PHAN iTNG CUA LIEN XO Vdl CUOC CHIEN TRANH AN DO

PHAN iTNG CUA LIEN XO V d l CUOC CHIEN TRANH AN DO - TRUNG QUOC NAM 1962

VAN NGOC THANH' PHAM XUAN C6NG"

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rung Qufc vfi An Dd lfi hai quoc gia rong ldn, ddng dfin hfing d i u cua thf gidi, ed vi trf dia chinfa tri rfi't quan trong d ^ vdi khdng chi chfiu A mfi tren tofin clu. Trong nhflng nfim Chid'n tranh L^nfa, moi dong tfafii cua hai nfldc dfu ludn thu hut dfldc sfl quan tfim cua ea thd' gidi, dfc hift la hai sidu cfldng Xd, My. Khi ehid'n tranh Trung - An no ra nam 1962, mac dd ca My va Lien Xd dang bi cuon vfio cudc khiing hoang Caribe, cang t h i n g dang len dinh dilm vfi chi cfich cudc chifn tranh hat nhfin trong gang tfc nhflng hai sieu cfldng v i n danh sn quan tam rft ldn dfn cudc ehid'n tranh nfiy. O pham vi bfii viet nfiy chung toi chl dilm 1^ nhdng phan flng cua Lidn Xd tfl dd ed vai nhfn xdt vf thfii do cua Lidn Xd vdi cufc chien tranh Trung Qudc • An Df ndm 1962.

1. An Do va Trung Quoc la lang gifng cua nhau e6 dfldng bien gidi chung g i n 3.500 km. Bien gidi hai nfldc cung lfi mdt dilm ndng tranfa chfp bidn gidi, lanh thf trdn tfaf gidi trong suot hdn nda tfaf ky qua. Sfl tranh ehfi'p tr5 ndn ndng bdng vfio

eudi thfp nien 1950 vfi d i u thap nidn 1960 vdi dinh dilm lfi cudc cfaid'n tranh bidn gidi kdo dfii 33 ngfiy vao thang 10 va 11 nam 1962. Dfi hdn 50 nam trdi qua, nhflng hfu qua cua cudc cfaid'n tranfa nay d l lai la rft ldn, mdt sfl t i n tfafldng nang n l va vet thiJdng rft khd h a n g i n trong mdi quan he gifla An Df va Trung Qud'c. Tinh trang cang t h i n g v i n thfldng xuyen dien ra tren doc tuyfn bien gidi hai nfldc cfao dd'n tan ngfiy nay.

Mfiu thufin dfin dfn eudc chifn tranh gida hai nfldc co nguon gfc sdu xa td hfiu qua cua chu nghia thflc dfin Anh de lai sau mdt thdi gian dfii xfim Iflqfc vfi cai tri An Do.

Trong qua trinh cai tri, vdi nhflng tfnh tofin muon tao dfldc mpt dfldng bien gidi chinh thdc gida lanh tho An Do thuoc Anh vdi Trung Quoc, eu6i t h f ky XVIH d i u thf ky XIX, ngfldi Anh da co nhifu no lflc de dat dfldc mpt thoa t h u f n vdi chfnh quyfn nha Thanh. T^i Hoi nghi Shimla (thfing 10- 1913 - thfing 7-1914), ngfldi Anh cflng vdi Tfiy Tang da ky kft Thoa thuan Simla (Simla Accord), trong dd c6 xfic djnh dfldng

JGS.TS. Khoa Lich sd, Tradng D^i hpc SK ph^m Hfi Ndi

" S6 Gifio due vfi Dfio tao tinh Lfio Cai

PhAn flng eda Ijen Xfi vdi cuQe c!ii6i franh ^ B6 - Tnmg Qufe...

bidn gidi An - Trung, goi lfi Dfldng MeMahon (McMahon line). Phai dodn Trung Qudc tai Hdi ngfai Simla kfadng tham gia ky kft thda thufn ndy vi hp khdng d i n g y vdi df xua't ve dfldng bien gidi Tay Tang. Tuy nhidn, sau sfl kifn nay, ngfldi Anh dfi coi dfldng MeMahon la bien gidi chinh thdc gifla An Do vdi Tnmg Quoc vd dfla vao cfie ban do do Anh xuat ban trong nhflng nam 1930.

K I tfl khi gianh dflde doe Ifp tfl ngfldi Anh, An Dp eoi bidn gidi mfi ngfldi Anh sd dung la bidn gidi ehinh thflc gifla nfldc Cong hda An Dp vdi Cdng hda Nhfin dan Trung Hoa (Trung Qufc). Trung Qufc khdng chfp nhfn dfldng bien gidi ndy vfi mfiu thuin gifla hai niidc xuft hifn. Nhflng mau thuin nay da trd nen ngay cang gay gfit vfi tfl nam 1959 tr5 di, b i t dfu xay ra nhflng xung dot nho gifla hai nfldc trdn bidn gidi.

Dinh diem cua sfl mfiu t h u i n , xung dot nfiy la eupe chifn tranh gfiy thift hai rfi't ldn v l ngfldi vfi eua vao cum nfim 1962.

Cudc chid'n t r a n h nfiy bfit d i u no' ra vfio ngay 20-10 va ket thdc ngfiy 21-11-1962.

Ve lflc Ifldng, Trung Qufc sd dung 90.000 qufin trfle tid'p dfinh vdo hai hiidng Ladakh (d phia Tay) vfi NEFA (d phfa Ddng), cung vdi 90.000 quan san sfing tham chifn, vfi ehia thanh hai ddt (dpt 1 tfl 20 dfn 26-10;

ddt 2 tfl 16 dfn 21-11). Xn Dp ed 30.000 qufin ddi pfad tren ca hai hfldng tfi'n edng cua Trung Quoc (1).

Diln bid'n eu thd nfafl sau:

d hudng Ladakh: Bat 1 (tfl 20 dfn 26 tfafing 10 nfim 1962, Trung Quoc tifn edng vdi 3 mui la pfafa Daulat Beg Oldi, fao Panggong vfi mui Demchok. An Dd mat nhifu vi tri, sau dd phai r u t khoi todn tuyfn. Bat 2 (tfl 16 dfn 20 thfng 11 nam 1962): Trung Qufc md cupc tien cdng vfio Chushul, l l n nfy cfin efl eua An Dd dUde gifl vflng.

Hudng NEFA: Trung Quoc chia thanh 3

mui tien cong. Mui tfafl nhfi't tfl ndi Thaga La, quan Trung Qufc tfi'n edng cac don bidn phdng cua An Dp va chifm Tawang. Sau mdt tuan chiem dUde Tawang, Trung Quoc xfiy dflng mpt con dfldng de'n dfiy de tifn chi vien. Tfl 16 thfing 11, Trung Qufc tiep tue tifn cdng xuong phia Nam dfinh deo Sela va mdt nfafinfa dfinfa vfio Bomdi La cficfa Sela 30km diidng chim bay vfi 80km dfldng bd theo hiidng Nam. Sau dd, Trung Quoc tifp tuc tifn them ve phia Nam 50- 60km den ria cao nguyen Assam. Mui t h d hai vfi ba lfi tfl Longju vfi Walong, qufin Trung Qufc cung gifinh thfing lpi sau do tifn xufng phia Nam cfich khu d i u Ida quan trpng cua An Dp 60km (2).

Mac du dang gifinh the ehu dpng, ngfiy 21-11-1962, Trung Qufc ddn phfldng tuydn bd' ngflng b i n vfi rut qufin lui vf sau dfldng MeMahon 20km. Chien tranh trfle tid'p quy md ldn gifla hai nfldc dflng lai. Chi diln ra trong khoang mpt thfing nhiing eupe chien tranh bien gidi Trung Qud'c • An Dp ndm 1962 da d l lai nhflng hfu qua ra't ldn ve ngfldi va cua: trdn 2.000 ngfldi chd't (chu yfu la phfa An Dp), cd sd kinh t f bj tan phfi nghiem trpng, gay tfim ly^ hoang mang tot dp trong dan chdng An Dp.

2. Ngay sau khi xay ra efic xung dot trdn bien gidi Trung - An, Lien Xd dfi nhanfa ehong CO nhdng phan flng, triidc het lfi trdn linh vfle ngoai giao. Quan diem d i u tidn cua Lien Xd vf tranh ehfi'p bien gidi An Dp - Trung Qufc dfi dfldc t h i hien trong ban tin cua fafing Thong tan xd Lien Xd (TASS) ddm ngfiy 9-9-1959. Ban tin nay "Bfiy td sfl ddng tife vf sii cf trdn bien gidi An Dp - Trung Quoc, ldn fn manh me no li^c sd dung sfl kifn nfiy di tfing cfldng chifn tranh lanh vfi sfl phfi hoai tinh hflu nghi gifla cfie dfin tpc" (3). Ban tin TASS eho bift thdm: "Cfie nhfi lanh dao Lien Xd bfiy to sfl tin tiidng rfing Chinh phu nfldc Cong hda

R g h i ^ cdn Ljch sd-. stf 11.2015 Nhfin dfin Trung Hoa vfi Cdng hda An Dp

se khdng d l cfie lflc Ifldng khdng nhflng khdng mufn lfim giam bdt tinh hinh cang thang mfi cdn tim each lfim no ngfiy cfing t r i m trpng fadn trong quan hf gifla eae nflde ldi d\mg tinh hinh nfiy... Ca hai chinh phu se giai quye't sfl hieu l l m mdi xuat hifn mdt each hda binh tren cd sb lpi fch chung vfi tinh t h i n hflu nghi truyen thd'ng gifla nhan dfin Trung Qudc va nhfin dfin An Dp. No cung se tao dieu kifn d l tfing ciidng cfie lflc Ifldng dfi'u tranh cho hda binh vfi hdp tfic qufc tf" (4). Ban tin TASS eon len fin cudc dung dp gifla Trung Quoc vdi An Dp vfi nhfi'n manh sfl phfit t r i l n dfing khen ngdi cua "sfl hap tdc hihi nghf gifla Lien Xd vfi An Do lfi

"phil hop vdi y tudng chung sdng hoa binh".

Phan dng nfiy cua Lien Xo dfi gfiy nen sii p h i n nd tfl phfa cfie nhfi lanh dao Trung Qud'c. Trong bdc thfl bi mft gOd cfao Uy ban Trung fldng Dang Cfng san Lien Xd vfio ngfiy 13-9-1959, tSy ban Trung fldng Dang Cdng san Trung Qudc da cfio bude Chinh phd Lien Xd "thoa hiep va nhfin nhfldng efic vfi'n de quan trpng ve nguydn tie" va lflu y rang "Ban tin TASS hoc lp de the' gidi thfy nhflng quan diem khdc nhau gifla Trung Qudc va Lien Xo Uen quan de'n vu viee tren bien gidi An Dp - Trung Quoc, tao nen mdt niem vui sfldng hdn hoan trong giai efp tii san An Dp cung nfafl de' qufc My va Anh, nhdng ngfldi dang tim mpi each ed t h i t^o ra sfl chia rd gifla Trung Qudc va Lien Xd" (5).

Cae cufc thao lufn vao cuoi thfing 9 gifla cfie nha lanh d^o Lidn Xd vk Trung Quoc da cho tha'y sd khae biet trong quan dilm vfi cfich tifp cfn vfn df eua hai ben.

Lanh dao Lien Xo Id NS. Khrushchev trfle tifp den Bie Kinh ngay sau chuye'n tham cua dng tdi My. Khrushchev da thdng bfio vdi cae nfafi lanh dao Trung Quoc cupc trd chuyfn vdi cfie nhfi lanh dao My. Cufc tranh lufn dien ra vdi nhflng tfl ngd chua

ehfit vfi gay gat gifla Khrusfachev vfi Chen Yi (Bd trflSng Ngoai giao Trung Qufc).

Chen Yi ndi: 'Tdi buon vdi tuydn bo rfing vifc Ifm xa'u di quan hd vdi An Df la loi cua chdng tdi" (6). Khrushchev dfip: 'Tdi buon hbi tuydn bo cua ngfii r i n g chdng ta lfi may ehu tfadi gian. Cfaung ta c i n fal trp Nefaru, gidp dng fi'y gifl quyen lflc" (7).

Cufc tranh lufn gifla hai dang elm quyfn tiep tue dien r a sau cudc hpp tai Bic Kinh vao thang 9. Rieng vf vfn df quan hf vdi An Dp, Trung Qud'c tuyen bd' da gap Dai sd Lien Xd tai Bfic Kinh sfiu l l n trong khoang thdi gian tfl ngfiy 10-12-1959 dd'n 30-1-1960, vdi mue dich dfla Ifp trfldng cua Lien Xd vf trung Ifp hoan tofin. Lfinh dao Lien Xd da khdng he lay chuyen, fap eoi quan dilm eua Trung Qud'c ca tren thflc tf vfi ly lufn deu khdng ddng.

Ngay 6-2-1960, Uy ban Trung fldng Dang Cdng san Lien Xd chfnh thflc gdi mdt cdng hfim dfn Uy ban Trung fldng Dang Cdng san Trung Quoc bfic bd eao bupc cho r i n g An Dp da xam Ifldc Trung Qufc.

"Nhdng ngfldi ngiiidm tdc kfadng ai nghi r i n g mdt nha niidc nhii An Dd, yeu fadn rfi't nhieu ca ve quan sii va kinh te so vdi Trung Quoc, thiie sfl lai lfi nflde khdi dpng mdt eudc tfi'n cdng quan sfl n h i m vao Trung Qud'c vfi pham tdi gfiy hfi'n chong lai Trung Qufc" (8). Viec xd IJ vfn df cua Trung Qud'c lfi mpt bieu hifn cua thfii df chu nghia dfin tdc hep hdi vfi khi tifng sdng nf trdn bidn gidi Trung Qufc - An Df vao ngay ddm tnidc chuyfn di cua NS.

Khrushchev dfn My, ea t h f gidi cho r i n g ddy la mdt sfl kifn ed the can trd faoat dgng yeu hda binh eua Lien Xd. Trung Qudc tim cficfa can trd chfnh sfich chung sfng hda binh mfi Lien Xd dang theo dud'i nhflng cfie . nhfi lfinh dao Lien Xd khdng dao dong, hp edng khai chi trfefa efic hfinh dfng eua Trung Qufc doi vdi An Dp tai Dai hfi cfc

PhAn dng eiia Lien Xfi vdi cufic cliien tranh &i Sfi - Trung Qufc... 73 dang e l m quyen cua efic nfldc xa hpi chu

nghia Ddng Au.

Tfl nhflng didn bifn tren c6 thf thay sfl ran ndt ngfiy cfing sfiu sfic gifla Lien Xd va Trung Quoc trong nfaifu vfi'n df, dae bift la vfn df bien gidi Trung Qufc - An Dp. Tuy nhien, eupe ehid'n tranfa bien gidi An Dp - Trung Quoc bung nf ddng vfio thdi diem cupc khung hoang ten Ida Cuba (10-1962) diln ra cang tfafing gida My vfi Lien Xd. Vdi mong muon nfafn dflde sfl ung hd cua Trung Quoc, Lien Xd da cd nhflng phan dng t h i hien sfl thay dd'i.

Nfim ngay sau khi Trung Qufc tfi'n edng An Dd, ngfiy 25-10-1962, td bfio Pravda, cd quan ngdn lufin cua Dang Cdng san Lidn Xd, eho tha'y Lidn Xd v i n mong ehd sii ung hp eua Trung Qufc ddi vdi chinh sfich eua Moscow tai Cuba. Pravda chi ra rang neu chl cd mdt sfl lfla cfaon Lien Xo se ddng sau Trung Qud'c vfi trong trfldng hdp k h i n cfi'p nfiy lpi fch eua Lien Xd cl Cuba lfi quan trpng hdn so vdi viee gid nguyen vi the eua Lien Xo b An Dp. Pravda dfi ca ngdi viec Trung Qufc dfla r a "de xuat ngiing bdn"

vfio ngfiy 24-10 lfi "bieu hien cua sU io ldng chdn thdnh" de giai quyft tranh ehfi'p bien gidi vfi df nghi An Dp cha'p nhfn cac difu khoan cua Trung Qud'c Um cd sd cho cfie cupc dfim phan. Pravda khdng len fin cudc xfim liipc eua Trung Qufc mfi cdn nghi ngd vi tfnh fadp phfip cua Dfldng MeMahon lfi bien gidi phia Ddng Bfic cua An Dp vi

"dudng MeMahon tai tieng" hi fip dat bdi

"dequoc vdo cdc ddn toe TYung Quoc vd An Bq" (9). Hdn nfla, Pravda cung eao budc

"An Dp da hi bpn de' qud'c kfeh ddng va la ehu mflu gfiy ra cudc xung dot vdi Trung Qufc; budc tdi Dang Cfng san An Dd da chuyin sang chu nghia so vanh gfiy thiet hai ddi vdi ehu nghia qu6c te vd san" (10).

Td Pravda eung cd nhiing nfaiidng bd vdi quan dilm Trung Quoc vfi cfio budc "Gidi

phan ddng d An Dp da rang budc so' phfn cua hp vdi nfldc ngoai vfi cfie lflc Ifldng de quoc" vfi keu gpi nhiing ngfldi edng san An Dd "khdng d i u hang cfie t h f li^e dan tdc chu ngfaTa"(ll).

Vdi cfich viet nhfl vfiy, Pravda da tao ra fi'n tflpng rfing Lien Xd dang tim kifm mpt thda tfaufn vdi Bfic Kinfa vdi hy vpng rfing Trung Qudc ed the dap lai bang vifc ung hd Moscow trong cupc khung hoang Cuba dang rft gay git. Tuy nhien, td bfio nfiy thd nhfin sfl lo l i n g ddi vdi cudc chifn tranfa Trung Qufc - An Dp vfi Lien Xd rfi't kho ngan chfin Trung Qufc khi Lien Xd dang phai dfinh het tfim tri vao cudc khiing hoang Cuba.

Mfit khfic, bai bao eung t h i hifn sii lo l i n g cua Lien Xo rang chifn tranh Trung Qufc - An Dp se phuc vu lpi fch cua bon dd' qufc va phan ddng: "Si^ bung nf cude xung dot gifla hai cueing qufc chau A phuc vu lpi fch eua khdng nhflng chu nghia df qufc ma ea gidi phan ddng b An Dd, lidn kft chat che so phfn cua hp vdi nfldc ngofii, vdi cae lflc Ifldng dd' qufc, thu dich d8i vdi ngfldi An Dd" (12).

Bai bao da iam xdn xao dfl lufn the' gidi, dfc biet la b An Dp. J. Nehru ndi r i n g dng da rfi't dau kho vi bai bfio, dfi gdy ra ton hai dfing k l de'n tinh hdu nghi cua An Dp vdi Lidn Xd. Thfim chf sfl boi rdi nghiem trpng hdn xufi't hien trong Dang Cdng san An Do, mpt lanh tu lfi Shripad Amrit Dange da gdi cho Trung ifdng Dang Cpng san Lien Xd mpt bfle dien de nghi phai co nhflng hanh ddng de phu nhan mdt sf ldi tuyen b f cua bai vid't. Bdi vi, dfiy lfi td bao uy tin the hifn lap trfldng cua Lien Xd mfi cae qud'c gia anh em khac vfi cfie dang thfldng theo sau Ifip trfldng cua Lien Xd. Dange de nghi Moscow "ngfin chfin tfi't ca cfie Dang anh em de hp khdng vid't tren cfie td bfio eua fap vf dfldng MeMahon". Nhfin ed hdi nfiy, phe thfin Trung Quoc trong Dang Cong san An

Rgliien cihi Lieh siS*. so 11.8015 Dp hoat ddng tieh cflc hdn vfi tuydn bf r i n g

Dang Cdng san Lien Xd cum ciing dfi'hi

"thuyet phuc vf sd dien r l vdi bifn phap cua nunh vd ehfi'p n h f n quan didm eua Trung Quoc" (13).

Cac nha ngo^i giao Lien Xd b New Delhi hft sflc bdi rm, hp cd nghia vu phai giai thich v6i ngfldi An Dp ve tinh trang phdc tap vfi rdi rfim, ve viec khdng the xfic dinh bien gidi thiic te, tham chi hp cdn df nghi An Dp chd dpi de cfie vifn si hfin lam cua Trung Qufc vfi An Dp xae dinh bien gidi chinh xae tren cd sd cfie tfii hfu lflu trfl.

Lfinh dao Lien Xd dfla ra nhflng phan dng nay vdi fay vpng nhfn dflpc sii hd trd tfch cflc cua Trung Qud'c trong Ifp trfldng cua fap tai Cuba. Tuy nhien, nhflng n l lflc cua Lidn Xd khdng thu dfldc kft qua tfldng xflng. Tfi't ca nhflng gi Moscow nhfin dfldc tfl lanh dao Trung Qud'c lfi mpt tuydn b f vfio ngfiy 25-10 ve vfi'n de Cuba, tfae hifn quan diem "sfl ung fad d i y du Ifp triidng ddng dfin eua chfnh phu Lien Xd" (14) va hai bai bao 16n dfing trdn Nhdn ddn Nhdt bdo vdi tieu df d i y hifu chifn va da cha'p thufin cfie hanh ddng eua Lidn Xd d vflng Caribbe. Day lfi sfl ung fad ehinh thde eudi cung mfi Bfic Kinh dfinh cho Moscow.

Trong khi nhieu cupc mft tinh, bieu tinh ldn tai cfie qudc gia khfic ung hd eae chfnh sfich Lidn Xd, tfai tai Trung Qud'c khdng eo ba't cd cude mit tinh hay bilu tinh nao vao thang 10-1962.

c a c nha lanh dao Trung Qufc tfl chdi tfi't ea nhflng nhfldng bd vdi Lidn Xd vf cudc khung hoang Cuba. Hdn nfla, Trung Qud'c ydu cau Khrushchev tfl bd chfnh sach mfi Ong dang thflc hien vdi An Dp. Mot bfii viet dfii 20.000 tfl dfing tren Midn ddn Nhdt bdo ddng nhflng ngdn tfl cay dpe nhfi't chd'ng lai Nefaru, cfio bude Ong theo duoi mdt "chfnh sfich bfinh trfldng" vfi mot "kf ho^ch diy tham vpng" d l "thift Ifp mot de

chf vi dai ehiia ttfng cd trong lich sd An Dd". Bai bfio kfaang dinfa r i n g Nefaru da ludn "dflng ve phia chu nghia df quoc" va

"kich ddng chifn t r a n h vdi Trung Quoc d l phuc vu ldi ieh eua df qufc" (15). Sau do, bai bfio ydu c l u Moscow khdng nen n h i m l l n ve quan dilm cua Trung Quoc ehong lai AnDp.

Dfn cudi thfing 10-1962, Khrushchev da nhfn thfi'y sai l l m trong chfnh sfich cua Ong khi ung hd Trung Qufc ehfng l^i An Dp. Nhdng fay vpng ve mot mat trfin thfng nhfi't vdi Trung Quoc da kfadng cdn. Cfainh sfich vdi An Dp mfi Khrushchev da rfi't mfi't nhifu cdng sdc xfiy dflng tfl nfim 1955 diing trfldc nguy cd bi pha bo. Tuy nhidn, ngfiy 29-10, Hdi d i n g Hda binh tfaf gidi do Moscow chi phoi da khien trfich phfii dofin An Dp khi hp ddi hoi mft eudc thao lufin v l sfl xfim Ifldc eua Trung Qud'c ddi vdi An Dp.

Ngay hdm sau, tai Lien Hifp Qud'c, Thd trfldng Ngoai giao Lien Xd, Valerian Zorin n h i c lai sii ung hp eua Lien Xd doi vdi di xuft eua Trung Qud'c va keu gpi An Dp cha'p nhfn de xufi't.

Rd rfing, cl giai doan nfiy cua cupc xung dot bien gidi An Do - Trung Qud'c, chfnh sfich eua Lien Xd da bi anh hfldng hbi cupc khung hoang tdn Ida Cuba. Khrushefaev dfi gdi mdt bfle thfl eho Nehru thdc giuc Ong ehfi'p nhfn de nghi ngflng b i n vfi dam phfin eua Chu An Lai. Lidn Xd eung dinh efai efic nguon cung cfi'p mfiy bay chifn dfi'u MIG theo thoa thufin dat dfldc gifla hai ben vfio thang 8-1962. Dfiy lfi mot sfl thien vi rd rfing dfi vdi Trung Qud'c. Sii thien vi nfiy phai dfldc faieu trong bd'i canfa cupc khung hoang tdn Ida Cuba dat dinh dilm vfi Moscow no liic de nhfin dfldc sii ung hd cua Trung Quoc. T.N. Kaul - Dai sfl Xn Dp tai Lidn Xd, cung the hien difu nfiy trong hoi ky cua minh: 'Thai dp cua hp (Lidn Xd) vfio CUOI thang 10-1962 thfm chf edn khong

PhAn ung cda Li&n XO v<ii c u ^ ehien franh ^ Bfi - Trung Qutfe...

trung Ifp mfi cd p h i n nga vf phfa Trung Qudc, nhii Khrushefaev da giai thich eho tdi sau nay, do thiie t f cupc khung hoang Cuba len dinh diem vfi Lidn Xd khdng du kfaa nang budng long si^ s i n sang cfaifn dfi'u eho mpt cudc cfaid'n t r a n h c6 the xay ra vdi My tai Cuba" (16).

Sfl efauyen dicfa tfafii dp cua Lien Xd tfae hifn ro trong Bfio cfio ve "Tinh hinh quoc te vd chinh sdch doi ngoai ciia Lien Xo" cua Chu tich Hdi dong Bd trflcfng Lien Xd len Xd vift tdi cao ngfy 31-10-1959. Bao cfio vift: "Chung ta rfi't tife si;t ed' xay ra gan day tren bien gidi cua hai qud'c gia than thifn cua cfaung ta - Trung Qud'c ma ehiing ta ed moi lien ke't cua tinfa huynh df khdng the phfi v3 va Cdng fada An Dp mfi moi quan faf tinh ban hdu nghi cua chdng ta dang phfit tridn thfinh cdng. Cfaung ta dac bift buon hbi tren thfle tf, hfu qua cua sfl kifn nay la da cd thfldng vong vdi ca hai bdn. Khdng ed gi ed the bd dap dfldc nhflng mft mdt ma nhflng bfc sinh thanh va ngfldi than eua nhflng ngfldi qua ed' phai ganh ehiu. Chung ta sd rfi't vui nfu sii eo nhfl vfiy khdng lap l^i tren bidn gidi Trung Qufc - An Dp vfi nhdng tranh chfp bien gidi hien tai dfldc giai quyft thdng qua dfim phfin hda binh, than thifn d^t dflpc sii hfii long cua ca hai bdn" (17).

Ndi dung eua hai vfin ban cho thfi'y lanh dao Lidn Xd da quan tam vfi nhin thfi'y tinh trang dang leo thang sfl thu dieh gifla An Dp vdi Trung Qud'c, dong thdi the hidn quan dilm trung Ifip vdi cupc chid'n tranfa Xn Dd - Trung Quoc. Tuy nhien, chfnh thai df trung Ifip trong vfn de nay da eho thfi'y Lien Xd cd p h i n nghieng vf phia An Dp.

Bdi le, dfldi gdc dp y thflc faf, kfai Lien Xd vfi Trung Qud'c dfu theo ehu nghia xa hdi thi phai ung hd nhau, nhflng Lien Xd khdng tfai faien quan diem giai efp rd rfng trong mdt cupc chien tranh gifla mot nha nfldc xfi

hdi chu nghia va mdt nha nfldc tfl san; dfldi gde dp quan hf quoc te. Lien Xd da khdng ung fap dong minh eua minfa vfio tfadi dilm eupe chie'n tranfa no' ra.

Khi vfi'n de Cuba da dfldc giai quyft.

Lien Xd tfl tfl rdi bd sfl ung hd Trung Qufc trfldc do vfi d i n trd lai Ifip trfldng trung Ifp, thfm ehi d i n nghieng vf ung hp An Dp. Ngfiy 1-11-1962, Brezhnev tid'p Dai sd An Dp tai Moscow va dam bao vdi Ong sii ung fad cua Lien Xd trong cudc chid'n tranh bien gidi vdi Trung Qud'c. Ngay 2-11-1962, Khrusfachev da gdi mdt bdc thfl rieng tdi Nefaru the hien mdt thfii dp thdng cam vdi An Df vfi thuc giuc eae nha lanh dao An Dp mpt l l n nfla ehfi'p nhfin de xufi't cua Trung Qudc nhflng bi Nefaru tfl ehdi vfi Khrushefaev nhan ra rfing quan diem ung fad Trung Qud'c trfldc dd da huy hoai vi thi' cua Lidn Xd cl An Dd.

Ngfiy 5-11, td Pravda dao chifu hofin tofin so vdi ngay 25-10 vdi mdt bfii xa lufin da khdng cdn ung hd Ifip trfldng eua Trung Qud'c nhfl trfldc. Bfii xa lufn khdng yeu clu An Dd cha'p nhfn cae dieu khoan cua Trung Qud'c, dong thdi bo khfing dinh dfldng MeMahon lfi khdng phai bien gidi cua An Dp vdi Trung Qufc mfi nd da dfla ra vfio ngay 25-10. Bfii xa lufn cung luu y

"tifp tuc xung ddt se d i n dfn vide huy ddng ngfiy efing nhieu ngfldi cung nhii cac nguin liic cua ca hai ben vfi c6 the dfin den viec keo dfii eupe chie'n tranh d i m mau", hdn nfla "nhan dan Lien Xd gifl quan diem vflng chic rfing trong tinh hinh hifn nay, difu quan trpng lfi ngfin chan chid'n tranh va b i t d i u efic cudc dfim phfin ve viec giai quyd't hda binh cude xung dot... mot quyft dinh nhfl vfy se pfau hdp vdi lpi fch cua ca hai dfin tde Xn Dp vfi Trung Quoc vfi se phue vu sfl nghiep duy tri fada binh d chau A va toan the gidi" (18).

Lfinh dao Trung Qud'c bo qua ldi keu gpi

Rghien curu Lieh sd'. s f 11.2015 nfiy vfi tifp tue cac boat ddng quan sfl.

NgUdc lai, Nefaru danh gifi eao quan dilm mdi eua Lien Xd. Ong tuyen b f rfing Lidn Xd da hi dat vfio mpt "vi tri rd't kho khdn"

lien quan dd'n eupe xung dot bien gidi Trung Qufc - An Dp. ^^ "Lien Xd da vfi dang lfi dong minfa cua Trung Qufc. Do do sfl boi roi cua hp lfi gifla mot qufc gia mfi hp rfi't than thifn vfi mdt qud'c gia la dong minh cua hp. Chung tdi da nfafn ra difu dd vk chung tdi khdng mong ddi hp lam ba't ed dilu gi nhfl lfi mot sii vi pham ro rfing vdi dong minh eua hp" (19).

Lien Xd dfi co gfing dfla Xn Dp vfi Trung Qud'c vao ban hdi nghi d l dam phfin ve vfn de bien gidi vfi mufn kft thde ehien sfl. Tai mdt cupc mit tinh ky nifm 45 nfim Cfich mang tfafing Mfldi Nga, Kosygin cho rfing cae cudc dfim phfin sdm dfldc to chflc gifla An Dp vfi Trung Quoc tren cd scl cua hda binh se lfi mdt giai phfip pfau hpp. Ong ndi:

"Chung toi eho rfing mot giai phfip chi'nh xfic cua cudc xung dot bidn gidi An Dd - Trung Qudc se lfi mdt thda thufn ngtfng b i n trdn cd sd hpp ly..., khdng ed bfi't dong nao khdng t h i giai quyft dflpe trong cac cude dfim phfin bfin trdn" (20). Ong cung cfio bupc cfie nflde df qufc da lfim "tfi't ca mpi thd" d l "kfeh ddng eudc chifn" d l "tidu dift tinh hflu nghi lau ddi gifla hai dan tde ldn lfi Xn Dp va Trung Quoc". Ong eung d l lii eho "gidi chd'ng ddn ehu b Xn Do" dang tim cfich 'ldi dung sfl dien cuing cua cfaifn tranh" vfi dfiy An Dp di tfl chinfa sfich trung Ifp cua minfa vfio "vdng tay cua khdi qufin sii hung hfing" (21).

Trong boi eanh d6, Kaul - Dai sd An Dd tai Lien Xd viet: "Khi thdi gian trdi di va An Dp cho tha'y mot tinfa t h i n quyd't tfim chd'ng lai sfl xam Ifldc cua Trung Qud'c, Lien Xd da rft fn tfldng. Thai dp cua hp trcl nen dong cam hdn vdi Xn Dp, ca trong tuydn bd' edng khai vk thfm chf nhieu fadn

nhu vfy, trong cudc trd chuyfn rieng tfl eua hp" (22). Day la l l n d i u tien trong lich sd mpt nflde xa hpi ehu nghia ung fad mdt quoc gia dang phdt trien trong eudc chien chong lai mpt nha nfldc xfi hdi ehu nghia khfic.

Lien Xd cung dng hd cfie nd lflc dieu dinh cua sfiu quM gia trung Ifp chfiu A vfi chau Phi tf ehde tai Sri Lanka vao thfing 12-1962 vfi de xuat Colombo de giai quye't eudc xung ddt Trung Quoc - An Dd. Vao ngfiy 12-12, trong mdt bfio cfio cua Xd vid't tdi cao, Khrushchev ehi trfch eac nhfi lfinh dao Trung Quoc vf vu tfi'n edng vu trang t^i bien gidi phfa Bfic Xn Do. 6 n g ehi trich sfl cfaiu diing cua Trung Qufc khi efic nflde df qud'c tifp tuc kilm soat thupc dja Hong Kdng va Macao vfi cho rfing vdi vifc giai phdng Goa, Xn Dp da gdp p h i n ehfng ehu nghia df qud'c hdn so vdi Bfic Kinh.

Khrushefaev tracfa cd cudc tfi'n cdng vu trang cua Trung Quoc vfio An Dp. Ong ndi rang do lfi "sfl dau ddn dfc bift" doi vdi Lien Xd, rfing mau dfi do ra gifla "anfa em Cpng hda nhdn dfin Trung Qufc vfi ngfldi ban cua ehdng ta, Cong hofi An Dp, gida mdt dfi't nfldc xfi hdi ehu nghia va da't nfldc da bat d i u tren con dfldng phat t r i l n dpc Ifip vfi tufin theo chinfa sfich khdng lien kft"

(23). Ong hoan ngfadnfa "hfinh ddng cua cae dong ehi Trung Quoc" vf Ifnh ngflng b i n vk rut qufin cua ho lfi "hdp ly". Nhflng sfl hoan ngfadnfa nfiy dfi dfldc kdm them mft sfl bfic bo m^nfa me cfie hanh dpng cua Trung Qufc. "Lfra t h f nfio ban ed t h i gpi dfiy la mdt bude hdp ly khi nd dflde thflc hidn sau khi r f t nhieu msing sfng da bi cfldp di? Nd se tft hdn nfu cac ben dfi khdng dung den chie'n tranfa? Vang, tft nhidn, nd se tft hdn. Tft hdn! Chdng tdi dfi lien tuc noi difu nfiy vfi ehdng toi lap lai nd mdt lan nfla" (24). Khrushchev cham ehpe cfie nhfi lfinh dao Trung Qud'c vdi tuyen bf:

'Ta't nhidn, cd the cd nhflng ngUdi se ndi

Ph&n flng cda Uen Xfi vdi cufic chign franh Ai Bfi - Tnmg 9uoc..

rfing nfldc Cdng hda Nhfin dfin Trung Hoa hifn nay dang r d t qufin vf cd ban dfn ranh gidi ma tai dd eudc xung dot nay nf ra... Ly lufn nhfl vfy la difu d l hieu. Nd eho thfy rang, ngfldi ta h i l n thi sfl quan tdm va an hfn vf nhiing gi dfi xay ra" (25).

Khrushchev sau dd fim chi rang Ifnh ngflng bfin vfi rdt qufin Trung Qufc da dflpc dfla ra lfi do sd hai sfl can thifp quan sfl cua My vi ldi ich cua Xn Dp. Nhfl the, ong noi bdng gid rang Trung Quoc da dau hfing ngfldi My. Ong cung nhfin x6t "da co mdt sf ngudi cfio budc r i n g Trung Qufc da ngflng chifn sfl, rd rfng hbi vi Xn Dp dfi b i t d i u nhfn dUdc sfl ho trd vu khf eua de quoc My vfi Anh. \ ^ vfiy, Cong hda Nhan dfin Trung Hoa nhfin ra rang nfu xung dot vu trang tifp tuc, no c6 the bifn tfafinfa mdt cudc chid'n tranh quy md ldn se dfin de'n ton thfi't nfing nf hdn" (26). Khrushefaev sau dd cho bift cupc chid'n tranh Trung Qufc - An Dd da tid't Id cho tfaf gidi nfafn thdc thiie sii v l chf dp cdng san Trung Qud'c. Ong tuyen bf, 'Thfit lfi khdng the chdi cfii, nhflng hanh ddng cua Chinfa phu nfldc Cong hda Nhan dfin Trung Hoa se dupe nhflng ngudi yeu chupng hda binh dfinh gifi theo gifi tri thflc sfl eua chung. Thfit vfiy, ly do cude chid'n tranh nfiy lfi gi? Trung Qud'c da tiJfng phat dpng xam lupc An Dd? Khdng, ehung tdi tfl choi lufn dilm nhfl la sfl vu khd'ng. Va tat nhien chdng tdi cung bfic bo hofin tofin y ngfai rang An Dp mud'n bat d i u mpt cuoc chien tranh vdi Trung Qufc" (27). Mfe dd luon thfn trpng, gid thfii dd trung Ifp gida Trung Qufc vfi Xn Dp, Khrushchev vfin nglm nhfi'n manh rfing cac nhfi lanh dao cpng san Trung Qufc phai ehiu trfich nhifm ve eudc chifn tranh bidn gidi vdi Xn Dp.

An Dp hoan nghdnh tuydn bo cua Khrushchev, ngflpe lai, Trung Quoc t h i hifn tfafii df kfad ehiu eao dp. Vfii ngfiy sau dd, td Nhdn ddn Nhdt bdo, cd quan ngon

lufn eua Dang, Nfafi nfldc Trung Quoc dfi dang bai vid't vdi nfaflng ngdn tfl gif n dd.

Nhflng ldi ehi trich eua Khrushchev lam t i n thfldng hp r f t nhifu vi Trung Quoc budc tdi An Dp phat ddng cudc tan cong vu trang ehfng lai Trung Qufc. Khi efic nhfi lanh dao Lien Xd tfl cfa6i cfafi'p nfafn ldi giai thfch cua Trung Qud'c ve chifn tranh eua hp vdi Xn Dp, lfim sao nhdng ngfldi b ckc nfldc khae lai hi bude phai cfafi'p nhfn cfie bfio cfio cua Trung Qufc? Ngfldi Trung Qud'c ehua chat than phifn rang lan d i u tidn mdt nfad nfldc cfng san da khdng ddng ve phfa mdt nhfi nfldc cpng san trong eudc tranh ehfi'p vdi mdt nfafi nfldc tfl san. Hp dfi rfi't gif n dfl vdi nhflng ngfldi "tfl nhfin mang phong cfich Marxist-Leninist" va tuyen bd' rang "mdt sf ngudi dfi chi trich quan diem ddng dfin cua Trung Quoc vf vfi'n de bien gidi Trung Quoc - Xn Dp nhU t h i Trung Qud'c dfi gfiy ra mot tham hpa. Qufi rd rang trong mdt thdi gian dfii ngfldi ta da tfl choi dfim phfin hda binh, ngfldi ta da chid'm dong lfinh thf, ngudi ta da thiic hifn hanh ddng khieu khieh vu trang vfi da dflng len cupc tfi'n cdng 16n... Nhflng dieu thiie sii la lung lfi mpt so ngfldi tfl nhfin lfi Marxist-Leninist da quing ehu nghia Mae-Ldnin vao trong gid, hp da sd dung cfie ldp quan diem cua chu nghia Mfic-Lenin dd phfin tich chinh sfich phan ddng cua cfainh pfau Nehru kich dpng cfie eudc xung dot bien gidi Trung Quoc - An Dp vfi kien quye't tfl chdi hda giai. Nhflng ngfldi n h i m m i t trfldc thflc t f rang chfnh sfich nfiy xufi't phat tfl nhu clu cua giai efp dai tfl san va dai dia chu cua An Dp de cfafng lai ngudi dfin An Do vfi phong trfio tien bp..." (28).

Lien Xd bfic bo nhflng cfio budc cua Trung Quoc cho rfing hp dfi vi pham chu nghta Mdc-Lenin, ehu nghia qufe tf vd san vk da da kfeh efic nhfi lfinh dao Trung Quoc vi dfi chi trich chinh sach "thiic te, khdn

R g h i ^ cdu Lich siir. stf 11.2016 ngoan vfi yeu ehudng hda binh" cua Lidn

Xo. Dong thdi ho ca ngdi Nehru lfi "hilu bift sfiu sfic ve sfl nguy hiem rfi't ldn eua efic thu doan eua ehu nghia df quoc" vfi nhft la vifc "tfl chfl tfl bd cfainh sficfa khdng hen ket" (29).

Trong mpt thdng tfl bi mft tdi cac Dang edng san Ddng Au, Dang Cdng san Lien Xo eho rfing, Trung Quoc dfi xam Ifldc Xn Do mfi khdng he thdng bfio trfldc eho Lien Xd;

Lien Xd sfin sang df nghj hda giai. An Dd sSn sang ddm phan. NgUdc lai, Trung Qufc sd dung efic cude dam phfin "ehi de cd tfadi gian cfao fafinh dpng gfiy hfi'n. Su gay hfi'n vd cd cua Trung Qufc ehfng lai Xn Dp da dfit Lidn Xd trong mot tinfa the' rfi't khd khfin" (30). Dudng MeMahon la do thue dfin Anh tao ra nhflng ngfldi Trung Qud'c can bid't rfing khdng ed ly do de "kfeh ddng hoat ddng qufin sfl", de d i y An Dp vfio vdng tay eua tfl ban, nhfl cfie nhfi lfinh dao Lien Xd dfi ludn ludn nhfi'n manh trong nhifu cudc hdi dfim vdi efic nhfi lfinh dao Trung Qufc. Cfie chinfa sfieh cua Lien Xd vfi An Dp CO nhieu diem chung. An Dp da cf g i n g thfle sfl "tim thfi'y eon dfldng ddc Ifip vfi trung Ifp tuyet doi" vfi da co

"nhifu yfu to' xa hpi ehu nghia" b An Dp va "hp dfing khiefa If". Tfl nfim 1959, da co

"mm quan faf tfaft sii than thifn gida Lien Xo va Xn Dp", hifp dinh kinh td' dam phan tfaufn lpi va quan trpng hdn la "nhiing no lflc chan thanh eua Lien Xd d l xay dUng dft nU6e An Dp la ed scl eho phuc ldi tUdng lai cua nhifu trifu ngfldi An Dp" (31).

Thai dp cua Lien Xd doi vdi cudc chie'n tranh bien gidi Trung Quoc - Xn Dp nfim 1962 eung dupe t h i hifn ro tren linh viic hpp tfic vfi trd giup qufin sfl trong vfi sau khi cudc chie'n t r a n h nay no ra. Khi eupe chifn tranh bung no. Lien Xo eo thai dp ung hp Trung Qu6c vfi tam ngUng eung cfi'p cfie loai may bay tfaeo tfaoa thufn trUde dd

cho Xn Dp. Tuy nhidn. Lien Xd da nhanfa chong quay lai trang thfii cfin bfing, thfm chi d i n ehuyin sang ung hp An Dp. Khi mdi bfi't dong gida Lien Xd vfi Trung Quoc ngfiy cfing tfing va mfi quan hf An Dp - Lidn Xd ngay cfing phfit trien, dfc bidt sau mdt sf xung ddt trdn bidn gidi Trung Qud'c - Xn Dp xay ra, Lien Xd chpn each eung cfi'p mfiy bay va trfle thfing de tang cfldng nang lflc vfn tai fafing kfadng cfao quan dpi An Dp

"Vdo thfing 4-1961, Lien Xd bfin eho An Do tfim may bay Antonov-12 bd'n ddng ed phan lflc cfinh quat. Lien Xd eiing dfio tao vfi eung efi'p 40 phi cdng, hoa tidu vfi thd ed khf ngudi Nga di kem mfiy bay... Ngay sau do lfi mft Id hang dflde bdn giao, bao gim 24 may bay Ilyushin-14 va trfle thang MI-4 c6 t h i dfla ngudi va hang hoa len dp cao 17.000 feet (hdn 5.000m). Theo Zhang Han-fu, Thd trudng Ngoai giao Trung Quoc, Xn Dp da dfit hfing 32 may bay vfn tai Antonov An- 12, 26 mfiy bay tnic thang MiG, 21 may bay chifn da'u MiG vfi 24 mfiy bay Ilyushin DJ- 14, gifla thfing 10-1960 vfi thfing 5-1962"

(32). Lien Xd dfi "dong y vdi "Mie Deal" cd nghia lfi xfiy dflng cfie nhfi may san xufi't mfiy bay sieu am Mig-21. Nam 1963, Lien Xd da hda vifn trd de xdy diing nhd mfiy thep Bokaro vfi eung efp may bay vfn tai AN-12 va may bay trfle thang Mi 4 theo eac thoa thufn trfldc do" (33).

3. Nhfl vfy, trong cupc chifn tranh Trung - An nfim 1962, phan flng eua Lien Xd trai qua 2 giai doan khfi rd rang. O giai doan tfafl nha't, trUde ngay 31-10, phan flng Lidn Xd la trung Ifp vf hinh thflc nhflng thflc chat la thien vi Trung Quoc; 6 giai do^n thd hai, tfl sau 31- 10, Lien Xd da d i n chuyen sang ung hp phia An Dp, ldn fin Trung Quoc.

Su dicfa chuyen tfafii dp cua Lidn Xd ddi vdi eudc cfaifn tranh Trung - An nfim 1962 phan finh tinh phdc t^ip cua quan hf quoc

Phin limg cda Lien Xfi vfii eufic chiCT franh fo Bfi - Trung Qutfc.

t f thdi ky Chifn t r a n h L?nh. Xung dot bien gidi vd cude ehien tranh bidn gidi gifla Trung Qufc va Xn Dp nfim 1962 da dft Lien Xd tnidc nhflng su lfla chpn vd ciing kho kfafin. Bfli vi, trfldc khi xay ra xung dot hien gidi Trung Qufc - An Dd, Lien Xd ed moi quan faf tot dpp vdi ea hai nflde. An Dd la mpt trong nhdng nude sang Ifp Phong trfio khdng lien kft, ed anh hflcing ldn trong cfie nfldc X, Phi, lfi qud'c gia lfla chpn con dudng trung Ifp, xay dung dft nUde tfaeo xu hudng t u ban va cd dudng ldi ngoai giao hda binh, thfin thifn. Gifla Lidn Xd vfi Xn Dp da xfiy dflng tinh hflu ngh} sfiu dfim, khfi dfic biet tfl nfim 1955; hai nfldc cd rfi't nhieu hdp tfic ve kinh tf, qufin sfl, ngoai giao. Trung Quoc cung la nfldc sang Ifip Phong trfio khdng lien kft, l^i la nude xa hpi chu nghia ldn thfl hai tren the gidi.

Trung Qufc vfi Lien Xd cung chung mpt he tfl tfldng, hai nfldc ed mdi quan he dong minh. Mpt qufe gia lfi lfing gifng than thien, mpt qud'c gia lfi dong minh trong phe xa fapi chu nghia lai xay ra tranfa ehfi'p roi chifn tranh dfi d i y Lidn Xd vfio mpt tinfa hufng rfi't khd xd. Tuy vfiy, cfie nhfi lanh dao toi eao cua Lien Xd cung da c6 sfl lfla chpn cua rieng minh. Tren danh nghia, td d i u dfn cudi. Lien Xd theo duoi thfii dd

trung Ifp, nhflng tren thfle tf co nhflng thay doi khfic nhau d tflng giai doan. Day lfi l l n d i u tidn mdt qud'c gia tri^ eft trong he thfng xa hdi ehu nghia Lidn Xd • khdng nhflng khdng ung hd ding minh quan trpng cua minh - Trung Qud'c - trong efic mdi quan hf tranfa cfafi'p, xung dot vfi chifn tranfa vdi mpt quoc gia khdng cdng san - An Dp. Chfnh vi the cua hai ehu the trong eudc xung ddt, chifn tranh nfiy eung nfafl sfl troi dfiy cua Tfaf gidi thd ba, cua Phong trfio Khdng lien ke't... da trd thfinh nhflng nhfin to can trd mflc dd chi phdi eua trfit tfl 2 cflc vfi yd'u t6f thdc hd.

Di nhien, difu nfiy kfadng ed nghia lfi cudc xung dot, chid'n tranh bidn gidi Trung - Xn nfim 1962 khdng bi chi phdi bfli vfi'n de qufc tf thdi ky trft tU 2 ei^c eua Chifn tranfa Lanh, eua y thd fad ma sfl chi phoi nay kfafi pfaflc tap. Thdng qua nhflng phan flng cua Lidn Xd vdi doi vdi mdi quan hf Trung Qud'c - Xn Dp noi chung, vdi cupc chie'n tranh nfim 1962 noi rieng, quan hf An - Xo dupe cai thifn nhanh chong sau dd, trd tfaanh mdi quan hf kha dfc biet, dupe dfinh dfi'u bang vide ky kft Hifp fldc Hda binh, Hflu nghi vfi Hpp tac nam 1971 gifla hai nude. Quan hf An - Xd bflde vao thdi ky pfafit tridn tofin difn.

CHU THICH

(1). (2). Thu vifln QuSn dfli, Chien tranh Trung

• An (tu 20-10-1962 de'n 21-11-1962), TAi li§u bign so^n cua C52 Bp Tong t h a m mUu, 1979, ThU vi?n Quan dpi sao li^c, tr. 9, 10.

(3), (4), (6), (7), (12), (16), (17), (18), 22). Arun Mohanty, "On the Soviet Stand on India - China Border Conflict^, Mainstream, VOL No 46, November 3. 2012.

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