NGHIEN CQU KHOA HOC
Ar
Phan tich chuoi gia trj torn su a dong bang Song CLFU Long
D Le X u a n Sinh
Bo m o n Q u a n ly & Kinh t e N g h e cd, Khoa T h u y shn, D ? ! hpc Ckn T h O E m a i l : l x s i n h @ c t u . e d u . v n
TINH TOAN PHAN PHOI LQI ICH/CHI PHJ THEO 4 K I N H PHAN P H 6 I T 6 M SU CHINH CHO THAY NGU'OI N U 6 l TOM QUANG CANH CAI TI§N G 6 P PHAN L 6 N VAO GTGT VA C O N G Du'crc HUONG MQT TY LE OANG K^ TRONG L d NHUAN TOAN C H U 6 l . N H 6 M CAC NHA MAY CHE BIEN THUY SAN OUQC HUONG TY LE CAO LQl NHUAN THUAN CUA C H U 6 l . TANG CUONG LIEN KET GIIJ'A NGUOI NUOI TOM VA CAC NHA MAY CHE BIEN C 6 5 1 / H 6 TRpf CUA NHA N U O C VCTA GIAI QUYET HAI HOA LQl ICH CAC THANH PHAN, VUA TANG KHA NANG CANH TRANH THONG QUA XAY Dl/NG VA PHAT TRI^N THU'ONG HIEU CHUNG.
Giai THIEU
Tdm su (Penaeus monodon) li ddi tupng nudi nudc Ip chu lyc, vdi dipn h'ch nudi nim 2010 khoing 570.000 ha, sin lupng 450.300 ta'n, tuong ung vdi 94%
long dipn tich vi 70% sin lupng nudi thuy sin nudc Ip cua Vipt Nam. Dong biing sdng Ciru Long (DBSCL) Ii vimg trpng diem nudi tdm su, chie'm khoang 80-83% dipn tich nudi va 78-80%
sin lupng ci nudc. Tuy nhien, nginh sin xua't tdm su ludn phai dd'i mit vdi nhieu thich thuc, trong dd miu thuan lpi ich gi&a cic chu the tham gia chuoi gii tri sin pha'm li mpt trong nhimg van de ndl cpm, thudng xuyen
W5 MfllTHlV S*H / sO 148 / THAHG 4(3012
de dpa sy ben virng cua Iinh vyc sin xua't niy. Vi \'^\, ra't can thiet nghien cuu lam rd vai trd va mdi quan hp cung nhu sy phan chia lpi ich/chi phi giua cic nhdm chii the trong toin chuoi de cung cap them thdng tin lam co so cho vipc phit trien hprp ly nganh sin xui't tdm su d DBSCL ndi rieng vi tren ci nudc ndi chung.
PHU'aNG PHAP NGHIEN CLTU
Nghien cim thyc hipn tir thing 9/2010 tdi thing 4/2011. Thu thip thdng tin thdr cap tir cac ban, nginh, trudng, vipn cd lien quan tdi thiiy sin So lipu so cap dupc thu thgp qua phdng van tryc tie'p
192 CO sd hay tic r\han thupc 6 nhdm ddl tupng, gom; 30 co sd cung ci'p tdm giong (15 trai sin xua't vi 15 trgi uong veo), 29 d^
ly thuc in/ thudc cho nudi tdm, 70 hp nudi tdm thuong pham (35 CO sd nudi tham canh - ban tham canh va 35 CO sd nudi quing canh cii hen), 20 thucmg lai thu mua tdm nguyen lieu, 7 nhi miy che bieh, 26 cin bp quin ly nginh va hipp hpi thuy sin tir 3 tinh ven bieh Ca Mau, Sdc Trang va Bai Tre, va 10 can bp cac hipp hpi, trudng, vipn d Tp. Can Tho va Tp. Hd Chi Minh cd lien quan tdi nganh hang tdm sii.
Sir dyng thdhg ke md ta va bing ch^o de phan tich vi so
NGHIEN CQU KHOA HOC
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sanh giua cic nhdm tic nhin theo cac chi tieu nghien cuu. Ke't hpp phan tich kinh teve sy dong gdp chi phi va phan phdi Ipi nhugn vdi vipc phan tich thugn lpi, khd khan va de xuat/giii phip ciia cac nhdm tic nhan chudi.
Qui udc tinh ty lp phin phdl Iupng sail phi'm trong so do chudi gia trj nhu sau: (I) Lupng thinh pha'm deu dupc qui doi ve tom nguyen lipu khi tinh toin, trong dd lupng sin pha'm dau ra ciia chu the nay se la dau vio ciia chil the tie'p theo; (2) Tong san lupng dau vio cua chu the dau tien phii li 100% vi dau ra ciia cic chu the cuoi ciing ciing phai la 100% (dinh lugt bio toan khoi lupng). San lupng dau vio vi dau ra ciia mdi chii the phii bang nhau; (3) Su luin chuyeh san pha'm giiia cic chu the cimg nhdm khdng dupc tinh loan trong so do chudi gii tr}.
Viec tinh toin cac chi tieu lpi ich/chi phi ciia cic nhdm chu the dupc tdm tit nhu sau:
Gid tri gia tdng (GTGT) bang gii ban ra trir di gii mua vao, chua trir di cac chi phi ting them cua mdi chu the (cost-added).
Gid tri gia tang thuan (hay Lgi nhugn, net value-added) bing GTGT trij cic Chi phi tang thim.
Chi phi tdng them ddl vdi ngudi nuoi tdm thuong pha'm bang tdng chi phi (tdm gid'ng, thiic an, thudc TYTS va cic chi phi khic) de san xua't ra tdm nguyen tieu.
Vdi cic nhdm khic (thu gom nhd le, dai ly/vya, nha may che'bieh) thi Chi phi tdng thim gdm: chi phi vgn chuyen, thuS nhan cdng hoac bao quin (khdng tinh chi
mua nguyen liiju dau vao).
Cue cbi tteu tinh todn. dupc qui ddi ra I kg tdm nguyen lipu tren tit ca cac chu the.
Tdhg lgi nhudn cua tieng tdc nhdn Iwng udm: li GTGT thuan nhan vdi sin lupng tdm mua ban binh quan ciia mdi tic nhin lrong nam
K£T QUA VA THAO LUAN Cdc chu the tham gia chuoi gia trj torn su
Tr^ii sdn .xmi't giong vd uang/
veo torn su giong
Nam 2009, DBSCL cd 1.100 trai san xua't gid'ng (SXG) tdm su vi 5 trgi SXG tdm chan trang (TCT), sin Iupng hon 9 ty tdm su vi hem 250 tripu TCT gidng, nhung chi dap ung khdng qua 50% nhu cau tdm gid'ng cho nghe nudi ciia vimg.
Cac trai SXG ldm sii d vimg niy ra ddi chu ye'u trong giai doan 1997-2001. Moi trgi cd dien tich binh quin 530 m^ vdi khoing 20-30 be uong a'u trimg, the tich 4,8 m^/be. Mat dp uong a'u triing binh quan 149,3 con/lit (±50,9), ty le sd'ng 56,7% vi nang sua't 81.300 con/m3-/dpt (±31,0).
Co tdi 73,3% lupng tdm gidhg hay PL bin tryc tie'p cho ngudi nudi tdm, khoang 26,1% bin qua tiiuong lai tdm gidhg va mpt so it dupc trai giii lgi de uong nudi.
Cic trgi SXG vgn hanh khoing 5-6 dpt/nam vdi tdng chi phi sin xua't 1,06 tr.dong/mVdpt (±0,69), chu ye'u dimg cho mua thiic an (24,8%) vi tdm bd me (24,2%).
Lpi nhugn binh quan thu dupc tir SXG li 1,24 tr.dong/mVdpt nhung bieh dpng kha ldn (±1,62 tr.dong)
vi ty lp so trgi SXG cd Iai la 86,7%.
Cic CO sd uong veo (CSUV) ldm gid'ng xua't hien cham hon, da so tir sau nam 2000. Dipn tich binh quan 154 m^ vdi 5-7 ao ho^c be uang, the tich 3,2 mV ao, be Mdi dpt mdt co sd mua khoing 2,3 tripu PL, vdi mat dp 102,0 PLs/m^ (±44,6), ty Ie sdng va nang sua't tuong img la 90,0%
va 92,9 con/m'. Gin nhu loan bp tdm gid'ng sau khi uong, veo deu ban tryc tie'p cho ngudi nudi ldm trong tinh va cac tinh lan can.
Mdi CSUV van hinh khoang 50 dpt/nam (3-5 ngiy/dot), chi phi 2,11 tr.d6ng/m3/dpt (±1,06), lrong do 85,1% dinh cho mua PL dau vio. Lpi nhugn tir UV tdm binh quan dat 1,52 tr.ddng/mV dpt (±0,97), ty le sd CSUV cd lai khi cao (93,3%).
Da sd'ngudi cung ci'p tdm sii gidng nhgn dinh nganh tdm su d DBSCL se cdn phit trien nhp (58,3%). Khd khan co bin dd'i vdi hp gdm: (1) dich bpnh nhieu, (2) tildi tiet bat thudng, (3) cha't lupng PL tha'p, va (4) canh tranh nhieu giiia tdm giong san xua't tai dia phuong vi tdm nhgp tir mien Trung. Nhiing giai phap chii ye'u cua hai nhdm cung ca'p gidhg la:
(i) chpn tdm mp cd cha't lupng tot, (ti) chu dpng lim nguon PL cha't lupng cao, vi (iii) gia cd' Iai trgi SXG hoac CSUV nhim hgn che anh hudng cua bie'n dd'i thai tie't.
Ca sd kinh doanh thUc dn, thuoc cho nuoi tdm
Dgi ly kinh doanh thiic an thdy sin (TATS) vi thudc tiiu y tiiuy san (TYTS) cap 1 cd quy md di^n tich trung binh 175,9 m^ ldn hon 2 Ian dgi ly ca'p 2 (78,0 m^).
NGHIEN CLAJ KHOA HOC
Dgi ly uVp I thudng kinh doanh d.i dgng nhteu mit hing TATS vi thud'c TY cho ca thiiy san v.i gia sue, lrong khi 100% d,ii ly ci'p 2 chl kinh doanh Ihudc cho tdm.
San lut,Tiig thuc an torn su mua h.in khoang 554,4 tah/dgi ly/nam, gi.i trj thud'c la 447,6 tr.ddng/dgi ly/nam va chenh l^ch 2-5 Ian giiia d.ii h' cip I va cap 2. Muc chie't kha'u cho TATS tii' 7,4-8,5'X. vi cho thud'c TYTS ia 20,0-21,1%. C .i hai cip dai Iv dt'u uu tii'n ban hing tryc tie'p cho ngudi nudi (M.T'..
Iupng thuc in vi 81,7% gii trj thudc). Khd khan cua hp gom:
(1) np nhieu khd thu hoi vd'n; (2) thieu vd'n sin xua't kinh doanh;
(3) cgnh tranh trong mua ban; vi (4) giao thdng thuy khdng thugn tipn. Khoing 50% so co sd nhan dinh ring nginh tdm su se cdn tang nhp. Bie'n dpng ba't lpi ve thdi He't cung nhu thi trudng dau vio vi dau ra Ii nhirng rui ro ldn Iim cho khoing 1/3 so'dgi Iy cap 1 vi 1/4 so dai ly ca'p 2 phii tinh tdi vipc se ngung kinh doanh.
Casanuoi torn thucmg phd'm Nam 2010, DBSCL cd 558.740 ha nudi tdm man lp, trong dd khoang 12,5% nudi tham canh/
ban tham canh (TC/BTC), cdn lgi la nudi quing canh cii tie'n (QCCT), trong dd tdm-lua khoing 25%).
Dipn tich cua mdi co sd nudi ldm TC/BTC khoang 2,2 ha (1-3 ha la chu ye'u) nhung chi gan 70% thyc sy sii dyng cho tdm.
Mat dp tdm gid'ng thi binh quin 27,6 con/m^ (±5,8), hau he't Ii tdm gid'ng nhap tir mien Trung qua cic CSUV (68,6%) va deu dupc kiem dich. Ta't ca deu diing thiic
in vien, hp so thirc in binh quan 1,49 vi thu hogch toin bp mpt Ian sau thdi gian ruidi khoing 4,^-5 Ihing. ry K' sdhg binh quin dgt 67,4% vdi ning suit 4,1 ta'n/
ha/vy (±1,6), Cd 87,9'>i. ban Iupng tdm nudi TC/BTC dupc bin cho C.IC vya hay DN thu mua quy md km, nidi sd (t (7,(-,7..} bin dupc tryc tie'p cho nhi may che hii-n (NMCB), phan con lgi li tdm khdng dgt kich cd dupc bin cho ngudi thu gom nhd le. Tdng chl phi nudi tdm sii TC/BTC la 307,0 tr.ddng/ha/vy (±213,7), ldn nhat li chi phi thuc in (67,9%) vi thud'c phdng trj bpnh (9,2%).
Gii thinh 1kg tdm su TC/BTC khoing 68.500 ddng, \<ji nhugn 50.000 ddng. Nim 2009-2010 cd 11,4% sd'hp thua id, day ta ty Ip kha tha'p so vdi muc binh quan chung 20-25% d DBSCL trong sud't 15 nim trudc dd.
Dipn tich binh quan 1 co sd nudi tdm (3CCT khoang 3,7 ha (hiu het li 2-4 ha), trong dd gan Sfi",. sir dyng cho nudi tdm. Mgt dp tha tdm gid'ng binh quin ci nim 8,0 con/m-, 45".. sd' tdm gid'ng mua tir cac trgi SXG d dja phuong, nhung cd hon mpt nira so hp khdng kiem djch tdm gid'ng. Tgn dyng thiic i n ty nhien sin cd trong ao, mpt so hp cd bo sung thiic i n vien khi tha'y tdm cd ty lp so'ng cao va mgt dp diy. Do thudng i p dyng thu tia thi bii, nen lan thu hogch di'u tien sau khi thi gid'ng Ian di'u khoing 3,5 thing, sau dd thu theo cac con nudc ngay 15 vi 30 am Ijch. Ty Ip sd'ng va nang sui't blnh quan tuong ung la 32,6%
va 590,5 kg/ha/nam, nhung ra't
khic bipl (150-900 kg). Mpt nira san luyng tdm su QCCT bin cho ngudi thu gom vi sin lupng moi lan thu it, chi khi thu tip trung vdi sin lupng nhieu mdi bin tryc tie'p cho cic vya hay DN thu mua (41,6%). Tdng chi phi nudi QCCT 37,8 tr.ddng/ha/
nim (+43,4), quan trpng nhi't li:
thiic i n bd sung (33,9%), cdng lao dpng - ke ci lao dpng gia dinh (28,5%), tdm gid'ng (12,2%) vi chi sen vet, cii tgo ao (12,0%).
Gii thanh 1kg tdm su QCCT khoing 57.9[X) dong, lpi nhugn 73.100 dong/kg. Ty lp sd hp tiiua Io trong nim 2009-2010 cao gap 3 Ian so vdi nudi TC/BTC (34,3%).
Hau het ngudi nudi tdm nhgn djnh nginh tdm su d DBSCL se cdn phit trien, vi vgy khoang mpt nira trong sd' hp dy dinh se ting them hogt dpng nudi tdm.
Nhung nudi tdm sii gap mpt so' khd khin co ban nhu: (1) dich bpnh nhieu; (2) ngudn nudc hi d nhiem; (3) thie'u vdh sin xui'l;
va (4) thdi tie't bat thudng. Giii phip mi ngudi nudi tdm dexuat chu ye'u la: (i) tim nguon thudc phdng tri bpnh cd hipu qui hon, (ii) dupc cho vay vd'n san xui't, vi (iii) xir ly nguon nudc ci'p tript de nham hgn che lay lan dich benh.
Thwmg ldi thu mua torn nguyen liiu/thttang pham
Mdi CO sd thu gom chi rpng khoing 20,4 m^, chi hon 1/4 so vdi dgi ly/vya (74,8m^) vi gan bing 1/18 so vdi DN thu mua (383,3 m^). Vipc mua tdm sii tgp trung vao thdi gian thu hogch chinh (thing 4 - 9). San lupng tdm su mua ban trung b'lnh hang nim rat khic bipt theo nhdm: 15,4
IV 5*H / s a 148 ; THylNG *
NGHIEN COU KHOA HOC
I L
tah/co sd thu gom; 119,2 tah/dgi ly va 387,7 tan/cdng ty thu mua.
Hon 98% td'ng chi phi bieh ddi diing cho mua tdm, Nhin chung, de CO Ipi nhugn 4.420 d/kg tdm nguyen lipu, Ihuong Iai phii chi phi them 4.450 ddng. Khoang 85,4% so thuong Iai cd Iai va chi CO 37,5% trong sd' hp nhgn djnh nganh hang nay se van ting nhp, trong khi 52,1% thi'y khdng the phit trien them. Thucmg lii it quan tim de'n cic chinh sich, quy djnh, Khd khin co bin Ii: (1) canh tranh nhieu, (2) thie'u vd'n, (3) sin Iupng mua bin tha'p, va (4) vi?c cung cap di'u vio bie'n dpng nhieu theo thdi vy. Hp nhgn tha'y can phii: (i) giu uy tin vdi khich hang, (ii) tim vay them von, (iii) tim mua tdm tii nhieu nguon, (iv) mua tdm vdi gia cao hon, (v) tang cudng hd Irp cho ngudi nudi.
DN chf biat xuat khd'u Cicnhi miy che'bie'n (NMCB) torn Sli thudng xuyen phii hogt dpng dudi 55% cdng sua't thie'l ke' do thie'u nguyen lieu. Sin lupng torn thanh pha'm trung binh 8.452 tah/nha miy/nam, 99% danh de XK, thi trudng chinh li My, Nhat va EU (cac thi trudng khic chi chiem 12,2%). Chi phi ting them b'mh quin cho 1kg ldm nguyen li?u 8.630 d, mang lai Ipi nhugn 8.670 d. Do khd khin thu so' lipu chi tiet nen khdng tinh dupc day du thu nhgp va lpi nhugn ciia nhom nay.
Da so NMCB cho rang nganh hang tdm sii vin se phit trie'n, nhung khd khan chung la: co sd ha tang chua td't; thie'u nhan lyc CO ky thugt va nang lyc quan ly;
cgnh Iranh thie'u Iinh mgnh d ca trong nudc vi tren thj trudng qud'c te'. Cic chi'nh sich ve mdi Irudng, VSATTP, tin dyng vi XNK cd tic dpng mgnh tdi nhdm nay, Hp can lang cudng dio tgo nhan lyc; dau tu them dipn lich nudi de chu dpng nguyen Iipu;
hg gii thanh san pha'm; da dgng hda sin phiim de md rpng thj truemg vi ting kha ning cgnh tranh. Chinh sich XNK cung can dupc cii tie'n thdng thoing hon trong vipc nhgp nguyen Iipu tir nudc ngoai khi thie'u nguyen Iipu lrong nudc Vipc md co quan thue quan XNK d ci'p tinh cd the giup giim thdi gian va chi phi cho cic DN CBXKTS.
Qudn ly ngdnh, hiep hgi vd trudng, viin Hen quan tdi ngdnh torn su
Nhdm can bp ca'p tinh, cic hiep hpi va trucmg/vipn cd lien quan nhin xet cic chinh sich cd tic dpng de'n nginh tdm su nhieu nhi't li ve. (1) mdi trudng;
(2) xuat nhgp khi'u, vi (3) quin Iy cha't lupng sin pha'm vi VSATTP Cd tren 70% chuyen gia dinh gii lien ke't trong nginh tdm Sli DBSCL chua dip iing yeu cau phit trieh. Gan 60% tiong so hp cho rang nginh niy se cdn tang ci ve quy md vi sin lupng, nhung phii ddl dipn vdi cic rui ro Idn: (i) khi hiu bat thudng; (ii) mdi trudng nudc d nhilm; (iii) thi trudng dau vao bieh dpng; va (iv) thi truemg dau ra bat dn.
Kenh thj tru'dng \h phan chia lai ich/chi phi cua cac tdc nhan
Viec tieu thy tdm su qua nhieu
khiu trung gian lam cho phan phdi gii trj lom thuong pham d DBSCL khi phdc tap vi vi^c xac djnh kenh thj trudng rat kho khin. Ne'u dua tren ye'u to dau vao thi cd tdi 23 kenh phan phoi, vdi 12 kenh cho tdm QCCT vi 11 kenh cho tdm TC/BTC. Ne'u dya tren ye'u to dau ra thi cd 16 kenh cho tdm su XK va 7 kenh cho tdm su tieu thy npi dia. Trong so' 23 kenh phan phdl theo ye'u td' dau vio, 4 kenh chu lyc la:
Kinh 1: Ngudi nudi QCCT ->
Thu gom -> Vm thu mua -> Tieu ddng ngi dja: Ngudi nudi gop 81,9% GTGT cua 89,200 d/kg vi thu dupc 89,6% trong GTGT thuan 81.600 d/kg.
Kinh 2: Ngudi nuoi QCCT -> Thu gom -> Vua thu mua ->
DN/Cong ty thu mua -> NMCB -> XKINdi dfa: Ngudi nuoi gdp 73,1% GTGT 117.900 d/kg vi tiiu 76,8% GTGT thuan 95.200 d/kg.
Kinh 3; Ngudi nuoi TC/BTC -> Vua thu mua -> Tieu dung n0i dja: Ngudi nudi gdp 88,9% tiong GTGT 56,200 d/kg vi tiiu dupc 97,0% trong GTGT thuan 51.500 d/kg.
Kenh 4: "Ngudi nuoi TC/BTC -> Vua thu mua -> DN/Cdng ty thu mua -> NMCBXK -> XK/
Ngi dfa": Ngudi nudi gdp 58,9%
trong GTGT 84.900 d/kg va thu dupc 50,0% trong GTGT tiiuan 65.200 d/kg,
Tuy nhien, khi tinh tren td'ng lpi nhuan thuan cua chudi mi mpt tie nhan dupc hudng trong mpt nam thi ke't qua the hien mpt chieu hudng khac. Cy the nhu sau;
Kenh 1: Ngudi nudi tdm QCCT chi dupc hudng 19,34%
NGHIEN CL/U KHOA HOC
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Hinh 1. Kdnh thj truing tdm su d* DBSCL
(Vo tinh theo tdng s i n /upng tdm su nguydn li$u; si> dgng ca c^u di$n tich theo cdc md hlntt nu6i 2(X}8-09)
td'ng lpi nhugn thuan trong khi ty lp nay cho nhdm thu gom li 29,67% va dgi ly/vya vdi 50,98%.
Kinh 2: Ngudi nudi tdm QCCT chi dupc hudng 0,06% td'ng lpi nhugn thuan tiong khi ty lp niy cho nhdm thu gom li 0,09% vi dgi ly/vya la 0,16%. NMCB dupc hudng hau he't td'ng lpi nhugn thuan cua toan chuoi (97,22%).
Kenh 3: Ngudi nudi tdm TC/BTC dupc hudng phan ldn (68,13%) tdng lpi nhugn thuan toan chuoi trong khi ty lp niy cho nhdm dgi ly/vya la 31,87%.
Kenh 4; Ngudi nudi TC/BTC chi dupc hudng 0,33% tong lpi nhugn thuan toin chudi, gap ddi dgi ly/vya (0,16%). Nhdm NMCB dupc hudng hau het tdng lpi nhugn thuan toan chudi vdi ty lp 97,04%, ke^dd la nhdm cdng ty
8 6 IHJOMG M*J TH)* SAN / 56 148 / IHANG 4/2012
thu mua vdi 2,47%, tuong ducmg kenh 12.
Nhu vgy, theo ye'u to dau vao thi sy ddng gdp ve chi phi ting them cung nhu phin chia lpi nhugn chua hpp ly giiia cac nhdm tic nhan. Ne'u tieu thy npi dja m i khdng qua NMCB thi ngudi nudi ddng vai tid quan trpng ca ve chi phi ting tfiem (hon 80%) vi Ipri nhugn thuan (81,9-88,9%). Ne'u qua NMCB thi ngudi nudi ddng vai trd quan trpng vechi phi ting tiiem (58,9-73,1%) nhung NMCB hudng hau hel lgri nhugn thuan (97,04-97,22%).
Slf ho trg gi&a cdc tdc nhan trong chuoi gid tri
Cd sy ho trgr qua lgi giiia cac nhdm: (1) chinh quyen dia phuong; (2) doin the; hipp hpi;
(3) ngan hing; (4) quin ly nganh.
khuye'n ngu; (5) trgi san xua't/
ucmg veo giong; (6) dgi ly/cdng ty thiic in/thu6c; (7) ngudi nudi tdm; (8) thuong lai ; (9) ba con, hing xdm; (10) NMCBTS; vi (11) trudng, vipn nghien ciiu.
Nhgn dinh ve sy hd trp dupc chia lim: (i) Nhgn hay cho hd try (l=nhgn dupc; 2=Cho/cung ca'p);
(ii) Hinh thiic hd trp (l=vdh;
2=ky thugt; 3=gidng; 4=th6ng tin;
5=khac: an ninh, Iao dpng,...);
(iii) Y nghia cua sy hd tip (l=xau;
2=b'mh tiiudng; 3= td't).
- SXG/CSUV phan ldn quan tam de'n sy hd trp thdng tin tir chinh quyen dja phuong (100%) v i tir nhiing ngudi cung cap gidng khic (50%). Co quan quan ly nganh va khuye'n ngu chu yeu ho tav d dgng tgp huah ky tiiugt (66,7%). Nhung thuong chi
NGHIEN CLAJ KHOA HOC
IL
khoang 1/3 sd'co sd tham gia day dil va cung cap nhiing thdng tin c£ui thie't khi cic don vj quin Iy nginh vi khuyeh ngu can thu thgp thdng tin. Nhiing h6 trp nay deu dupc nhgn djnh li td't cho nhdm.
- Dgi ly thiic in/thudc nhgn sy hd tip vi giim sit ciia chinh quyen dja phuong vi quin Iy nginh cimg vdi thdng tin ve ky thugt, thj trudng, quy dinh vi hirdng dan nhgn biel hang gii (100% so dgi ly). Sy ho trp vd'n tir ngan hang li ri't ding ke vdi ta't ca cic dai ly vi cd 58,6% so dgi ly mi tien thanh toin kieu gdi dau cho ngudi nudi. Ta't ca cac dgi ly cho biet nhirng sy ho tip qua lgi deu cd y nghia td't cho hogt dpng cua hp hoac ngudi nhgn.
- Ngudi nudi tdm Ii nhdm dupc nhieu sy hd tip, nha't li ve mgt ky thugt nudi. Cdng tic khuyeh ngu da dupc cai tie'n va vi?c tie'p cgn thdng tin cua ngudi dan Cling dupc cii thipn ding ke'. Nhdm ngudi nudi tianh thii sy ho trp ky thugt tu mpi nguon nhu: khuyeh ngu (83,3%), ngudi cung cap gidng (80%),... Khoing hem 30% so hp nhgn dupc vd'n tirngan hing vdi Iai sua't vay uu dli, Nhiing ho tip niy deu ra't cd lpi cho ngudi nudi tdm su.
- Thuong Iii li nhdm tic nhan it quan tam den hd tip tir ben ngoai, nhung ta't ci deu vay vdn ngin hing va 75% cho rang chinh sich cua ngan hing cd y nghia tdt cho hp. Tat ci thuong Iai dupc NMCB cung cap thdng tin sdm nha't va 87,5% so thuong lai dinh gia sy ho trp niy li tot.
Thuong lii ciing lien ke't theo
chieu ngang, thdng qua sy ho trp trong mua ban vi trao doi Ihdng tin thi trudng (89,2%). Mdi lien ke'l ngang niy cd y nghla ri't ldn trong hogt dpng ciia hp.
- NMCB khdng quan tam nhieu den sy hd tip tir cic nhdm khic. Nhung do quy md ldn nen toin bp cic NMCB rat chii dpng tim kie'm ngan hing, Nhdm niy dupc cung cap thdng tin ve chfnh sich tir cic hipp hpi va chinh quyen. Hp cung cap thdng tin gii ci cho thucmg lii d§' duy tii ngudn cung dau vio vi chu y ho tip ky thugt de thu mua tdm cho ngudi nudi tdm (quy md Idn hoie nudi theo hpp dong). Vipc ting cudng kiem tra chat lupng/
truy xua't ngudn go'c cd inh hudng nhieu de'n cic NMCB.
De xuat m$t s6 gldi phap nang cap chuSi gid trj torn su 1. Thinh lgp vi phit trien cac HTX/Td hpp tic hoac md hinh lien ke't hipu qui (nhu Hipp hpi Nudi tdm My Thanh, Sdc Trang), tang cudng nhgn thuc vi ap dyng cac md hinh nuoi tdm an toan theo tieu ehuain cd chiing nhgn (Tdm sinh tiiai, GIobalG.A.P, BAP,...).
2. Tang cudng cic bipn phap quin ly nhdm thuong lii, hgn che hipn tupng bom chich tgp cha't vao tdm nguyen lipu (thudng xiy ra vdi cic thuong lii thu mua nhd Ie).
3. Ting cudng lien ke't giiia ngudi nuoi va NMCB (tiong dd NMCB nen ddng vai tid chii dao) nham hgn che trung gian de giim chi phi, tgo thugn Ipi hon cho TXNG vi dim bio cha't luone sin phim. Nen chu y hai
xu hudng chinh: cac NMCB co viing nudi tdm nguyen li^u va ting cudng ky hpp dong vdi cac hp nudi tdm quy md Idn hoac nhdm hpp tie nudi tdm.
4. Cic NMCB va ngudi nuoi ldm can cd sy ho trp ciia nhi nudc, nhi't li ve thdng tin va co che chinh sich d§' xiy dyng vi phit trien thuong hipu nhim ting khi nang cgnh tranh cho cic sin phi'm tdm sii ciia DBSCL vi Vipt Nam tren thi trudng qud'c te'.
KfilLUAN
Vi?c phan tich 4 kenh chinh trong 23 kenh thj trudng dya tren yeu to dau vio tiong chudi gii trj tdm su d DBSCL cho tha'y sV ddng gdp ve chi phi tang them cdng nhu phan chia lpi nhugn chua hpp ly giira cac nhdm tic nhan. Cac khd khan co ban de phat trie'n nganh hang niy hipn nay la: (1) djch b^nh nhieu; (2) nguon nudc bi d nhiem; (3) thie'u vdn sin xui't; (4) thdi tie't thay ddi bat thudng; (5) cgnh tranh thie'u Iinh mgnh/cdng bang; (6) cung cap tdm nguyen lipu mang tinh thdi vy cao; (7) co sd hg tang chua dim bio; vi (8) thi trudng dau ra ba't on.
De khac phyc, hai giii phap hang dau la lim ld't qui hogch viing san xuat va tang cudng lien ke't giiia ngudi nudi va NMCB de giim chi phi vi dam bao chat lupng sin pham. Nha nudc can hd tip to chiic Uen ke't nginh tien quy md khu vyc/toin qud'c de xay dyng va phat trieh thuong hipu, tir dd nang cao siic canh tianh cua sin pham tdm su DBSCL va Vipt Nam. •
1HUCM MM THlYSl>N/Sd 1 4 a / 1 H A M 4(2012 f
