ddng gdp y kien vdo eac du fhao quy dinh nay.
Tai Viet Nam, Luat 80/2015/QH13 (Quoc hdi, 2015) da quy dinh ve Idy y kien ddi tuang chiu su tae ddng true tiep cua van bdn trong qua trinh soan thao, xac dinh eu thS dia chi tiep nhdn y kien; dang tdi todn van dy thao van ban vd td trinh tren edng thdng tin dien tir quy dinh. Ngoai dang tai, viec Idy y kien cd the thdng qua nhieu hinh thiie khde nhau.
Tuy vdy, ddi vdi thii tyc hdnh chinh, Viet Nam chua cd quy dinh ve viee cho phep cd nhdn trinh bdy vd bdo ve quan diem eiia hp, mac du tren thuc te cd the vdn thyc hien viec do. Nhu vdy, ddi vdi tieu ehudn nay, Viet Nam da tuang thich d miic cao vdi chudn mue APEC.
Tieu chudn 3: Xdc lap kenh de tiep nhdn vd xit ly cdc thdc mdc ve ludt vd die thdo ludt ve mua sdm chinh pha.
Trong khi EVFTA khdng cd qui dinh gi ve tieu ehudn nay thi GPA (Dieu VI) va APEC deu yeu edu cdc nude thanh vien cua minh phai giai thich ede thdc mac ve lu^t vd cdc qui dinh phdp ly ve mua sam chinh phu khi cd yen cau. Rieng APEC cdn yen cau mdi nen kinh te lap ra cac ddu mdi lien lac de nhdn cdc yeu edu ndy.
Tai Viet Nam, theo Bd Kl hoach vd Ddu tu (2009) thi Vu Quan ly dau thau cd ehue nang hudng dan thye hien cdc quy djnh cua phap luat ve ddu thdu, hudng ddn xu ly tinh hudng trong ddu thau. Ddy Id ca quan dau mdi de tiep nhan va xu ly ede thae mdc ve ludt va dy thdo luat ve mua sam chinh phu eua Viet Nam. Khdng xet den tinh hieu qua trong hoat ddng eua ea quan nay thi rieng ve mat qui djnh, Viet Nam da tuang thich hoan toan vdi cae chudn mue eua cd 3 dinh che tren.
Ueu chudn 4: Thong bdo vd dien gidi thu tuc phdp ly dp dung ddi vdi mua sdm chinh phu cho cd nhdn tic cdc nen kinh te khdc.
EVFTA khdng cd quy dinh gi ve tieu chudn nay, GPA thi yeu cau cac nen kinh te thdnh vien thong bdo kip thai vd theo cdch thiic nhu quy djnh doi vdi ludt vd quy dinh phdp ly, vd dien gidi khi c6 yeu edu. Rieng APEC, ngodi yeu edu nhu GPA cdn yeu
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edu eu the han "ngay khi cd the, cd nhdn tii mpt nen kinh tl khdc bi dnh hudng true tiep bdi mdt thu tyc phdp ly se dugc thdng bdo mdt each hpp ly ve ede quy dinh eua nen kinh te sd tai ngay khi thu tyc bat ddu, bao gdm ed viec dien gidi ve tinh chat eua thii tuc, edng bd cua ca quan phap ly thyc hien thu tuc va diln gidi chung vl cdc vdn de tranh cai", va them dieu kien de cd nhdn tir nen kinh te khac cd ca hpi tranh ludn bdo ve quan diem cua hp.
Hien nay, Viet Nam chua cd quy dinh ndo va tren thye te cung khdng trien khai cdc hoat ddng de thye hien viec thdng bao mang tinh chu dpng cho ed nhdn cua cac nen kinh te khac khi cdc ca nhdn ndy bi dnh hudng true tiep bdi mpt thu tyc phap ly ndo dd, tham chi viec edng bd eung ehua rd rang nhu ddi vdi ludt va cac quy dinh phap ly. Xet ve tieu chudn ndy, Viet Nam chua tuong thich vdi GPA va APEC.
Tieu chudn 5: Xdc lap thii tyic de xem xet vd sica chua cdc quyet dinh hdnh chinh.
GPA va EVFTA khdng qui dinh ve tieu chudn nay, tuy nhien APEC lai yeu cau rdt cao, theo dd, mdi nIn kinh te se dam bdo rdng ed cac thii tuc trong nude phii hgp de xem xet mdt cdch nhanh chdng va siia chiia cac quyet dinh hdnh chinh, tru nhirng quyet dinh dupe dua ra bdi cdc ly do than trpng nhay cam lien quan den ede vdn de do cdc ehuan muc ndy quy dinh, cy the:
(a) eung edp eho tda dn hoac ban hpi thdm, dugc lap ra edng bdng vd dpc lap, nhiem vu thi hdnh cac thd tuc hdnh chinh md khdng ed lgi ich lien quan nao nam trong ket qud ddu ra eua vu viec;
(b) cung cdp cho cdc ben lien quan ca hpi hpp ly dt trinh bdy quan diem ciia hp;
(c) dua ra cho cae ben lien quan mdt quyet djnh dya tren co sd bang ehung va hd so, hosic nlu ludt cua nude sd tai yeu cau, hd so do ca quan hdnh chinh bien soan;
(d) trong trudng bop ed khdng nghi hoae cdn xem xet them theo luat phdp cua nude sd tai, dam bdo la cdc quylt dinh ndy duge thuc hien bdi cae ca quan lien quan din thii tue hdnh chinh va quan ly hoat dpng eua cdc ca quan nay.
Xet theo yeu cau ehung cua tieu chudn nay, Dilu 91 va 92 cua Ludt ddu thdu sd 43/2013/QH13 quy dinh ro quy trinh va thdm quyIn ciia ede ben trong vipe gidi quylt kiln nghi va viec khdi kien ra Tda dn. Tuy nhien, thu tyc nay khd ddn din vipe nhanh chdng xem xet va siia chiia ede quylt dinh hdnh
chinh. M^c dii vdy, Dieu 93 va 94 eua Lu^t eiing da neu ro khi khdi kien, cac ben ed quyen yeu edu Tda an t^m dimg ngay viec ddng thdu; phe duydt danh sdch ngin; phe duyet kit qud lya chpn nha thdu, nha ddu tu; ky kit hop ddng; thye hien hpp ddng vd cac bien phap khdn edp tam thdi khde. Nhu vdy, cac bi?n phdp khdn cdp tam thdi nay, mac du chua sua ch&a dugc cdc quylt dinh hanh chmh, nhung it nhdt ding 1dm cho ede quylt dinh hanh chinh tiep theo kh6ng the dien ra.
Tir Dilu 73 din Dilu 80 eua Lueit diu tiidu 2013 qui dinh ede ben lien quan nhu ngudi ed thdm quyln, chu ddu tu, ben mdi thdu, nhd ddu tu, td chuyen gia, td ehue tham dinh, deu phai ed trdeh nhi|m gidi quyet kien nghi trong qud trinh lua chpn nha thdu, nhd dau tu; phdi cd trdch nhiem quyet dinh xii ly tmh hudng, tuy nhien, mdi ben ndy chi phdi giai trinh viec thuc hipn trdch nhiem theo yeu cau eua mot si CO quan nhat dinh d trong nude, chu khdng phdi giai trinh cho ede nen kinh te khac. Ngodi ra, Luat ddu thdu 2013 phan dinh ro Bd Ke hoaeh vd Ddu tu la CO quan thuc hipn thdng nhat quan ly nhd nude ve boat ddng ddu thau tren pham vi ed nude. Nhu vay, khung khd phap ly ciia Viet Nam hien tai da dap ling ehuan mue dat ra tai khodn myc (a) va (d) eiia APEC.
Xet theo yeu cau eiia khodn mue (e), Dieu 86 y ^ edu ngudi quyet dinh xu ly tinh hudng phdi can cit vdo mdt danh muc hd so, de dam bdo quylt dinh dvtac dua ra dua tren bang chiing vd hd sa. Ve diSm ndy, Viet Nam da hodn toan ddp ling. Ddi vdi khodn muc (b), Dilu 92 Lu^t ddu tiidu 2013 qui djnh, cdc ben lien quan khi khdng ddng y vdi quylt dinh dugc dua ra thi cd quyln giii van ban kiln nghi din ngudi cd tham quyen hoae Hpi ddng tu vdn gidi quylt kien nghi, tuy nhien, khdng ed qui dinh nao vl vipc eho phep ngudi kiln nghi trinh bay quan dilm eiia minh.
Nhu vdy, ngoai khoan (b) ehua dugc ddp ling, Viet Nam da tudn thii chudn myc d§t ra d khoan (a), (c) va (d).
Tieu chudn 6: Viec tiep can cdc ca hpi dau thdu.
Viec tilp can eac ca hpi ddu tiidu dupe thi hien qua 2 n0i dung chu yeu: (I) cdch thiic thdng bao va (2) miie dp chi tiet va ro rdng eua thdng bdo ve npi dung cua gdi thdu.
Thii nhat, ve cdch thirc thong bdo ddi vdi gdi thdu sdp thye hien, GPA (Dilu VII) va EVFTA (Dilu VI) cd ngdn ngir gan nhu ddng nhdt, theo dd, ben mdi thdu se phai thdng bdo vl gdi thdu tren mdt phuong
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tien gidy ho^e dien tu da cam kit, dugc phd biln rpng rai vd thdng bdo phdi dupe duy tri dl edng chiing tilp edn miln phi, it nhdt la eho din hit giai doEin thdi gian theo qui dinh cua gdi thdu nSu dimg phuang tien diSn tii. Nlu ben mdi thdu la ca quan trung uong, thdng bao se phai thue hien thdng qua mdt edng didn tu truy cap duy nh4t. v l kl hoach ddu thdu, ben mdi thdu duge khuyin khich thdng bao trong nam tai chinh cang sdm cang tdt, trong dd neu rd ddi tuong se mua sdm va ngay dy kiSn se dang thdng bao chi tilt vl gdi thdu khi nd trd thanh gdi thdu sap thyc hifin.
v l each thiic thdng bao, APEC lai kem ehi tilt ban so vdi GPA va EVFTA khi khdng dua ra ydu edu cu the ma chi neu ra 2 nguyen tdc chinh: (1) dl ddng tiep can va (2) kip thdi.
Thii hai, ve noi dung cdn thong bdo eda gdi thdu sap thuc hifin, GPA vd EVFTA qui dinh gdn nhu gidng nhau hodn todn ve 12 ngi dung bat bude phdi thd hien tiong thdng bdo, duy nhat d ndi dung thii 10, EVFTA khdng bdt bude qui dinh viec eung cap ehimg tu bo^c cac chimg chi chimg minh ndng luc ciia nhd thdu. APEC ehi yeu edu 1dm ro 3 trong sd 12 npi dung tren, tuy nhien, APEC lai dua ra nhung nguySn tde ehung cua viec thdng bdo ve ede eo hdi ddu thdu, nhu vide edng bd ehi tiet thdng tin lien he cua ben mua, yeu edu ddi vdi viec mua sam, thu tuc vd cdc mde thdi gian cua vide mua sam. Ben c^nh dd, APEC lai ddt ra mdt yeu cau rdt cao, dd la viee phdn hdi sdm vd trd Idi ede yeu cau ve cung cdp thdng tin cho ede nhd thdu cd quan tam.
Nhu vdy, Viet Nam da d^t dugc chudn myc dat ra d cd 3 dinh chi tren vl each thuc thdng bdo mdi thdu va kl hoach lira chpn nha thdu, vdi phuang tien dang tdi phii hgp (Bdo ddu thdu va Hd thdng m^ng ddu thdu qude gia, vipc truy cap vdo hp thdng nay la miln phi). Vl ndi dung, Vipt Nam da tuang thich vdi APEC nhung it hem ndi dung qui dinh tai GPA va EVFTA (chua dap ling 6 trong sd 12 ngi dung ygu edu). Tuy nhien, Vipt Nam duac bdo luu 10 nam trudc khi phdi tuan thu ddy dii cae dilu khodn ciia EVFTA. Xet theo ehudn muc cua APEC, Viet Nam edn ehua dat dugc yeu edu ve viec phdn hdi sdm vd trd Idi cae yeu edu cung cap thdng tin eho cdc nha thdu cd quan tdm.
Tieu chudn 7: Cong bo cdc yeu cau, thong tin cdn thiit trong qua trinh ddu thdu (ho sa thdu, hoat dpng ddnh gid hd sa du thdu, kit qud ddu thdu, ky ket hgp dong).
Vl hd so mdi thdu, GPA (Dilu X) vd EVFTA (Dilu X) qui dinh hodn todn gidng nhau vl 8 myc npi dung tdi thilu, trong khi APEC chi nhdn manh din thdng tm vl tieu chi ddnh gia, bao gdm cd cac loai hinh uu tiSn. Phdp ludt Vi^t Nam hipn tai da tuong thich vdi ehuan mye eua ea 3 dmh che tren.
Vd hoat ddng danh gid hd sa dy thdu ddi vdi trudng hgp ddu thdu qua mang, APEC khdng dat ra yeu edu cu thi gi, song GPA (Difiu XIV) vd EVFTA (Dilu XIV) dSu qui dinh bSn mdi thdu phai edng bd phuang phap danh gia ty ddng trudc khi tien hdnh dau thdu, dya tren cdc tieu chi ddnh gid da dugc xdy dyng trong hd sa mdi thdu. Ve dilm ndy, Viet Nam vdn chua ddp img md van ddnh gid nhu ddi vdi dau thiiu truyin thdng.
Ve edng bd ket qua ddu thdu, ca 3 dinh che ddu yeu edu phdi kip thai edng bd ket qud ddu thdu cho nha thdu trung thdu vd cd cho nhd thdu khdng tning thdu, cd gidi thich cho cdc nhd thdu khdng tning thdu vd ly do khdng tning thdu, tien td bao gidy hoac phuang tien dien tu da dang ky trong vdng 72 ngay (theo qui dinh cua GPA) vd trong vdng 30 ngay (theo qui dinh cua EVFTA), phdi gdm cae 6 nhdm thdng tin tdi thidu theo qui dinh.
Phdp ludt Vi^t Nam da ca ban tuang thich ve nguyen tac edng bd ket qua lya cbgn nhd thau, tuy nhien, lai khdng yeu edu bat bupc phdi neu dia ehi cua nha thdu tning thdu, ngdy trao hgp dong, hinh thiie ddu thdu, ly do dp dyng ddu thau han che nhu yeu edu bdi GPA vd EVFTA.
v l luu trii tdi lidu ddu thau, APEC ySu edu luu giu trong mdt khoang thdi gian phu hgp, du de chimg minh eho eac quyet dinh dugc dua ra trong qud trinh ddu thdu, cdn GPA vd EVFTA dIu yeu edu cdc ben phai luu trii tdi Upu it nhdt 3 nam. Hien Vipt Nam chua cd qui dinh ndy.
Tieu chudn 8: Thong tin bdo mat Cd 3 dinh ehe deu khdng yeu edu cac ben phai edng bd nhiing thdng tin bdo mdt neu nhimg thdng tin ndy: cdn trd viee thi hdnh phdp ludt ho^c; dnh hudng tdi canh tianh edng bang giiia eac nhd cung cap; anh hudng tdi eac lgi ich thuang mai hgp phdp cua cdc cd nhdn cy the, bao gdm ca viec bdo hp quyln sd hihi tri tue di ngupe lai vdi eac lgi ich chung; di ngugc lai vdi cdc Igi ieh ehung (bao gdm cd viec Idm nguy hai den an ninh cua nen kinh te ed lien quan).
Hien Ludt ddu thdu eiia Viet Nam cdm tiet Id cae tdi lieu trong qud trinh lya chpn nhd thdu, nhd ddu tu
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dugc ddng ddu mat theo quy djnh cua phdp luat vd tiidng tm ddi vdi nhiing dy dn, gdi thdu thude danh muc bi mat nhd nude tiieo quy dinh tai Nghi dinh sd 63/2014/ND-CP (Bd Tu phdp, 2014). Tuy nhien nguydn tdc xdy dung danh myc bao mat cua Viet Nam khdng tuong thich vdi eac dilu kien tren eiia 3 dinh ehe.
5. M$t s6 ket ludn va khuyin nghi Nhin mpt each chung nhdt, khi xem xet miie dp tuong thich vdi cdc chudn myc qude tl cua Viet Nam theo timg tieu chi, cd till phan chia 8 tieu chudn tren ra thdnh 4 nhdm sau:
- Nhdm 1: Tuang thich hodn todn, chi cd Tieu chudn 3.
- Nhdm 2: Tuang thich cao, bao gdm Tieu chudn 1, Tilu chudn 2 va Tieu ehuan 6.
- Nhdm 3: Tucmg thich mot phdn, bao gdm Tieu ehudn 5 vd Tieu chudn 7.
- Nhdm 4: Tuang fliich thdp, bao gdm Tieu chudn 4 vd Tieu chudn 8.
Cd thi ndi, miic dp tuang tiiich hoan todn cua Nhdm 1 va tucmg thich eao ciia Nhdm 2 da the hien Viet Nam da dat dugc mdt bude tien dai ve viec edng bd, gidi thich ludt vd cdc qui dinh ve mua sam chinh phii, cung nhu cai thien qua trinh lam ludt de tang eudng sy ddng gdp y kien vdo du thdo ludt eua cac ben lien quan. Dilm sdng tilp theo la thi trudng mua sdm ehinh phu da cd mirc dp canh tranh cao hon, do viec tiep can cdc ca hpi ddu thdu dupe md rdng (Nhdm 2). Tuy nhien, "chdt luang" minh baeh phy thude nhilu hem vao ndi dung va cdch thiic edng bd thdng tin (Nhdm 3) thi hien edn kha nhieu ndi dung chua tuong thich vdi cdc chudn mue qude te. Them nua, bdo mat thdng tin vdi pham vi rpng hon khuyen nghi cua cdc dinh chi qude te, ddng thai viec chua chii ddng cung cdp vd dien gidi thii tue phdp ly eho cd nhdn tir cdc nen kinh te khac dang la diem yeu tiong viec dap ling chudn muc minh baeh quoc te cua Viet Nam (Nhdm 4).
Xet theo timg hipp dinh/dinh che. Men Viet Nam da ddp ling d miie eao nhdt ehudn mue cua EVFTA, tiep theo la den APEC va eudi ciing la GPA. Mdt sd npi dung chua ddp ling EVFTA tai thdi diem hi$n tai song Viet Nam lai dupe bdo luu 5 ndm hoac 10 ndm ke tir ngay ky. Miie dap img ddi vdi APEC eiing edn mpt khoang each kha xa, chu yeu rai vao ndi dung thdng bdo vd dien gidi thu tyc phdp ly eho ea nhan eua cdc nen kinh te khdc, cung nhu t^o ca hpi cho
hp tranh luan vd trinh bdy quan diem eua minh trong viee sira chiia eac quyet dinh hdnh ehinh, phan hdi sdm va trd Idi cdc yeu edu cung cdp thdng tin eho eac nhd thdu cd quan tdm, viec luu trii hd sa va bao mdt thdng tin. Khodng each xa nhdt thupc ve mirc dp tuang thich ciia Viet Nam vdi GPA. Ddy la mpt thach thdc khd Idn ddi vdi Vipt Nam khi mudn trd flianh tiianh vien chinh thiic cua GPA. Vide tiiu hep khodng each khdng ehi gdm nhiing ndi dung nhir ddi vdi APEC md cdn gdm cd viec cdi thien muc dp ddy du vl ndi dung tiong thdng bdo mdi thdu dl tdng kha nang tilp cdn cdc ea hdi dau thdu, eac thdng tin cdn thilt trong qua trinh ddu thdu, trong dd dac biet la phuang phdp ddnh gid trong trudng hgp tiln hanh diu thdu qua mang vd thdng bao ket qua ddu thdu.
Qua nghien ciiu d tren eho thdy, tinh mmh bsich thi hien trong he thdng phdp ludt eua Vipt Nam da ddn timg bude dugc cai thien nhung khodng cdch din cdc chudn muc qude tl vdn cdn khd xa. Vdi myc tieu thuc hien cac cam ket cua Viet Nam tiong EVFTA, tuan thu tdt hem cdc chudn myc minh baeh eua APEC, va hudng tdi trd thdnh thanh vien chinh thirc ciia GPA, Viet Nam se phai nd lye cai thien mure dp mmh bach cua minh trong vdng 10 nam tdi, khi hit thdi han bdo luu theo EVFTA. D I thuc hien muc tieu nay, Viet Nam edn uu tien thyc hien nhimg ho^t dong sau:
Thu nhdt, ban hdnh van ban phdp luat rieng de thuc thi cam kit EVFTA ve mua sam edng nhu dS xuit ciia (Nguyen Thi Thu Trang, 2016), trong do co cae ndi dung vl minh bach, dp dung rieng cho cac gdi thdu thupc ph^m vi dieu chinh cua Hipp dinh, va danh cho nhd thdu EU. Hieu ling tir dp dung ehuan mue mmh bsieh theo EVFTA se cd tde dpng Ian tda den cdc hoat ddng dau thdu khde trong nen kinh te, lam dieu kien eho viec sira ddi hd thdng phdp luat chung sau ndy.
Thii hai, sua ddi eac van ban phdp luat ve ddu thdu theo hudng phu hgp vdi EVFTA ddi vdi eac qui pham phdp ludt chung, ed kha nang dp dyng d dien rdng ve mmh bach nhu cac qui pham vS thdng bdo mdi thdu, kl hoach lua chpn nha thau, miic dp chi tiet trong thdng bdo mdi thdu,...tren ca sd cdn nhac tinh khd thi eua viec thuc hien, vd cdn nhac tae dpng den nhiing ITnh vuc phdi md eira cho canh tranh qude te ma viec siia ddi mang lai, dae biet la tdc ddng den viec lam, phdn bd thu nh^p, miie dp phdt triln va tinh bin viing cua cac ngdnh qui mo edn nhd be.
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Thii ba, day m^oh viec thifc hien Chinh phu di$n Jtiln thuc hanh liem chinh" do Phong Thuang mai tu va dau thau qua mang, mot phuotng thiic tien tita, va Cong nghiep Viet Nam khcSi xudng nhSm thuc hieu qua va minh bach. Tuy nhien phai c h u i i bj j j y , 5 ^ , i j ^ ^ ^ j ^ va minh bach trong kinh doanh.
dong b p cac yeu to, dac bigt la ha tang cong n g h i va , ,
cac qui dinh phap ly cu t h j dS ddu thju dien t u d u a c Thii nam, xay d.;ng c a che de thong b4o va giai thuc hien rpng rai hon. *i^^'^h ve cae thii tuc phdp ly khi cd yeu edu bdi cae td Thir tu, tang eudng nang lye qudn tii doanh chiic, ea nhdn trong nude, ciing nhu td chuc, ca nhdn nghiep ddi vdi doanh nghiep nha nude, cdn ban °^o'c ngodi, tiln tdi chu ddng thdng bdo v l nhung hdnh Bd qui tde ling xii chung tiong doanh nghiep, thay ddi trong thu tuc phdp ly ddi vdi nhung nen khuydn khich tham gia vdo eac sang k i l n n h u "Sang kinh t l cd lien quan.
T a i liSu t h a m Idiao
APEC (2006), 'Review of the APEC Non-Bindmg Principles (NBPs) on Government Procurement', Government Procurement Experts' Group Meeting, Hoi An, Viet Nam, September, 8* -9"" 2006.
APEC (2017), Anti-Corruption and Transparency Working Group, tmy cap ngay 15 thang 9 nam 2017, tii <https://
www.apec.org/Groups/SOM-Steering-Committee-on-Economic-and-Technical-Cooperation/Working-Groups/
Anti-Cormption-and-Transparency >.
Aris Georgopoulos, Bernard M. Hoekman & Petros C. Mavroidis (2017), The Internationalization of Government Procurement Regulation, Oxford University Press.
Bp Ke hoEich vd Ddu tu (2009), Quyh dinh sd 438/QD-BKH vi chiic ndng, nhiem vu vd co edu td chuc ciia Cue Qudn ly dau thdu, ban hanh ngay 07 thang 04 nam 2009.
Bp Tu phap (2014), Nghi dinh sd 63/2014/ND-CP quy dinh chi tiet thi hdnh mot so dieu cua Lug^t Ddu thau vi Itia chpn nhd thdu, ban hanh ngay 26 thang 06 nam 2014.
Nguyen Thj Thu Trang (2016), Rd sodt phdp luat Vi4t Nam vai cdc cam kit cua Hiep dinh thuang maitudo Viet Nam - EU ve Mua sam cong, Nha xuat ban Cong thirang.
Ochrana, F & Pavel, J. (2013), 'Analysis of the Impact of Transparency, Cormption, Openness in Competition and Tender Procedures on Public Procurement m the Czech Republic', Central European Journal of Public Policy, 7,112-135.
Ohashi, H. (2009), 'Efects of Transparency in Procurement Practices on Government Expenditure- A Case Smdy of Municipal Public Works', Review of Industrial Organization, 34(3), 267-285.
Pelletier, P. (2015), '2012 Revision of the WTO Agreement on Government Procurement: Coverage Dimensions and Context', in The Canadian Yearbook of Intemational Law, 15, John H. Ciurie & Rene Provost (eds). University of British Columbia Press.
Qude hdi (2013), Ludt sd 43/2013/QH13. Lugt ddu thdu, ban hanh ngdy ngay 26 thang ! I nam 2013
Qude hpi (2015), Lugt 80/2015/QH13 vi ban hdnh vdn bdn quy pham phdp lugt, ban hdnh ngay 22 thang 06 nam 2015.
T I & CIPE (2010), Cdc chudn muc ve minh bach cda APEC trong hogt dong mua sdm conga f^e( Warn, Washington.
WTO (2017), Agreement on Government Procurement, tmy cdp ngay 16 thang 03 nam 2017, tii <https://www wto.org/
english/tratop__e/gproc_e/gp_gpa_e.htm>.
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