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Trong thdi gian qua, nhieu chu the da thi/c hien cac hanh vi toi pham vdi c5c thu doan tinh vi trong ITnh vUc cong chiJng, chiing thi^c (CT, CT). Di^u d6 gSy hoang mang cho ca ngu'di dan va cac ccf quan chtJc nang. Bai viit dat ra vS'n dl de phat hien va xiJ ly kip thdi t6i pham suf dung c6ng nghe cao trong linh vUc cong chtfng, chiing ta can thrfc hien ddng bp nhieu giSi phap.
Tuf khoa: Toi pham sijf dung cong nghe cao, c6ng chlJng, chtfng thUc.
1. Cac hanh vi chu y§'u si^ dung cong nghe cao di pham t^i trong Iinh vrfc c6ng chu'ng, chitng tfai^c
1.1. Khdi quat vi tOi pham s^ dung cong nghf cao
Khai niem toi pham sii: dung cong nghe cao chiJa du'dc quy dinh chinh thiJc, day du trong van ban quy pham phap luat nao. Tac gia bai vie't dong tinh vdi quan diem cua hoc gia Ho&ng Viet Quynh vi khai nigm nay, Theo do: "Toi pham siJ dung cong nghe cao la toi pham su" dung tri ihiJc, ky nang, c6ng cu, phi/dng tien cong nghe d trinh do cao tac dong trai phap luat den thong tin, du" lieu, tin hieu difdc liTu trff, xu" ly, truyen tai trong h&
thing mang may tinh, mang vien thong, thie't bi so, xam pham de'n trat tLf an toan thong tin, gay ton hai Idi ich cua Nha ni/dc, quyen va cac Idi ich hdp phap cua cac to chu'c, ca nhan".
Vdi quan diem nhiT tren, ban cha't cua toi pham cd sijf dung cong nghe cao du'dc x^c dinh nhif sau:
- Toi pham suf dung cong nghe cao xSm pham vao trat tif an toan thong tin, tac dong trifc tie'p den 3 thupc tinh cua an toan thSng tin do la tinh bao mat, tinh loan ve, tinh kha dung.
- Toi pham su" dung cdng nghe cao phai la
nhffng hanh vi difdc xac dinh la toi pham theo quy dinh cua Bp luat Hinh sif.
- Toi pham su" dung cong nghe cao du'dc thifc hien bang viec sxi dung tri thiJc, ky nang, cong cu, phu'dng tien cong nghe thong tin d trinh dp cao.
- Toi pham sii dung c5ng nghe cao cd the du'dc thifc hien bdi bat ky aicd du nang Iffc trach nhi&m hinh sff theo quy dinh cua luat hinh sif. Ngadi do cd tri thffc va ky nang can thie't.
- Toi pham sff dung cong nghe cao dffpc thffc hien bdi loi co'y.
1.2. Sicditng cong nghe cao dephgm IQI trong link vtXc cong chiing, chitng thUc
Thu: nhd't, cong chiing, chiing thuc Id gl ? Hoat dpng CT, CT la hai hoat dpng khac nhau du'dc quy dinh cu the trong cac van ban luat. Cu the, hoat dpng cong chu'ng la "viec cong chffng vien ciia mot to chffc hanh nghe cong chffng chffng nhan tinh xac thffc, hdp phap cua hdp dong, giao dich dan sir khac bang van ban (sau day gpi la hdp dong, giao dich); tinh chinh xac, hdp phap, khong trai dao dffc xa hoi cua ban dich giS-'y td, van ban tff tie'ng Viet sang tie'ng nffdc ngoai hoac tff tie'ng nffdc ngoai sang lieng Vi8t (sau day gpi la ban dich) ma theo quy dinh cua phap luat phai cdng
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TAPCHiCON6THI/0N6
chffng hoac ca nhan, to chffc tff nguyen yeu cau cdng chffng" (Khoan 1 Dieu 2 Luat Cong chffng nam 2014).
Khai niem chffng thifc dffdc quy dinh nhif sau:
"Chffng thffc ban sao tff ban chinh la viec cP quan, to chffc cd tham quy^n theo quy dinh tai Nghi dinh nay can cff vao ban chinh de chffng thffc ban sao la dung vdi ban chinh; Chffng thffc hpp dong, giao dich la viec cd quan co tham quyen theo quy dinh tai Nghi dinh nay chffng thffc ve thdi gian, dia diem giao ke't hdp dong, giao dich; nang Iffc hanh vi dan sff, y chi tif nguyen, chff ky hoac da'u diem chi cua cac ben tham gia hdp dong, giao dich..." (Dieu 2 Nghi dinh so 23/2015/ND-CP ngay 16/2/2015 cua Chinh phu).
Thii hai, hanh vi cu the cua ngudi pham toi dtCOc mo td:
Thii nhat: Lam gia con da'u, tai lieu hoac gia'y td khac cua cd quan Nha nffdc, to chffc la hanh vi cua ngffdi khdng cd tham quyen cap cac gia'y td dd nhffng da tao ra cac gia'y td dd bSng nhffng phffdng phap nhat dinh (trong dd cd phffdng phap sff dung cong nghe cao) de lam va coi no nhff that.
Viec lam gia nay co the la gia toan bp hoac chi tffng phan (tidu de, chff ky, con da'u, npi dung...).
Hanh vi pham tdi nay hoan thanh ke tif khi ngffdi khdng cd tham quyen tao ra dffdc con da'u, tai lieu, cac gia'y td gia cua mot cd quan Nha nffdc, td chffc nha't dinh (ke ca cP quan Nha nu'dc hay td chffc do khong CO that hoac da bi giai the). Dilu luat khdng yeu cau viec "lam" gia nay phai nh^m sff dung hoac da sff dung vao muc dich gi.
Thii hai: Sff dung con da'u, tai lieu hoac giS'y td gia khac cua cd quan Nha nffdc, to chffc de Iffa dd'i cd quan, td chffc hoac cdng dan. Day la tnfdng hdp ngu'di pham toi khong cd hanh vi "lam" gia cac dd'i tffdng tren nhffng da co hanh vi "sff dung"
chung de Iffa do'i cd quan Nha nifdc, td chffc hoac cong dan. "Lffa dd'i" d day cd nghia la ngffdi pham toi sff dung cac do'i tffpng dd trong giao dich vdi cd quan Nha nffdc, td chffc hoac cong dan khien cho cac dd'i tac giao dich tin dd la do'i tffpng that. Vi du: Sff dung bang td't nghigp gia dd di xin viec, dffdc bd nhiem, dffdc tang Iffdng.
Thii ba, tuy tffng trffdng hpp ma toi pham sff dung cdng nghe cao trong ITnh vffc CT, CT se bi truy cffu trach nhiem phap ly ve cac tdi danh khac nhau va hinh phat khac nhau.
Mot Id, hanh vi gia mao chff ky gay nguy hiem cho xa hoi neu dii ye'u to' cau thanh tdi pham thi cd the bi truy cffu trach nhiem hinh sff dd'i vdi cac tpi danh tffdng ffng sau dSy:
- NS'u ngffdi gia mao chff ky thffc hien cac giao dich nham chiem doat tai san; di san thffa ke; thffc hien cac hdp ddng mua ban, tang cho mot each gian do'i, chiem doat tai san ciia chu sd hffu hoac ben thff ba... thi cd the bi truy cffu trach nhiem hinh ,sff ve tpi lffa dao chiem doat tai san cua ngffdi khac theo Dieu 74 Bp luat Hinh sff nam 2015 (Sffa ddi, bd sung nam 2017).
- Nd'u mot ngifdi cd chffc vu va quyen han Idi dung chffc vu va quyen han gia mao chff ky thi truy cffu trach nhiem hinh si^ ve tpi gia mao trong cdng tac theo Dieu 359 Bp luat Hinh sff nam 2015 (Sffa ddi, bd sung nam 2017).
Hai Id, dd'i vdi hanh vi lam gia con da'u, gia'y td bi truy cffu theo Dieu 341 B6 luat Hinh su; nam 2015 (Sffa ddi, bd sung nam 2017) ve tpi lam gia con da'u, tai lieu cua cd quan, td chffc; toi sff dung con da'u, tai lifu gia cua cP quan, to chffc. Neu hanh vi "lffa dd'i" da dii ye'u td' ca'u thanh tdi Iffa dao chiem doat tai san thi phai bi truy cffu trdch nhiem hinh si/ them ve tpi pham nay.
2. Nhu'ng khd khan trong viec phat hien, x^
ly toi ph^m su" dung cdng ngh$ cao trong ITnh vffc CT, CT
Thii nhat. hanh vi pham tpi vdi nhieu thu doan tinh vi.
Vi du cac trifdng hpp pham tpi tinh vi: Can bp ngan hang gia mao chffng tff chie'm doat tien cua ngan hang. Dac biet trong cac giay td nay deu thi hien cd the hien chff ky gia mao cac thanh vien sd hffu thffa da't cua gia dinh, tr6n hdp dong chuyen nhifdng cung nhff mot so' gia'y td khac nhff td khai nop thue da't, bien ban kiem tra va sd do thffa dat...
Ta't ca cac hdp ddng mua ban nay deu da difdc cd quan chffc nang xac nhan, ddng da'u (con da'u gia) de chie'm doat tai san la ba't dpng san. Khi chffng nhan cac giao dich cdng chffng vien khdng the phat hien dffpc va co tranh cha'p kien tung xay ra. De lam rd vu vi6c, cd quan dieu tra phai trffng cau giam dinh tdi phdng ky thuat hinh sff bang cac phffdng phap nghiep vu mdi phat hien dffpc gia'y td, hd sd gia m^ao gay mat thdi gian, tien cua cho cdng dan va cac td chffc hanh nghe cdng chffng vien.
Gia mao chff ky, chff vie't cung xay ra nhieu
38 So 2 - T h a n g 2/2019
LUAT
d cac giao dich li6n quan de'n ngan hang nhff chffng minh thff nhan dan, ho sdnha da't, dichuc, sd tiet kif m... Cac dd'i tffdng tra trpn gia'y td gia mao trong hd sdde lffa dad cam cd, the chap vay tien, riit ti^n vdi so' lifdng Idn. Cac dd'i tifdng sff dung nhieu phifdng phap gia mao chff ky, chff vie't nhff: Ky gia theo tri nhd (quan sat trffdc chff ky that ciia ngffdi bi lam gia, sau dd nhd lai cac dac diem dd ky theo); Co' y thay doi chff ky cua minh (cd'tinh ky khac chffky cua minh mdt phan hoac toan phan nhSm muc dich khong thffa nhan chff ky do); Tu" tao ra chff ky ciia ngffdi khac (tff sang tac ra chff ky cua ngffdi khac theo y chu quan ciia minh) va td do lai chffky.
Trong cac thu doan gia mao chff vie't, chff ky tren thi ndi len trong thdi gian gan day la thu doan to do, thifdng gan vdi nhffng vu lam gia tai lidu hoac lffa dao nhlm chie'm doat tai san vdi nhieu hinh thffc da dang nhff: td do theo net han, td do theo net chi, gia'y than; td dd qua dnh sdng ngifdc, sff dung dung dich lam trong gia'y sau dd dat l^n ban mlu roi td lai.
Thii hai, viec phdt hi8n can phai ngu'di cd trinh dd cao va can co sff hd trd ciia khoa hpc ky thuat.
Cd the khang dinh, ne'u khdng cd sff tham dinh cua khoa hpc ky thuat thi khd cd the phat hien ra cac hanh vi vi pham trong ITnh vffc CT, CT.
Thd ba, thiS'u dff lieu, quy che chffa du manh, phd'i hdp chffa chat che.
Hien cac ddn vi CT, CT deu chia se ra't can cd mot cd sd dff lieu day du, de dang truy cap trong ta't ca cac ITnh vffc nhff da't dai, giao due, hay cac td chffc ca'p van bang, chffng chi, cac phoi gia'y.., de dang truy cSp, la'y thong tin de nhan dien that, gia cua cac gia'y td.
Thd tu, cd quan nha nffdc chffa nhan thffc day du va chffa quyet liet trong viec phat hien va xff ly cac hanh vi tdi pham sff dung cdng nghe cao trong ITnh vffc CT, CT. Ca biet, cd trffdng hdp cd quan nha nffdc cdn bao che, dung tung cho cac hanh vi sai pham dd.
3. De xuS't mOt so' giai phap nham phdng, chong t<ti pham svC dung cdng nghe cao trong Iinh vi^c cdng chiJng, chi?ng thi^c
Thii nhd't, hoan thien cac quy dinh cua phap luat de phdng, chd'ng tdi pham sff dung cdng nghe cao trong ITnh vffc CT, CT vdi cac npi dung cd ban:
- Hoan thien khai niem tdi pham sff dung cdng
nghe cao. Viec hoan thien khai niem tdi pham sff dung cdng nghe cao co y nghTa ra't Idn trong phdng, chd'ng tpi pham sff dung cdng ngh6 cao ndi chung, tdi pham sff dung cdng nghe cao trong ITnh vffc CT, CT ndi rieng. Bdi day la cd sd dau tien de xay diing va thffc thi cac quy dinh cua phap luat ve tdi pham cdng nghe cao. Neu khdng xac dinh dffdc
"hinh hai" ciia tpl pham sff dung cong nghe cao thi chung ta khdng the xay dffng dffdc khung phap ly cd ban hen quan dd'n tdi pham a'y.
- Xac dinh khai quat hanh vi pham tpi va xac dinh khung hinh phat cho tffng hanh vi do.
Thii hai, can sff phoi hdp va quye't liet cua cd quan chffc nang trong viec phat hien, xff ly tdi pham sff dung cdng nghe cao trong Iinh vffc CT, CT. Cac giai phap cu the gom:
- Tap hua'n nang cao trinh do chuyen mdn va nhan thffc cua can bd cd th^m quyen ve tdi pham sff dung cdng nghe cao trong ITnh vffc CT, CT.
- Xff ly nghiem nhffng tru'dng hpp cd quan cd tham quyen bao che, dung tung cho cac hanh vi tdi pham sff dung cong nghe cao trong ITnh vifc CT, CT.
- xay dffng cd che'phd'i hdp giffa cac cd quan cd tham quyen trong viec phat hien va xff ly tdi pham sff dung cdng nghe cao trong llnh vffc CT, CT.
Thii ba, ngffdi dan can canh giac, nang cao hieu biet nham tff bao ve quyen Idi cua ban than.
Cd quan Cdng an khuye'n cao, ngffdi dan can canh giac, phdng ngffa thu doan gia mao chff vie't, chff ky nham chid'm doat tai san trong cac giao djch dan sff ve nha da't va cac tai san co gia tri khac.
Trong mpi tru'dng hdp, giao dich nen dffdc lap it nha't 2 ban de Iffu lam dd'i chffng khi can, hoac co the gach cheo cac phan trd'ng, de phdng viec do'i tifdng xa'u cd the dien them chff tren van ban.
De han che rui ro vi gia'y td bi gia mao, nhffng ngu'di cd nhu cau chuyen nhffdng nha, da't chi nen cung ca'p ban photo sd dd cho ngffdi cd nhu cau tim hieu; han che cung ca'p qua nhieu gia'y td hen quan de'n thdng tin ca nhan, tao dieu kien cho dd'i tffpng cd y do xa'u Idi dung lam gia. Dd'i vdi ngu'di bi mat sd do thi can trinh bao ngay cho cd quan Cdng an va cd quan chffc nang de kip thdi nam b5t thdng tin, ngan chan hanh vi gia mao chu nha de giao dich neu cd.
Dd'i vdi ngu'di mua nha, da't thi can tim hieu ky ve nhan than cua chii da't, de'n tan ndi tim hieu
So 2-Thang 2/2019 39
TAPCHlCONIITHIfdNG
chff khdng nen chu quan mua ban tren gia'y, tham chi can de'n van phdng dang ky da't dai tai cac quan, huyen de tim hieu tinh trang thffa da't chuan bi giao dich...
4. Kd't lu$n
Bai vie't tren da phan tich, luan giai nhffng hanh vi tdi pham sff dung cong nghe cao trong ITnh vffc CT, CT. Nhffng hanh vi chu ye'u gdm:
gia mao chff ky, lam va sff dung giS'y td gia.
bang ca'p gia... Cdng tac da'u tranh phdng, chd'ng tdi pham sff dung cdng nghe cao trong ITnh vffc CT, CT gap nhieu khd khan do cac hanh vi vi pham ra't tinh vi, chung la cdn thieu cac phffdng tien ky thuat, cd sd dff lieu hd trd va chffa cd sff quyet liet tff phia cd quan nha nifdc cd tham quyen. Bai vie't ciing de xua't mdt sd'giai phap cO ban nham phat hien va xff ly kip thdi tpi pham trong ITnh vffc CT, CT •
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO:
1. Chinh phu (2015), Nghi dinh so 23/2015/ND-CP ngay 16/2/2015 vi cap b&n sao lit so g6c, chting thuc ban sao tit ban chinh, chdng thUc chS ky vd chdng thuc hop ddng. giao dich.
2. Qudc hoi (2014). Luat Cong chiing.
3. Qudc hdi (2015). Bp luat Hinh sU(siia doi, bo sung nam 2017).
4. Hoang Viet Quynh (2016), Mot so trao doi ve tdi pham sii dung Cdng nghe cao theo guy dinh cua phap lugt Viet Nam, Tap chi Khoa hpc Canh sat nhan ddn, S6' 79 thdng 8/2016.
Ngay nhan bai: 16/1/2019
Ng&y phan bien danh gia va sula chffa: 26/1/2019 Ngay ch3'p nhan dang bai: 6/2/2019
Thdng tin tdc gid:
ThS. LltU TRAN PHUCfNG THAO Khoa LuSt - Hpc vi6n Phu nif Viet Nam
fflGH-TECH CRIMES IN THE FIELD OF NOTARIZATION AND AUTHENTICATION
• Master, LUU TRAN PHUONG THAO Faculty of Law - Vietnam Women's A c a d e m y
ABSTRACT:
In recent years, some people have committed crimes with sophisticated tricks in the field of notarization and authentication. These crimes make other people and authorities anxious. In order to detect and timely handle high-tech crimes in the field of notarization and authentication it is necessary to implement multiple solutions synchronously.
Keywords: High-technology criminals, notarization, authentication.
4 0 So 2 - T h a n g 2/2019
