K I I M H T E V A Q U A I M L V
CAC YEU TO T A C OqniG DEN HIEU QUA Dir AN BOT GIAO THONG VIET NAM
Nguyen Hoang Vi§t Trudng Ogi hpc ThLf0r>g mai
Email: [email protected] Nguyen Pile Nhugn Trudng Qai hpc Thi/Ong mai Email: [email protected] vn Ngaynh$n: 28/06/2017 Ngay nh$n t^i: 07/07/2017 Ngay duypt dang- 10/07/2017
^ ^ - ^ — y - ^ / bao nghien cOu cac yeu t6tac ddng den hiSu qua cua du an dau tu theo hinh thitc C^^^^f'hgp dong BOT. Tien hanh kiem dmh gia thifft vdi tap mau la cac nha quan ty tai 41 di/an BOT phat tnen ha tang giao thdng tai Vi$t Nam. Ket qua phan tich cho thay. nang luc nha dau tu, kinh nghiSm then khai du an BOT cua nha dau tU; mOc thu phi BOT; giai phap ky thuSt tien tien; giam sat va kiem scat chat lugng: Va chon cac nha thau phu phu hdp co tac ddng tich cue den hi$u qua cua du an.
TO khoa: BOT; dU an phat trien giao thong, hiiu qua du an Thuc tieh hut von dau tU vao ha t^ng giao thdng theo hinh thiJc PPP thdi gian qua da chCfng mmh chu trUdng cua Dang ya Nha nUdc ve huy ddng cac ngudn lUc xa hdi de phat tnen ket cau ha tang la diing dan. Trong mdt thdi gian ngan (giai doan 2011 - 2015), dSc biet la trong 3 nam 2013, 2014 va 2015, nganh giao thdng van tai da huy ddng dugc hon 186 nghiri ty ddng ngoai ngan sach nha nudc cho phat trien i<et cau ha tang giao thdng {trong td'ng so hon 202 nghin ty dong huy ddng di/Oc tiJ trUdc den nay) vdi hon 70 du an duoc tnen khai theo hinh thiic PPP, dudi cac dang hop ddng nhU BOT, BOO, BT BTO, , trong dd hinh thiic hop ddng pho bien nhat van la BOT
Sd ligu cua Dieh dan Kmh te the ^idi (WEF) nam 2014 cho thay tinh kha dung cua ha tang giao thdng Viet Nam dUng d vi tri 74, t^ng 16 b^c so vdl nam 2012 va tang 29 b^c so vdi nam 2010.
Su cai thien ve ha tang giao thdng thdi gian vda qua cd^ddng gdp idn cua cac du an dau tu BOT da nit ngan thdi gian di lai, giam chi phi tieu hao nhien lieu, di lai an toan hon TnDng khi dd, tong mtic dau tU va suat von dau tu cac dy an BOT sau khi tach neng chi phi lai vay tronc] qua trinh xay dung la tuong tu nhu cac du an su dung von Nha nude. Md hinli hdp ddng BOT {Xay dung - V^n hanh - Chuyen giao) cho phep t§n dung dude nang luc va kmh nghidm quan ly hidu qua, sU sarig tao, cdng nghe hien dai cua khu vUc tu nhan. D5c biet trong bdi canh ngan sach nha nudc dang gSp
kltoa hoc 2 thirihig ma!
khd khan nhu hien nay. dang thCfc hop ddng BOT la mdt giai phap giiip giam ap lUc ve ngSn sach cho Nha nudc, nang cao hieu qua dau tu, ddng thdi cd duoc cac cdng trinh ha tang phuc vu cho cugc sdng sinh hoat cua ngUdi dan, hoat dgng cua cac to' chUc kinh te - xa hgi, dam bao duy tri toe do tang trudng kinh te va nang cao kha nang canh tranh quoc gta.
Sau mdt thdi gian ngan tang tru6ng ndng, vjdc keu gpi vdn dau tu vao phat tnen co sd ha tang giao thdng theo hinh thiic BOT da chQng lai va bdc Id nhieu han che, bat cSp. Su phat tnen ndng cua giai doan viia qua cd ve nhu khdng xuat phat tCf hieu qua va tiem nang thuc sy cua du an BOT ma^
lai dang dUa tren nguon tin dung ngSn hang de"
dai Thdng ke cua Bd Xay dung cdng bo nam 2013 cho thay, suat dau tu cho mdt cay so dUdng cao tdc khu vuc ddng bang tai Viet Nam la khoang 15 trieu USD, tUOng dUdng suat dau tu tai Trung Qudc NhQng yeu kem ndi tai ve kmh nghidm va ky Jhuat thi cdng, nang luc tai chinh yeu. nhSp khau hau het nguyen vat lieu cd ban,... cua nh£i dau tu va ddng thdi vdi nhOng bat cap ve giai phdng mat bang, cd che chi dmh thau, quy dmh khdng che ve ldi nhuSn dau tu. bieu phi va chinh sach ti'nh phi,... khien phi dUdng bd BOT Viet Nam dang tiem c$n mat bang chung cua the gidi va rat khd cd the keo giam, du thu nhap cua ngudi dan chi d mQc trung binh thap
Sol 09/201'r
KINH TE VA qUJN LV Nghien cilu n^y td'ng quan cac va'n de 1^ thuyfe't
va nhan dang cac yeu t d chinh cd tac ddng d^n hieu qua cac dy an dau tu theo hinh tiiCtc hop ddng BOT trong ITnh vyc ha tang giao thdng tai Viet Nam, tCf dd xay dyng md hinh nghien ciiu dya tren 4 nhdm bien so tac ddng {bien phu thudc) tUdng ling 4 giai doan cua vdng ddi du ah: Danh gia sd bd - Thda thuan/Dau thau - Tnen khai {xay dung) - Van hanh diJ an vdi hieu qua dy an {bien dgc lap) va kiem d]nh trdn tap mail la 92 nha quan Iytai41 doanh nghi$pda va dang tham gia cac dU an BOT giao thdng trong giai doan 2011 - 2016.
1. Cd sd ly thuyel ve cac yeu to tac ddng den hi#u qua du an giao thong BOT
1.1. Duan BOT
BOT (Build - Operate - Transfer) la thuat ngQ dugc SLi dung lii nhOng nam 1980s tai Thd NhT K^
de chi thda thuSn cap vdn trong ke hoach tU nhan hda cd sd ha tang cua nudc nay (Tiong, 1990).
Schaufelberger va Wipadapisut (2003) dmh nghTa
"BOT la mdt phuong thiic ma khu vuc tu nhan thuc hien cac nhi§m vu tai trd, thiet ke, xay dyng va vSn hanh mdt dU an xay dung cd sd ha tang trong mdt giai doan da dugc thdng nhat gii3a cac ben". Khi thdi gian van hanh dupc cap phep ket thiic, quyen sd hQu cd sd ha tang phai dudc chuyen giao cho chinh phu.
Theo Nghj dmh s d 15/2015/ND-CP ban hanh ngay 14/02/2015 ve dau tU theo hinh thiic doi tac cdng tu, "Hdp ddng BOT la hgp ddng dUdc ky giQa cd quan nha nudc cd tham quyen va nha dau tu de xay dyng cdng trinh ket cau ha tang; sau khi hoan thanh cdng trinh, nha dau tu dugc quyen kinh doanh cdng trinh trong mdt thdi han nhat d|nh; het thdi han, nha dau tu chuyen c|iao cdng trinii dd cho ca quan nha nUdc cd tham quyen" (Dieu 2, khoan 3). Cho d^n nay, Nghj dmh 15/2015/ND-CP la van ban phap lu$t mdi nhat ve cac hoat ddng dau tu theo h)nh thyc cdng tu, trong dd cd dau tu BOT, trong dd phat then ha tang giao thdng van tai la mdt trong nhOng ITnh vuc dugc Nha nudc cho phep thuc hien dau tu theo md hinh BOT. Nghi djnh 15/2015'/ND-CP da ke Vnila cac quy dmh phap luat va cac nghj d|nh trudc dd ve dau tu cdng tu da guy djnh chi tiet, cy the va toan di§n hdn cac van de, cac doi tUdng lien quan den thuc hien du an BOT
Theo Levy (1996) can ap dung nhOng quy chua'n quoc te cd san de thiic dSV thu tuc d i u tU canh tranh, cha'ng han nhu dau thau. B§ phUdng thiJc BOT dugc yng dung thanh cdn^ trong dau tu cdng can phai dugc tien hanh bdi dau thSu^ day la phUdng phap hiSu qua nhat trong thiic day canh tranh, tinh kinh te^va sU hieu qua. Levy (1996) cung chi ra rang de' dat dupc sy quan tn tdt trong BOT la thdng qua myc tieu minti bach va canh tranh. Cac bien phap can dUOc dUa ra de dgt dugc
myc dd minh bach mong muon nen bao gdm viae cdng bd cdng khai mdi thau, gia dugc lya chgn va trao hdp ddng.
Tiong (1990) tap trung vao khia canh riii ro va an toan cua cac dy an BOT. Tac gia kha'ng djnh rang, thdng thudng trong du an BOT, Chinh phu hudng den viec khu vuc tU tai trd du an thdng qua ngudn doanh thu ky vpng va ngudn doanh thu nay ddng vai trd dam bao cho du an, khac vdi de xuat dam bao true tiep cho khoan vay no cho dy an.
Trong md ta dy an phat then cd sd hg tang theo BOT gidng nhu dy an khdi nghiep va chia thdi gian cLia du an BOT thanh 5 pha gdm' trudc ^dau tu, thyc hien, xay dung, van hanh va chuyen giao.
M ^ pha deu cd rui ro lien quan va chu dy an deu cd nghTa vu tUdng iing. Cac rui ro tang manh trong pha xay dyng va dat dinh trong nhdng nam d§u van hanh bdi trong pha xay dung, ngudn von Idn dugc sCl dung vao nguyen vat lieu, nhan cdng va trang thiet bl. Khi hoan thanh va dUa vao van hanh.^du an bat dau tao ra doanh thu va chu dy an cd the bat dau tra cac khoan nd va thu Ipi nhucin.
Rui ro se giam dan trong pha van hanh cho den khi chuyen giao cho chinh phu.
1.2. Du an BOT ha tang giao thong Thuat ngQ ha tang giao thdng van tai cd tha' dUdc hieu la he thd'ng nhOng cdng trinh vat chat ky thuat, cac cdng trinh kien tnic va cac phUdng tiSn ve td chUc cO sd hg tang mang tinh nen mdng cho sy phat trien cua nganh giao thdng van tai va nen kinh te. Dac diem cua cd sd ha tang giao thdng la cd tinh thdng nhat va ddng bd; giQa cac bg phan cd sU gan ket hai hda vdi nhau tao thanh mdt the vQng chac, dam bao cho phep phat huy dUdc sQc manh tong hgp cua ca hd thong (Wilde & Denton, 2006). Cac dy an BOT phat then hg tang giao thdng cd su ket hpp giQa Nha nudc va nha dau tU tu nhan. Cy the, cac du an thudng dugc quan ly va kiem soat cua Bg GTVT hoSc cO quan quan ly v l giao thdng cua cac nudc. Hau het cac nha dau tu BOT vao g^ao thdng ddu phu thudc vao ngudn vdn tin dung de dau tu, trong khi dd vdi mdt dy an giao thdng thudng cd mQc dau tu Idn, thdi gian thu hoi vdn keo dai. Cac tieu chi danh gia tiem nang cua dy an phd' bien la luu lugng xe, so loai xe, ty 16 chiet khau, doanh thu va chi phi lien quan (IVlalini
& Raghavendra, 1996).
Cac du an BOT xay dyng cd sd ha tang giao thdng thudng gSp phai khd khan tron^ giai phdng mat bang, dan den nguy cd cham tien dd va tdn that. Rui ro dac trung cOa cac dy an BOT giao thong la sy sut giam luu luong xe, dan den giam doanh thu va tinh trang thua Id'cOa chu dau tU. Vi vay, mQc phi thu thudng dUdc xem xet ky ludng, so sanh vdi chi phi m^a cac phUdng fien phai tra neu chpn lya di chuye'n tren tuyen dudng khac. Ben canh do la nhOng rui ro td mdi trudng, thdi tiet
fcftna hoc ^
tlnflfngm^l 3
KINH TE VA QUAN LY
•^Ai4mkhien chat lupng cdng trinh giao thdng b; anh hudng, tac dpiig tieu cue den su an to^n cua cac phUdng tidn di lai va chi phl*bao tri cGa nha dau tU.
1.3. <^c yeu to tao d^g den t^u qua dtf an BOT ha tang giao thong
Mdt du an BOT hg tang piao thdng^ bao gom nhieu giai doan khac nhau, va fe-ong moi giai doan chiu nhQng t'ae ddng khac nhau tCt cac yeu t d khaeh quan va chu quan.
(1) CSc ySu tS lac dong d giai doan danh gia tien kha thi:
- Xac djnh du an thich hpp: nha dau tu can than trgng trong viec lua chpn dy an thich hgp tren cd sd xem xet eac yeu to ve tdng vdn dau W, thdi gian dau tU, ehi phi von, doanh thu phi iii luu lUOng xe,... va tinh toan mijie lgi nhuan, cac riji ro ky vgng. NhQng phan tfch nay cd arih hudng tich cue den tinh hieu qua cua dU an BOT giao thdiig (Quiao va cac cdng sU, 2001).
- Tinh hinh kinh te - chinh tr; dn dmh: mdi trudng kinh te va chinh tr; dn djnh giiip nha dau tU giam thieu cac thiet hai do eac nJi m kinh doanh va chinh tr; lien quan, tgo dieu kidn riit ngan thdi gian xay dyng, tiet kiem chi phf. Hdn the nOa, trong mdi trudng kinh te dn djnh, ngudn cung nguyen vat lieu xay dung ddi dao hdn, thu nhgp binh quan va luu lupng xe tang keo tiieo doanh Uiu phi tang (Caselli va cac cdng su, 2015).
- Quy dmh phap luat: cac quy dmh phap luat day du, ddng bd la cd sd de nhOng du an BOT giao thdng phtJc tap dupc van hanh hieu qua, tgo thuan Ipi gidp nha nudc quan ly va nha dau tu khdng gSp khd khan trong qua trinh trien khai (Caselli va cac edng sU, 2015).
- Nang lUc eua nha dau tU: nha thau hay nha dau tu CO vai trd quan tnpng trong du an BOT giao thdng bdi hp tham gia iii huy ddng von, thiet ke den xay dung, van hanh va bad tri. Nang lyc tai chinh tot giiip huy ddng ngudn vdn re hdn; ddi ngu ky su gidi tao ra ban thiet ke phu hpp mdt each nhanh chdng, hidu qua; cdng nghd thi cdng; ban quan ly ehuydn nghiep giiip qua trinh xay dung, van hanh dUde thdng suot, lien tuc (Qiao va cac cgng sy. 2001).
- Kinh nghidm cua nha dau tU vdi du an BOT:
Nha dau tu ed kinh nghiem tham gia cac du an BOT giao thdng lam viec hiSu qua hdn doanh nghiap chua ed kinh nghiem tham gia ho5c khdng phai BOT thudc ITnh vyc giao thdng (Qiao va eac cpng su. 2001). Ngay ca trpng ITnh vue giao thdng, nha thau ed kinh nghiem trong BOT dUdng cao tdc eung khae nhOnq doanh nghiep chuyen ve BOT san bay. cang bidn.
(2) Cac yeu to tac ddng 6 giai doan dau thau dUan
- Dau thau canh tranh: friuc te cho thay eae nha dau tu nudc ngoai danh gia cao nhOng dU an BOT
khoa hoc ^
dugc kJ ket thdng qua hinh thii'c dau thau canI tranh (Quiao va cac cdng sU, 2001). H$ thdng dli thau cgnh tranh thu hiit dugc nhieu nhi d§u ti tham du, vi v|iy, du an BOT cd the lya chpn nhi t h i u tdt nhat khdng ehi gia thSu ma cdn nang lyi nha thau.
- Miic thu phi: can hpp ly ddi vdi ngudi dilng vi thda man nha dau tu va chu nd. Cac chinh phi thudng CO xu hudng bao v# Ipi ich cOa ngudi dSi khoi nhQng ganh nSng tai chinh va uu tien miic ph thap {Grimsey va Lewis, 2007). VI v$y, miic thi phf cac phUdng ti#n giao thdng d mUc chap nhSr dupc se giup nha dau tu cd duge hpp ddng BOT dam bao su dn dinh trong luu li/pngxe va doani thu phf khi van hanh dy an. Vi v^y, miic phi tha[
hpp ly duge kjf vpng cd moi quan he eiing chili vdi hidu qua dy an.
- Giai phap ky thuat thi edng: eac giai phaf cdng ngh§ xay dyng cung cd vai trd nhat djnh, ant hudng den cd hpi tning thau va chat lupng cdnc trinh, dam bao hiSu qua du an BOT (Grimsey VE Lewis, 2007).
- Lya chpn cac ddi tac phu hpp: nha diu tiT dL an BOT giao thdng khdng hoat i3dng dgc ISp ml hgp tae vdi nhieu doi tae nhu ngan hang, nha cung cafp, nha thau phy,... cae yeu td trong hop dons du thau nhu chi phf von, vat li^u, edng ngh$ xSj dung,... cd the duge quyet djnh bdi eae doi tac naj (Grimsey va Lewis, 2007). Vi vSy hiau qua du dr sau nay se phy thude mdt phan vao cac doi tac di an duge lua chpn.
- V§n ddng Hanh lang: eae dy an BOT hay PPF ndi chung thudng thu hut van ddng hanh lang ciic cac nhdm quan tam. Van ddng hanh lang c6 th^
cung cap eho cac nha hoach dinh ehfnh saci' nhOng dQ lieu va nghidn cQu tiiyc te ve tfnh l^a th cua kinh te va xa hdi, ddng thdi de xuat khdi dOng du an mang lai Ipi ich chp xa hdi. Tuy nhien, m^l tieu cyc dang lo la tham nhung, thien vi va ho\ if quan ehQe. Cae nhdm van dpn^ hanh lang cothe thuc day cac du an sinh ldi bang each tac d^nj den quydt djnh cua cac nha quan ly nhung nei khdng cd su danh gia chi tiet ve muc dich. ldi Icl"
va chi phf eua du an. ed the dan ddn dau tU khonc hieu qua va tac ddng tieu cUc den lgi ich xa t\fy (Chakravorty va Mazumdar, 2008).
(3} Cac yeu to tac ddng 6 giai doan xiy diM;
- Phan bd riii ro: cac nha dau tu BOT can nhat dang, danh gia va phan bd nji ro hgp^ ly. Phan K rui na hi$u qua la yeu t d quan trpng de' lya chon ta trg du an. Vi vay, phan bd riii rd cang hdp \% khi nang thanh cdrig eua dU 6n cang cao (Qiao va ca(
edngsu, 2001).
- Bao lanh d$c biet cua chinh phii: su thani edng eiia du an BOT cd thd phai dya tren sif ho In cua chinh phii trong mdt sd trudng hpp nhU k6(
dai thdi gian thu phf, bao lanh vay vdn ngai
hang,... Neu khdng ed dam bao dSc bidt til ehfnh phii, ho|ic chinh phCi pha vd cam ket, riha dau tU khdng thd tgo ra dii ddng tien de tra no (Quiao va eac cdng sy, 2001)
^- Giam sat va quan ly chat lugng: quan tn va kie'm soat chat lupng thi edng xay dung cang nghidm ng§t thi chat lupng dy an eang dUdc dam bao.Vi v$y, yeu td nay cd giup tang cudrig hieu qua dau ra cua du an (Qiao va eae edng sy, 2001).
- Lua chpn nha thau phu: nha dau tU dy an tim kidm nha ttiau phu cd mue tieu tuong thich, cd nhieu kinh nghiem trong eac du an BOT, ehuyen ve cac ky thuat va phong each quan ly phu hpp; uy tin, dang tin cay ve tai ehinh va cac ky nang bd sung khac. Su lua chpn nha thau phu phu hdp cd anh hudng tieh eye den hieu qua eua dy an (Qiao va cac cdng sU, 2001).
(4) Cac yeu to 6 giai doan v$n hanh - Kie'm soat quan ly: eac ky thuat lap kd hoach va h$ thdng quan ly du an tren nen tang phan mdm quan ly va hd thdng thdng tin nen duge ap dyng trong cae du an BOT giao thdng van tai. 0 cac nudc phUdng Tay, trao quyen la phUdng phap tiep can thfeh hpp dupc ap dyng bdi eac doanh nghiep bdi miie do trudng thanh va tinh than ty giac cao. Trong khi dd. cac nudc_kem phat then hdn, phuong phap quan l^ chat che thich hdp hdn (Caselli va cac cdng sy, 2015). Vi v§y, mQc dd kie'm soat quan ly cang eao, kha nang thanh edng eila duan eang Idn.
- Tac ddng mdi trudng: cac du an xaydung co sd ha t i n g ludn cd tae ddng mdi trudng n h i t dmh. Tac ddng nay cd the l a t i c h cyc vi giiip cai thien giao thdng, giam un tac hoSe thdi_gian di c h u y ^ , vi the giam khi thai va d nhiem mdi trudng. Tuy nhien, qua trinh xay dyng tgo ra nhijng v i n de nhu d nhiem khdng khi. tieng dn va eac chat thai xay dung. D d han che cung nhu xCf ly nhOng van de nay, nha dau tu BOT phai bd ra khdng ft ngudn luc eon ngudi va tai ehfnh {Grimsey v i Lewis, 2007).
(5) Cac yiu to'tac ddng d giai doan chuyen giao - van hanh tdt khi chuye'n giao; khi ehuydn ^iao dy an cho chinh phu, neu dy an van van hanh tot thi cd the eoi dy an hieu qua dam bao chat lupng sau mdt thdi gian van hanh dai ciia chu dau tu. Nhd vay ma ehfnh phCi van cd the tiep tyc khai thac dy an, tgo ra them ngudn thu ngan sich va Idi ich cho cdng dflng (Caselli va cac cdng sU, 2015),
- Bao lanh bao fri, dai tu: khi dy an cd c i c bao lanh ve dai tu, bao tri. ehat lupng cdng trinh c i u , dudng,... cung se dupc duy tri. Dieu nay dam bao loi ich cCia ehfnh nha dau tu trong khai thac tuyen dudng da xay dyng bdi luu lupng xe va ngudn thu phf se khdng bj sut giam do edng trinh xudng cap (Qiao va cac cdng sy, 2001).
^ - ^ ^ KINH TE VA qURN LT J
2. Thyc trgng dau tu du an BOT ha tang giao thdng d \^$t Nam
Trong dial doan 2011 - 2015. chQng kidn sy bung nd ve hogt (3dng d i u tu phat tridn cd sd ha t i n g giao thdng theo hinh thUc BOT. Chi trong thdi gian 5 nam (2011 - 2015), ngudn von dau tu v i o giao thdng tQ ITnh vuc tu nhan thdng qua hinh thile d i u tu BOT dat 18'6.481 ty ddng, chidm 81,45%
tdng vdn huy ddng tCl trude den nay. v i chidm 42%
trong tdng sd vdn dau tu eho phat trien ha t i n g giao thdng. Theo Bd Giao thdng van tai, tQ nam 2011 den 2015. ea hudc ed 71 dy an dupe tne'n khai theo hinh thQe dau tu doi tae cdng - tu (PPP) de xay dung dudng bd vdi tdng mQe dau tu khoang 202.556 ty ddng. Trong dd, so du an dau tu theo dang thQe hop dong BOT la 69 dy an, vdi tdng miic d i u tu la 186.481 ty ddng. Cd the thay, hinh thQe d i u tu BOT van la hinh thiic d i u tU hap d i n nhat, dupc nhieu nha dau tu lUa chpn nhat Trong giai dogn niy, dau tu BOT chiem gan nhu tuydt doi vdi 97,18% ve so dy an va 92,06% ve von dau tu so vdi cac hinh thQc dau tu cdng - tu (PPP) khac.
Ddn nay, trong sd BOT dau tu vao ITnh vuc giao thdng, sd vdn d i u tu cho giao thdng dudng bd la 185.070 ty dong vdi 58 du an Dau tU eho dUdng thCiy ndi dja 1 du an vdi tong mUc dau tu la 1.303 tif ddng, hang hai la 2 dy an vdi tong mile dau tu 230 ti' ddng Gdn ITnh vyc dao tao cd 1 dy an vdi mQe dau tu 57 ty dong.
Nam 2013, so von xa hdi hda dau tu theo hinh thQc BOT d ITnh vuc giao thdng dat mUc eao nhat to trude ddn nay vdi 68.563 ty ddng. Sd vdn nay cao hon nhieu so vdi tdng vdn da huy ddng dupc trong ca mdt giai doan trude nam 2012 vdi chi 49.605 ty ddng. Nam 2014, so von dau tu trong ITnh vue giao thdng giam ehut it nhung van d mQc eao 3*9.077 ty ddng. Nam 2015, von BOT giao thdng dat hon 45.000 ty ddng.
Ve sd lugng dy an BOT giao thdng, nam 2013 ed 24 du an BOT trong ITnh vUc giao thdng. Nam 2014 cd 19 dy an va nam 2015 cd 16 dy an. Cd the thiy. trong nam 2015 ve sd lugng du an BOT ed giam so vdi nhQng nam trude nhung vd g i i tr|
dau tu lai tang. Dieu nay cd the ly giai la dp nam 2015 thj trUdng bat ddng san da bat dau t i n g trudng trd lai, do dd, da lam giam sQc thu hiit d i u tu v i o cac dy i n xay dUng ha tang giao thdng, Sd lugng dy an giam nhung gia trj dau tu tang cung ddng nghTa cac dy an BOT giao thdng ngay cang cd quy md Idn. Mat khac cdn phan anh ITnh vUc BOT giao thdng ngay cang thu hut nhieu nha dau tu cd nang lyc ve ngudn von Idn, cd kha nang thye hiSn nhQng cdng trinh cd quy md Idn.
Trong so cae dy an BOT dupc thuc hien trong giai dogn 2011 - 2015, den nay da cd 26 dy an hoan thanh va dupc dua vao khai thac vdi tdng mQc d i u tu la 74.806 ty ddng, cdn 36 dU i n khae
-khoa hoc
JnWH I E UA QUAW LV
80000 60000 40000 20000
/ 68563
/ ^
45000 . . E = a — r , =
n
"1
-J/
• Sodvai
quan trong trong phit then h t i n g giao thdng d nudc ti Dieu nay hoan toan phu ho vdi kinh nghiem phat trii eiia qudc te va r i t can thif vdi mdt qudc gia dang ph.
trien va cd nhu cau ldn -v dau tu hg tang giao thfin nhu Viet Nam
3. Cac gia thuyet v phUOng phag nghl§n cUu
Nhu da tdng hgp d muc;
mdt dy an BOT giao thdn Ngudn'Tong hop tty bao cao cua Ban quan 1;^ dSu tu cac du an ddi tacbao gdm nhi^u giai doa cdngtu khac nhau, va d mdi gij
Hinh I.' Bien ddng vesolifdnp va so von dU an BOT Qiao thonp dogn chju t i c dgng kha vdi tdng mdc dau tu 111.854 ty ddng dang trong
qua trinh trien khai. CiJng trong giai dogn nay, 18 du an BOT khac vdi tdng mdc dau tu 37.212 ty ddng dugc tnen khai trUdc nam 2011 cung da hoan thanh va dUa vao sii dung. Nhu vay, tinh chung ca giai doan thi da cd 44 dy an BOT^giao thdng dupe dUa v i o sO dung vdi tdng gia trj dau tu
!a 112.018 ty ddng. Ve cd ban, eae dy an dUa vao SLJ dyng dam bao chat lupng. tien dp trien khai diing va vugt tien dd, thu tue dau tu diing phap luat va cac quy dinh hidn hanh.
Ve suat dau tu eho mgt cay sd dudng cao toe
eila Viet Nam eung dang tang cao va tiem e i n vdi Nguon- Tong hdp tii bao cao cua Bd Giao thdn mat bang ehung eila the gidi. Theo thdng kd cua ^^^^ (^,
Bg Xay dung, suit dau^tu cho mdt eay so dudng ninh 2 ' Ty 1$ cac nguon von dau tUphSttri^n tia cao tdc khu vyc ddng b i n g tai Vidt Nam nam 2013
la khoang 15 thdu USD, tudng dUdng suat dau tu tai Trung Qudc. Hidn nay. gia xay dung tdng hdp d cac du an BOT khoang 26.63 - 33,50 ty dongVkm ddi vdl doan quy md mat cat ngang trung binh 20,5m Ddi vdi eac dogn ed quy md cat ngang trung binh 12 m thi gia xay dyng la khoang 16,51 -18,60 ty ddng/km. Nguyen nhan eila sU gia tang nay la do hau het cac nguyen vat lieu ed ban, thiet bj, may mdc thi cdng deu phai nhap khau. chi phi giai phdng mat bang cao.
Trong giai dogn 2011 - 2015, ed 444.040 ty ddng dUdc huy ddng tham gia dau tU va xay dung ha tang giao thdng, trong dd, ngudn vdn dau tU theo hinh thQe BOT la 186.481 ty ddng. chidm 42% tdng vdn dau tu Ngudn vdn ODA dau tu cho cd sd ha tang giao thdng trong giai doan nay dat 6^24 ty USD (137.280 ^ ddng), chiem 30,92%
tdng vdn dau tu eho hg tang giao thdng. Nhu vay, cdn lai 27.08% von dau tu cho ha tang giao thdng trong giai doan nay la ngudn von til ngan sach va thu hiit to cac ngudn dau tu khac.
_Nhu vay, ngudn vdn BOT chiem ty trong Idn nhat trong sd eae ngudn v o n d i u tu eho p h i t trien ha tan^ giao thdng trong nhung nam qua. Cd thd thay rang, dau tu BOT trd thanh mgt ddng lUe
hhoa hoc "
6 thiTdngmal
tang giao thdng
nhau tCi cac yeu td khaeh quan va chCi quan. Vi d i e diem hau het cac du an BOT hg tang gia thdng d Viet Nam ddu mdi dUng d giai doan va hanh nen nghien cQu nay gidi hgn vao cac yeu I tac dgng d 4 giai doan d i u eila vdng ddi dy i n . V nhQng phin tich nhutren, nghien cQu dexuitcE gia thuyet nhu sau:
Gia thuyet 1: Hoat ddng danh gia tien du ant CO tac ddng tich cue (cdng chieu) den hiSu qua t an BOT hg tang giao thdng.
Gia thuyet 2: Hoat ddng dau thau tot co ti ddng tich cue (cung chieu) d§n hieu qua du i BOT ha tang giao thong.
Gia thuyet 3: Hoat ddng thi cong xay dung t an td't cd tac ddng tich cue (cOng chiiu) din hli qua du an BOT ha tang giao thong.
Gia thuyet 4: Hoat ddng v$n hanh du an tot ( tac ddng tich cue (cdng chieu) den hidu qua dU i BOT ha tang giao thdng.
U6 hinh nghien cQu gia djnh eac yeu to ti ddng den hidu qua dU an BOT ha tang giao thoi vdi bien phu thudc la hidu qua dU an BOT ha tai giao thdng va diigc giai thfeh bdi 16 bien ddc li
KIHH TE tf A qUAH I Y tUdng dffl trong md hinh hdi quy. Phuong trinh hdi
quy cd dgng sau:
Y=Ao+A^X^ +A2X2+ ... +Ai6Xi6+e Trong do: Y la la nieu qua du an, AO ... A16 la cac h e s d can tim, x1...x16 la cac yeu td tae dpng den hidu qua du an. Va e la sai sd chua'n.
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nu phu [AMI J. IM-) mon^lAlftl
Hinh 1.' Mo hinh nghien cOu
^Nghien cilu nay dugc tridn khai bang each phat tnen cac gia thuydt va kiem dmh lai bang phUdng phap dinh lugng. Tac gia xay dyng bang cau hdi, gdm nhieu cau hdi tUdng Qng vdi mdi gia thuyet {cae bidn dgc lap) de d i n h g i i mQc do t i c ddng tdi hieu qua dy an BOT hg tang giao thdng Vidt Nam (bien phu thude). Bang hdi bao gdm 2 phan, phan thil nhat la eac thdng tin chung ve doanh nghiep (ten, nam thanh lap, thdi gian then khai du an, (\uy md d i u tu,...), phan thQ hai bao gdm 16 c i u hoi tUdng ling vdi 16 bien dde lap tae ddng den hieu qua du an BOT Thang do di/pc td'ng hpp cd dieu chinh dua tren cac nghien cQu cila Qiao L., Wang S. Q., Tiong R , Chan T. (2001); Malini &
Raghavendra (1996). cac bien sd dupc do theo thang Likert 5 khoang each (til mQc 1: hoan toan l^hdng ddng y den mQe 5: hoan toan ddng y).
De dam bao tinh hpp Id cila thanh do, nghien cQu da nhd tdi sy tu van cCia chuyen gia Ban quan li' dau tu cac dy an doi tac cdn^ tu (PPP). Cac chuyen gia da dua ra cac y kien gdp ^ va xay dung thang do Doi tupng chon mau la cac giam dde/phd giam doe/trudng phdng phy trach kinh doanh va tai chinh eua eac doanh nghidp da va dang tridn khai dy an BOT giao thdng. Thdng qua sy gidi thieu cCia cae ban quan ly du an BOT hg tang giao thdng, trudc khi gCfi bang cau hdi, d ^ tupng dudc khao sat se dupc lidn Ige trude qua dien thoai de thu thap dja chl email, sau dd Bang hdi dudc gCii kem theo mpt bQc thU gidi thiSu de giai thich phUdng phap v i myc tidu cua nghien cQu tditap maij khao sat theo 2 each: (1) 92 email
dUde gili, trong dd 76 ngudi duoc hdi tra Idi hgp \i {82,6%); (2) tien hanh phat barig hdi true tiep ehc 20 ngudi; loai bo 3 phieu t r a j d i khdng day dii Theo Bollen (1989), de cd the phan tieh nhan tc kham pha can thu t h i p dQ lieu vdi kich thudc mai tt nhit bang 5 lan cac bidn quan sat, theo Hair vJ etg (1998) thi kich thudc m i u td thie'u phai tQ 100-150. Nhu v i j i vdi md hinh nghien eilu ed 18 bier quan s i t thi kieh thude mail c i i thiet la n=18'5=90 trd len. T i i m i u cudi cung cdn Igi ^ d m 4 ' doanh nghidp vdi 93 phieu tra Id hgp Id (chidm ty le 83%). Bang ' tdm tat eac thdng s d ed ban V(
tap mau.
4. y^ qua nghien alu Bang 2 trinh bay cae bien sdv£
thanh phan bien s d va kdt qui kie'm djnh hd so Cronbach's alph;
de logi eae bien khdng phu hgp Tat ea cae thanh phan deu ed ht sd alpha !dn hdn 0.7 dat tiei chuan cho phep (hJunnally 4 Bernstein, 2004).
Bang 1 ; Dac diem mau HiMeianthvlchi^ll
di^an (n3m)
< 1 1-3 3-5 5-10
>I0 l6nz
Tyle
%
16.2 38.6 24.7 13.H 6.7 100
Quy m 6 dif an (tv VND)
<y9 100^99 500-999 1000-2000
>2000 T^nfi
Tyl« IH.5
%
25.2 26.4 17.7 12.2 100 Ngudn. Tdng hdp ket qua dieu tra
Kdt qua phin tich EFA cac bien ddc lap ch<
thay tat ca eac bi^n quan sat hdi ty vao 4 nhdn yeu td t i c ddng He sd KIVIO = 0.735 (thda mai 0 5 « KIVIO -s 1) ndn EFA phu hgp vdi dQ lidu Vi Chi-quare cila kiem djnh Bartlett dgt 531.637 vc mQc Sig = 0.000 (thoa man sig < 0.05); do vay ca*
bien quan sat ed tUdng quan vdi nhau xdt trei pham vi td'ng the. PhUdng sai trich dupc la 71.28'
% (thoa man :> 50%) the hidn 4 bidn sd rilt ra gis thfeh 71 % bien thien eiia dQ liSu, tai he si Eigenvalue = 1.233 (> 1). Phan tieh cho bidn phi thude eho thay 2 bien quan sat deu hdi tu v i o mc nhdm. He sd KMO = 0.710, kiem dmh Bartlett D mQc '^ nghTa Sig = 0.000, phuong sal trich l:
73.691% vdi hd'sd Eigenvalue = 2.211. Tien h i n xLf Iv* ma t r i n xoay cho bidn dde lap va phu thudt ket q u i thu dUdc cho thay cac thang do cCia c'a bien ddc lap deu dam bao tfnh ddn hudng. Nh
-khoa hoc
"thifdngmai
KIHH TE tfA QUAH LY J -
Bang 2; H$ so tin c$y Cronbach's alpha cua cac biin
CSu thau canh Iranh
• Lua chgn iloi t^c phCi hop
• van <X>t\q hanh lang 8 k i lanh ciia Chinh Phil
• Giam sii. quan ly dial tiBni]
• L^ia dign nha lh5u phy
. Dv an BOT d^t d JiJc cic mw beu d l ra
• Qua Innh tnen Khai ilg an phu hap, IhSng sutS
Df 1 ^ chuan (SD)
Nguon: Kit qua phin tich td phin mim SPSS 20.0 vay, thang do cac khai niem deu dat ySu cau ve dd gia trj va dd tin cdy. Hien tUdng da edng tuyen giQa 4 bien ddc lap duge do ludng qua dung sai wa hd so phdng dai phUdng sai (VIF). Gia tn VIF dao ddng tCf 1.26 den 1.52, eac gia tr| < 10 cho thay hidn tuong da cdng tuyen la khdng danh kd'va cac bien sdon djnh.
ThCi tuc chpn bien duoc ap dung la chpn bidn ddc lap tQng bUdc (stepwise regression), tat ca eae bien ddc l i p duge lan lugt dua vao md hinh hdi quy, sau dd dugc loai bd bang fieu chuan loai trQ.
Nhung bien duoc giQ lai phai dat dUdc mUc gia tn Sig. < 0,1, tQc d ngudng thdng kd cd y nghTa dat do tin c i y 90%. NhQng bien nao cd gia tn Sig.,ldn hon 0,1 se bi logi d i n khdi md hinh. 0 md hinh hdi quy thil 21, gia trj F dat ngudng tin c i y 95%.
do do khang djnh, cac bien nguydn nhan eua md hinh hdi quy hoan toan phu hgp vdi tap dQ lieu.
Dua trdn ket qua hdi quy d bang 4, cd the thay gia tn R bang 0.638, gia tn binh phUdng cila he so tuong quan (Rsquare)
= 0.591 cho thay mQe dp phu hop cua md hinh la 59,1%. hay ndi mdt each khac 8 bien ddc lap trong md hinh giai fhieh dUOc 59,1% su bien thien cila bidn hieu qua d'u an BOT Gia tri binh phuong h i sd tUOng quan dieu ehfnh (Adjust Rsquare) phan anh ehfnh xae hOn sU phu hap eila md hinh ddi vdi tong the dat tv le tudnq ddi vdl 57 2%.
khoa hoc 8 tfiifdngmai
Ket qua phin tfch cac hd sd hdi quy trong md hinh cho Uiay tat ca cac bidn dpc l i p ed mii'c
•if nghTa (Sig) bang 0,000. 0ieu nay khang djnh 7 bien ddc lap A2, A4,A5,A7.A8.A13,A14 deu tae ddng den bign phy thudc BOT vdi dd tin c i y 99%. v i t i e ddng nay la cilng chieu do tat ca he so Beta deu mang dau dUdng (bang 5).
ThQ tu mQc dd t i c ddng eila tQng yeu td phu thudc vao hd so Beta.
Ket qua phan tich hdi quy cho thay. Ml 16 yeu to dua vao phan
M6 hinh 1
Ba!3g_4; Ket qua phan. tich hoi quy R
0.638+
R^
0.591 R^ hi$u
chinh 0.572
Sais6' 0.7394
*. Predictors: (Constant). A2, A4, A5, A7. A8,A13, AU Nguon: Kit qua phan tich tCf phin mem SPSS 20 0
Bang 5; Kit qua phan tich hoi quy
Bie'n s3
Hang so P<1 A4 AS A7 A8 A13 A14
H$s£r Beta chua chuan hoa B 2.67S 0,181 0,322 0,218 0,471 0.206 0,412 0.2BO
SaisS 1,164 0,105 0,143 0,111 0,090 0,130 0,146 0,100
H4s?
Beta h6a
0,274 0,380 0,Z05 0,413 0,290 0,355 0,372
G\&
int
2.299 1,736 2,224 2,820 2,049 2,358 3,294 1,801
Giatn SIg.
0,025 0,087 0,030 0,006 0,045 0.021 0,002 0,076
BacCngtuywi EMchSp
0,455 0,297 0,440 0,540 0.543 0,252 0,826
VIF
2,199 3,371 2,271 1,853 1,843 3,965 1,210 Nguon: Kit qui phan tfch tit phan mim SPSS 20.0
tich chi cdn lai 7 yeu td cd y nghTa trong md hinh, dd la: A2: Tinh hinh kinh te - xa hdi on djnh; A4:
Nang lyc eua nha dau tu; A5: Kinh nghiSm cila nha d i u tu; A7: MQc thu phi; A8: Giai phap ky e^.
So 109/2017
• ^ KIHH TE VA qUAH LY thu$t;A13: Giam sat, quan ly chat lugng; A14: Lya
chpn n h i t h i u phu. Tat ea cac yeu to nay ddu tae ddng cCing chieu va tfch cue den hidu q u i cila dy an, trong dd mQc bidu phi, lua chpn n h i thau phy va nang lye n h i d i u tu ed tae ddng manh nhat ddn hiSu qua cua du an.
Ket qua phin tich hdi quy cho thay: trong 5 bien thugc nhdm yeu td d i n h gia sd bd cd 3 ydu td cd y nghTa thdng ke d ngudng tin cdy 95%; e i e yeu td khac bi loai khdi md hinh hdi quy euoi eung.
Nhu vay, gia thuyet 1 chi dung mdt phan vdi 3 ydu to da dugc kidm dmh eho thay du an BOT giao thdng trien khai trong bdi canh KT-XH dn djnh (8=0,274). nang lUe nha d i u tu tdt (B=0,380) v i cd kmh nghiem (6=0,205) thi hieu qua eing eao.
Tuang tu, trong cac bien thudc nhom dau thau.
cung chl co 2 bien dat ngudng tin c$y 95%, la mtic thu phi BOT hdp ly va cd giai phap ky thu$t thi cong tl§n tiin (lan luot B=0.413 va B=0,290). Kit qua nay khang dmh gia thuyet 2 chi dung mdt phan: du an BOT CO mOc thu phi hap ly' va glal phap ky thuit thi cdng tien tiin thi hieu qua cang cao.
Trong eac bien thudc nhdm xay dyng dy an.
kdt qua hdi quy cung ehi ra chi cd 2 yeu to cd y nghTa d mQe tin cay 90% hoSe 95% la giam s i t v i quan ly ehat lugng (8=0,355); va nha thau phu duge lya chon thich hdp (8=0,372). Nhu vay. gia thuydt 3 cung chl duoc kidm dinh dung mgt phan.
Du i n BOT cd hoat ddng giam sat va quan [^ chat lugng duge thye hien tdt, nha thau phu dugc lua chgn phu hgp thi hieu qua dy an cang eao.
cac bien thudc nhdm yeu t d van hanh dy an deu bj loai khdi md hinh hdi quy cuoi cCing. Ndi each khae. eae yeu td nay khdng cd tac ddng dang ke ddn hidu qua cCia du an- BOT ha t i n g giao thdng. Ket qua n i y khdng cho phep ket luan gia thuyet 4 khdng duge ehap nhan.
5. Mpt so" kien ngh|
Can cd vao ket qua phan tich hdi quy mQc dd tac ddng cho thay can t i p trung vap mdt so giai phap Uu tien sau d i y :
Mdt IS, dam bao miic thu phi hap /y v i dn dfnh IvIQc Ihu phf hgp ly la mpt trong nhOng yeu to quan trpng de dupc xet duydt dy an va tao duge anh hudng tdt ddi vdi du luan cpng ddng, mang Igi hidu qua eho phat tnen kinh te - xa hdi eua dy an.
Ket qua kiem dmh khang djnh tac ddng manh cua ydu td mQc thu phi dy an BOT phu hgp cae
nghien cQu eCia Grimsey va Lewis (2007). Thdng tu sd 159/2013/TT cCia Bg Tai chinh hUdng dan che dd thu, ndp, quan ly va sis dyng phi sCi dyng dudng bd hoan von dau tu xay dung dUdng bd cho phep ap dung giai mdc thu tU 15.000 ddng den 52.000 ddng nhung hien cd tdi 70 - 80% eac trgm thu phf dang ap mQc phf 35.000 ddng/xe/lugt, dCi quy md, chieu d i i , chat lupng dudng tai dy an hoan von khdng gidng nhau. Bieu nay edn lam nay sinh nhQng nghi ngai ve dp ehfnh xae, hop ly ciia mdc phi, ciia thdi gian thu phi, ddi tupng thu phi. Do dd, Nha nude can cd quy dmh mang tinh phap quy cao ve viee cdng khai thdng tin, ket qua eac ed sd tinh phf. nhat ta kdt qua tham dmh va kiem toan ddc lap, khach quan eae sd lieu trong dy toan, cung nhu trdn thye te trude va sau khi dy an hoat dgng.
Ngoai ra, kinh doanh d bat cCi ITnh vyc n i o eung phai ed lgi nhuin, nhUng Igi nhuin ddi vdi eac dy i n BOT hidn khdng chd 6 mQc 11.5% doi vdi phin vdn chCi sd hQu v i khdng duge tfnh lai trong giai doan xay dyng. De dam bao hidu qua eila dy an va tiep tuc thu hilt d i u tu vao ITnh vyc hg t i n g giao thdng theo hinh thCfc BOT, N h i nude phai dam bao dn djnh cae cd che, ehfnh saeh v i thuc hidn dung cae cam ket vdi nha dau tU theo hop ddng da ky. Thdi gian qua, nhieu dy an BOT khdng duge tang phi theo Id trinh trong hpp ddng, mdt sd khac bude phai mien, giam phi do su phan Qng cila ngudi dan,... khien phUdng an tai chinh ban dau bj thay doi, thdi gian hoan vdn phai keo dai them, gay ra nhieu riii ro cho c i c n h i dau tu va dy an.
Hal la. tang mOc von toi thieu cua nha dau tU du an BOT
Nang lUc cila nha dau tu cd tae ddng mgnh ddn hi#u qua du an BOT giao thdng, de' thye hien du an BOT giao thdng hidu qua, nha d i u tu ddi hdi phai cd nang lye thi^t kd, lua chpn n h i thau, tridn khai thi edng, xay dyng, quan ly va v i n hinh edng trinh, chuyen giao du an,... Ket qua phin tfch hdi quy kh^ng djnh tam quan trgng cQa yeu td ning lyc cila nha dau tu, d i e biet \a nang luc tai ehfnh (ngudn vdn ehu sd hOu) phQ hpp vdi nghien cQu cila Qiao v i cac cdng sy, (2001). Tiem lye t i i chinh cila n h i dau tu BOT la mdt trong nhQng chi so ve nang lyc quan trgng de' xem xet quyet djnh quydn thyc hidn du an eho doanh nghidp. Tiem lyc
hhna hoc ^ thifdng'Riai 9
KIHH TE VA QUAH LY
tai chinh ngoai la ydu to tac ddng den ket qua xem xet thau cdn ed y nghTa vdi toan bd qua trinh thyc hidn du an. Vdi mgt tidm lye tai chinh ddi dao cho phdp nha dau tu cd du kha nang thud nhan lyc chat lugng va then khai du i n dung tien do. Trong bdi canh khi ngudn vdn huy ddng cho du an BOT ty cae kenh khae nhu tQ ddi tac eho vay, tQ c i c ngan hing thUdng mai,... cing trd nen khd khan hdn thi tiem luc tai chinh ty cd eila nha d i u tu trd thanh ydu td cd tae dgng quan trpng den hidu qua cila du an
Hien nay, han che d vide danh gia nang lyc t i i chinh cila nha dau tu dang khien hinh thQe BOT bi Igm dung Du luat quy dmh, cd quan nha nudc xac djnh chu dau tu dy an BOT thdng qua hai hinh thQe la dau thau va chi dmh thau. Tuy nhidn, chi djnh thau van ehlem da sd d eac du an BOT hien nay.
Quy djnh nha dau tU ehi can cd tdi thidu 15% '^6n trdn tdng von dau tu du an BOT hoac it hdn vdi dy an tren 1 500 ty la thap. Muc tieu hang d i u m i eae du an BOT hudng tdi da la huy ddng ngudn von tQ xa hdi tuy nhien hau het cae nha d i u tu deu di vay vdn ngan hang vdi ty le cd khi len den 85% vdi lai suatthudngxacdinh bang lai suat tien gQi 12 thang tai ngan hang cdng thdm bien dd 3,5%. Lai suat vay ngan hang d mdc cao da khidn chi phi cho eac du an BOT bj dgi len. Vdi thdi gian hoan vdn keo dai tQ 15-20 nam, lai vay ngan hang Idn gap nhieu lan Ipi nhuin dmh mQc cila nha d i u tu.trd thanh ginh ning Idn cho cac cdng trinh BOT. Do dd, trong fhdi gian tdi cin dieu chinh tang mQc vdn tdi thieu eCia nhi dau tu dy i n BOT giao thdng.
Ba la, tang cudng tieu chi ky thuat trong lua chon nha thau dU an
Ket qua kiem djnh khang dinh lya chpn dupe nha thau cd nang lye dap Qng cac yeu c i u vd ky thuat, tai chinh, tidn dp,... dam bap c h i t lupng cdng trinh, thdi gian. tiet kiem von dau tu vdi gia ca hdp ly nhat la yeu t d quydt dmh hieu qua dy i n BOT trong giai doan xay dung thi cdng du an BOT giao thdng (Qiao v i cae edng su, 2001). Cac nha thau phy trong mdt dy i n BOT ed vai trd ho"trd cho n h i thau chinh, nha dau tu trong cac edng vide xay dyng v i h o i n thanh du an. Do eac nha d i u tu. ve ed ban chi bo vdn va huy ddng von, hogch djnh chien ludc tdng the va mdt sd cdng vide ehfnh eho du an nen e i c hoat dpng thi cdng, xay dyng cae cdng
khaa hoc ^ 10 thiTdngmai~
trinh eua dy i n phan Idn do eac nha thau phy dam n h i n . Cd the ndi. ehat iupng dy an cd dupe dam bao hay khdng, tien trinh dy an co dupe dam bao hay khdng phu thudc mgt phan Idn v i o cac n h i thau phu.
Tuy nhien. theo d i n h gia cua eae doanh nghidp dupc khao s i t thi viec lya chgn n h i thau thich hgp ed t i e ddng khdng Idn den hieu qua dy i n (M= 3 02). Ket qua nay eho thay cac nha dau tu ehua n h i n thay het dUde vai trd hd'tro tfeh eye cila cae n h i thau trong q u i trinh xgy dyng dy an BOT Giai doan 2011 - 2013 la thdi k^ hang loat dy i n ha tang sQ dung vdn trii phieu chinh phu. ngan saeh nha nudc bj dinh hoan - gian tien dd do thieu vdn. Trong giai doan khd khan nay, cac nha thau giao thdng du thQa nang lye may mde da do xd di l i m n h i dau tu BOT de cd vide iam, chap nhan khoan lai thap du tra phi nhan edng va khau hao thiet bi chQ khdng hoan toan theo cac mue tieu kinh doanh do v i y ty Id n h i d i u tu ty thyc hidn cac gdi thau x i y lap van chidm phan Idn. Ngoai ra, ngay tai c i c gdi thau md cho ben ngoii, nhieu n h i thau do n h i dau tu chpn cd ban ehua dam bao nang lyc va kinh nghidm. NhQng nha thau nay hau het nam n g o i i danh s i c h theo ddi xdp hang c i c don v| thi cong do Bd GTVT quan IJ.
D i y la mdt trong nhQng nguyen n h i n khdng nhd dan tdi tinh trgng khdng dam bao chit iuOng thi cdng cdng trinh giao thdng, gay bile xuc trong du luan xa hdi. Bd GTVT c i n yeu cau nha dau tu bat bude phai de trinh ke hoach mdi thau v i tidn h i n h d i u thau rdng r i i . tang cUdng danh gia ve mat ky thuat khi danh gia hd sd dy thau. tang tJ trong tieu chl ky thuat tOy quy md, tinh chat gdi thau, hd so de xuat d i n h g i i mgt c i c h tdng hpp ve ehat lugng v i gia ca, hop ddng duge ky ket neu dil ngudn luc dd thi cdng.
Bon la, tang cUdng giam sat va quan ly chat lugng du an:
Chat lugng dU an la yeu t d quan trong quyet djnh hidu qua eua du i n . Trong q u i trinh tnen khai thi edng, xay dyng du i n , doanh nghiep cin tang cUdng hogt dgng kiem tra va q u i n ly' chit lUdng dy an. Hoat ddng kiem tra. giam sat chat lUdng dy an can dugc tridn khai ngay tQ !0c bSt d i u xay dyng dy i n cho ddn khi dy an hoin t h i n h . Chat lugng cdng trinh tdt khdng chl
JIHHXE tfA QUAH LY _.
khang djnh nang lyc nha dau tu m i cdn tae ddng den hidu q u i van h i n h v i kinh doanh du i n sau n i y Tuy nhien, ket qua khao s i t eho thay rang nhan thilc cCia nha dau tu ve vai trd cua giam s i t va kiem soat chat lUdng dy i n mdi chi d mQc kha (3,56). Theo tinh than eila Lugt xay dung thi cdng t i e quan ly ehat lUdng edng trinh xay dyng can dugc quan xuyen xuyen suot tQ khau khao sat, thiet ke, thi cdng xay lap. bao hanh v i bao fri. Chu d i u tu la chu the duy nhat, ed trach nhiem quan ly chat lupng cdng trinh. Hp phai ed to chdc tu van ehuyen mdn hda, ehuyen nghidp hda (eua minh h o i c phal thud) dd g i i m s i t quan ly tien dd, khdi lugng v i c h i t lupng xay lap. TU van g i i m s i t l i dai didn cd quyen lUc eua ehCi dau tu dd quyet dmh c i c van de ky thuiL ed traeh nhiem yeu cau n h i thau thuc hidn dung thiet ke, ddng thdi ed nghTa vy phat hien giup chii d i u tu nhQng thieu sdt (neu ed) eua thiet k e . *
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Tai lieu tham khao:
Summary
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The paper studies factors affecting the efficien- cy of investment projects operating in the form of BOT contract Hypotheses are tested wiU a sam- ple of managers in 41 BOT projects on trans- portation infrasfa^jcture development in Vietnam.
Analysis findings indicate the following factors with positive impacts on the projects' the capaci- ties of investors; expenence of investors in imple- menting BOT projects; BOT toll rates; advanced technical solutions; quality cheeks and controls, the selection of appropriate contractors.
