KINH TE
PHAN TICH HIEU QUA
SAN XUAT CAY LAC TREN DIA BAN HUYEN VUNG LIEM, TINH VINH LONG
• PHAN THI XUAN HUE
TOM TAT:
Bai nghien ciiu nham phan tich hieu qua tai chinh va hieu qua ky thuat (HQKT) cua nong hp san xuat cay lac tren dia ban huyen Vung Liem, tinh VTnh Long, Ket qua cho th4y: Hieu qua tai chinh dat 178%, HQKT trung binh dat 88,29%, binh quan 1 hecta lac cho nang suit 7,8 tSn loai 1 va 3,65 tin loai 2, trung binh loi nhuan cua nong ho dat duoc la 93.510 nghin dong/ha; co 4 ySu t6 anh huong den nang suat lac la chi phi nong duoc, lucmg phan dam nguyen chat, chi phi lao dong thue va ngay cong lao dong gia dinh, Tir do, de xuat mot so giai phap chu yeu nham phat tnen viing trong lac tai huyen Viing Liem.
Tir kh6a: Cay lac, hieu qua tai chinh, hieu qua ky thuat, huyen Vung Liem, tinh VTnh Long,
1. Dsit van de
Truac tinh hinh khi hau bien doi ngay cang phiic tap, nhieu quoc gia noi chung va dia phuong noi neng da phai tim each chuyen doi co cau cay trong cho phil hop vai sir thay doi ciia khi hau, tranh anh huong den tinh hinh phat trien kinh te - xa hpi.
La dia phuong chiu anh huong boi trieu cuong va xam nhap man, huyen Viing Liem (tinh VTnh Long) da ap dung viec chuyen doi co cau cay trong cbo phil hpp tit sdm, trong do co mot loai cay mang lai nhieu gia tri kinh tc, dl trong, rat thich hop voi nhiing viing dat khong chu dpng nguon nuoc phuc vu trong trot, Ngoai hieu qua cai thien thu nhap so vai trong liia, nghe trong lac a Viing Liem ciing gop phan giai quyet mot lugng lan lao dpng nong nhan.
Tuy nhien, viec hong lac cung gap nhieu kho khan khi thu hoach doi hoi rat nhieu nhan cong, quy mo san xuit nhd le, cong doan phai lac phu thuoc hoan toan vao thai tik vi troi nang thi lac dep ban duoc gia cao va ngugc lai, phai lac gap troi mua thi lac khong dep se ban gia thap, nong dan va nguoi su dung nguyen lieu lac chua co sir hen ket vcn nhau da dan den tinh
trang nong ho hi thuong lai ep gia. De ITnh virc san xuat nay phat trien ben vihig, tranh duac nhieu nil ro va mang lai hieu qua cao thi viec thuc hien de tai
"Phan tich hieu qua san xuat cay lac tren dia ban huyen Viing Liem, tinh Vinh Long" la can thiet.
2. Doi tiring va phuvng phap nghien ciiu Doi tieong nghien ci'ru: Hieu qua tai chinh va HQKT trong san xuat lac tai huyen Viing Liem.
Phifang phdp nghien ciiu: Bai viet su dung phuang phap Stochastic Fronher Analysis duai dang mo hinh kinh te lupTig. HQKT co the duoc uac luoTig true tiep tu ham san xuat, De c6 the uoc lupng lupTig dau ra toi da tir mot tap hpp cac lugng dau vao cho truoc, ham san xuat bien ngau nhien vai phan sai so hon hpp co the duoc sir dung.
Mo hinh nay duoc viet nhu sau:
Yi=f(XJexp(v,-Ui) (1) hay In Y^ = lnff(XJJ -\- (v,- Uj) = lnlf(Xi>l + e,- (2) Mo hinh nay duoc cu the hoa nhu sau:
LnY=ag + a,l"X, + a2lnX2 +... + a/nA", + e,- Phuong trinh (1) bieu dien moi quan he ham so giiia lugng dau ra Y, va lugng dSu vao X, ciia ham
So 5 - T h o n g 4/2019 49
TAP CHi CONG M 0 N G
san xuat Mo hinh (1) co phan sai so hon hop z, = V, - u, gom CO hai phan: Vy c6 phan phoi chuan voi ky vpng la 0 va phuong sai IT\ (V- N(0, a\,)) la phan sai so doi xung bieu dien tac dong ciia nhiJng yeu to ngau nhien va u, > 0 la phan sai so mot duoi CO phan phoi nua chuan (u~ \ N( 0. o\,) \) bieu dien phan phi hieu qua duoc tinh tir chenh lech giiia y, vol gia tri toi da co the c6 ciia no 7,/ dugc cho bai ham giai han ngSu nhien: |M/| = (5^ + (5;Z; + S7Z7 + t)jZj + ... +d„Z,^.
Trong do, cac bien Z c6 the la: Z^: Trinh dp ciia nong hp (cap); Zi'. Tap huan ky thuat trong san xuat (1 = co; 0 = khong); Z3: Tong dien tich san xuat (qui mo),
Tuy nhien, uoc lugng kem hieu qua «, nay thuong kho dugc tach khoi nhiing tac dpng ngau nhien v,. Theo Maddala (1977), neu u dugc phan phoi nhu gia tri tuyet doi cua mot bien co phan phoi chuan N(0, a\,), gia tri trung binh va phuang sai tong the ciia u tach rai khoi v dugc uoc iuong bai:
E(u)=ff.Jl (3) Var(u) u'-„(n-2)
= E(u,le,)' ' ^ \ (5)
Jondrow&cpngsu(1982)chirarang, uidoi vol moi quan sat co the dugc rut ra tir phan phoi co dieu kien ciia «, ling vai e, cho truac. Voi phan phoi chuan cua v, va niia chuan ciia u,, ky vpng cua miic phi hieu qua ciia timg nha san xuat cu the u, voi e, cho truac la:
.[ f<-)
[1 - F(.)
Trong do: ^^_^^
a'- =a\o-.^-X = oja,i<7 =Ja\ + ^vdf(.) vd F() lan lugt la cac ham phan ph6i mat do va tich liiy chuan tac dugc uac tinh tai (e I, /a).
Ben canh do, ty so phuang sai y = a^u/a^ nam trong khoang (0-1) dugc gioi thieu boi Battese &
Corra (1977), se giai thich phan sai so chii yeu nao trong hai phan tac dgng su bien dpng ciia san lugng thuc te, Khi Y tien tai 1 (o*,^ -^ 0) sir bien dgng ciia san lugng thuc te chu yeu la do su khac biet trong ky thuat san xuit cua nong hg, ngugc lai y tien tai 0, su bien dgng do chii yeu do tac dgng cua nhiing yeu to ngau nhien HQKT duoc tinh theo cong thuc sau:
TEi ^ E[exp(- wJYi)]. Cac tham so trong mo hinh (2) CO the dugc uoc lugng bang phuong phap uac lugng kha nang cue dai (MLE),
3. Ket qua va thao luan
3.L Thong tin chung ve nong hp sdn xuat lac Theo ket qua khao sat 90 hg trdng lac tai huyen Viing Liem cho thay mot so thong tin ve nong hg nhu sau: Da so chii hg la nam (chiem 91,11 %) vi hp vita la lao dgng chinh trong gia dinh, vCra la ngudi true tiep tham gia phan Icm vao qua trinh san xuat, chi CO 8,89%o chii hg la nir. Nhin chung, trinh dp hpc van cua chii hg con thap, so hg mii chir chiem 4,44%i, so hg hgc tir lop 1-9 chiem 77,77%, con lai 17,79%
so hg hpc tir lop 10-12 dieu nay se thuan Igi cho nong hg trong vice tiep can thong tin ve ky thuat san xuat va thong tin thi truong tieu thu san pham. Ve dp tuoi ciia nong hp trong lac tai huyen Viing Liem tap trung vao nhiing hg c6 do tuoi tir 30-50 chiem ty trong 80,00%i day la nhfrng hg co nhieu lao dpng gia dinh tham gia vao trong lac; con lai la nhiing hg co dp tuoi duai 30 tuoi chiem 13,33% mai bat dau tham gia trong lac do nhan thay cay lac cho thu nhap cao (duoi 5 nam kinh nghiem), va mot so hg tren 50 tuoi chiem 6,67%) la nhiing hg gan bo lau dai vai cay lac nen khong muon tir bo nghe.
3.2. Nguon luc nong hp
Qua so lieu dieu tra cho thay, dien tich dat nong hg sii dung trong lac da phan la dat nhiem phen, de bi xam nhap man, canh tac liia va hoa mau kem hieu qua nen nong hg mai chuyen sang trong lac. Do do, dien tich trong lac con thap so vai tong dien tich dat nong nghiep hien co, chimg to nong hg chua sic dung het nguon lire, dieu nay ciing dong nghTa voi viec con tiem nang rat Idn de ma rgng dien tich trong lac nham quy hoach Viing Liem thanh vimg chuyen canh cay lac theo chu truang ciia tinh.
Hp trong lac c6 nhan khau trung binh 4,8 nguoi/hp, lao dong tren 16 tu6i trung binh 3,4 nguoi/hg cho thay nong hg co uu the ve lao dpng gia dinh, Tuy nhien, tren thuc te lao dgng gia dinh khong dap img du vi khau phun thuoc, bon phan dinli ky, va khau thu hoach lac doi hoi rat nhieu nhan cong. Do dieu kien khi hau va dat dai phii hop nen thuan Igi cho cay lac phat trien, ben canh do nong hg chii quan CO nhieu kinh nghiem trong san xuat nen viec tham gia tap huan chua dugc nong ho quan tam nhiSu.
Phan tich tir s6 lieu dieu tra cho thay, chi co 17,78%) nong hp CO tham gia tap huSn, con lai 82,22% nong hg chua tham gia tap huan. Ben canh viec tham gia tap huan thi tham gia cac to chiic tai dia phuang nhu Hpi nong dan, Hpi khuyen nong, Hgp tac xa, Hpi
50 So 5^ Thang 4/2019
KINH IE
phu nir. . Cling chua dugc nong hg quan tam, chi c6 15,56%) nong hg tham gia cac to chuc, Ve nguon von cua nong hg, gom 2 nguon: von nha va von vay. Tuy nhien, theo cac nong hg trong lac thi thii tuc vay von tai cac t6 chiic tin dung chinh thiic con kha ruom ra nen da so hg khong vay (86,67%), chi co 13,33% hg vay von ben ngoai tir hang xom, nguoi than.
3.3. Hieu qud sdn xuat lac 3.3.1. Hieu qud tdi chinh
Theo ket qua khao sat, sau 6 thang cham soc thi cay lac den mua thu hoach. Do dac diem cay lac thu hoach can rat nhieu nhan cong nen cac nong hg thuang luan phien nhau thu hoach, cac hg thu hoach sau se sang ho trg cho cac hg thu hoach truac de cat giam bat chi phi thue lao dgng (dia phuang gpi hinh thirc nay la lam van cong). Lao dpng nam se thuc hien khau phat lac, giii bo lop v6 bpc duoi goc cay lac va phan loai lac, lao dong nir che va phoi lac. Gia thue lao dong nam phat lac khoang 150.000 - 180.000 dong/nguoi/ngay, gia thue giii lac va phan loai lac khoang 80.000 - 110.000 dong/nguoi/ngay, gia thue che va phoi lac khoang 80.000 - 100.000 dong/nguoi/ngay, Sau khi phoi xong, thuang lai se true tiep tim den tan nha nong hg de thu mua, khong CO ky hgp dong truac do, Thuong lai thu gom phan Idn la nguai dan dia phuong, cha di ban tai Dong Thap va An Giang cho cac doanh nghiep det chieu, dan tham va xuat khau sang thi truang nuac ngoai.
Gia lac hoan toan phu thupc vao thoi tiet va nhu cau sii dung san pham chieu, tham nen nong hg thuong xuyen bi thuang lai ep gia. Gia lac loai 1 (kho, trang, chi^u dai 1,8m tra len) khoang 14.000 - 15.000 dong/kg, gia lac loai 2 (kho, khong deu, den do mac mua, chieu dai duai 1,8m) khoang 8,000 - 9 000 dong/kg. Vai nang suat binh quan 7.800 kg lac loai 1 va 3.650 kg lac loai 2 tren moi hecta, nong hp se thu dugc 145.950.000 d6ng, tni chi phi 52.440.000 ddng thi nong hp se co Igi nhuan 93.510.000 dong/ha, ty suat lai nhuan/ chi phi la 1,78 lan cho thay mot dong chi phi bo ra de trong lac thi nong hg thu dugc 1,78 dong Igi nhuan. Chi so nay kha cao cho thay hoat dong san xuat lac mang lai hieu qua, gop phan nang cao thu nhap cho nong hg (Bang I),
3.3 2. Hieu qud ky ihudt
Ket qua uac lucmg ham nang suat cho thay. cac yeu to dau vao anh huong den nang suat trong vu g6m: chi phi nong dugc, lugng phan dam nguyen chat, chi phi lao dgng thue va ngay cong lao dgng
Bang L Hieu qua tai chinh trong son xudt Idc tren 1 ha/vu
Khoan muc Nang suat lac loai 1 Gia ban lac loai 1 Nang suat lac loai 2 Gia ban lac loai 2 Doanti thu Chi phi Ldi nhuan Ldl nhuan/ Chi phi
evT
Kg/ha 1.000 aSng/kg
Kg/ha 1 000 dong/kg
1.000 ddng 1.000 dong 1.000 dong
Lan
Giatn 7.800 14,5 3650 9 145.950
52.440 93.510 1,78 Nguon • sd lieu dieu tra ndm 2018 gia dinh. Cac gia tri he so uac lugng ciia mo hinh ham nang suat dugc the hien cu the qua Bang 2.
Bang 2. Gid tri h# so iTdc liTcing hdm sdn xud't Coob-Douglas
Bien so
LUdng giong (kg/ha) Chi phi nong dUdc (1.000 dong) Luong N nguyen chat (kg/ha) Luong P nguyen chat (kg/ha) Luong K nguyen chat (kg/ha) Luong Ca nguyen chat (kg/ha) Chi phi lao dong thue (1.000 dong) Ngay cong lao dong gia dinh (ngay) Hang so
So quan sat Prob > Chi2
(T-y a- A
H^sS
0,027 -0,204' 0,128*
0,035 -0.032 0.023 0,769"
0,422*
0,723 Sais5 chuan 0,033 0,047 0,071 0,062 0,049 0,041 0,131 0,027 1.035 90 0,0000 0.0108 0,0112 0,96 ' Co mdc y nghia thong ke 1%,
" Co mile y nghia thd'ng ke 5%
Nguon: So lieu dieu tra ndm 2018
Tir ket qua uac luang ham san xuat, ta thay nang suat lac bi anh huang bai: chi phi nong dugc lam giam nang suat, vi khi chi phi nong dugc tang dong
So 5 - T h a n g 4/2019 51
lAP CHi CONE IHIfdNG
nghia voi rupng lac bi sau benh, co dai nhieu se cho nang suat thap, lugng phan dam nguyen chat, chi phi lao dpng thue va ngay cong lao dgng gia dinh lam tang nang suat vi nong hg chua sir dung phan dam toi uu nen khi tang lugng dam se lam tang nang suat dong thdi nong hg dau tu nhieu cong cham soc thi se lam tang nang suat, Tir ket qua tren cho phep tinh toan miic HQKT cua nong hp san xuat lac qua Bang 3 nhu sau:
Bang 3. Phan phoi mC/c hieu qud ky thuat cua nong ho
MLIC hi$u qua (%) 90-100
80-90 70-80 60-70
<60 Trung binh
Cao nhat Thap nhat
SohO 18 53 12 07 0
Tytn?ng(%) 20,00 58.89 13,33 7.78 0,00 88,29 94,56 65,85 Nguon: So lieu dieu Ira ndm 2018
Qua Bang 3 ta thay, mire HQKT cua nong hp trong lac dat kha cao, trung binh mire HQKT la 88,29%, cao nhSt la 94,56% va thSp nhSt la 65,85%, So hg dat HQKT tren 90% la 18 hp chigm ty trgng 20%, so hg dat HQKT a mire 60 - 90% la 65 hg chiem ty trgng 72,72%, con lai 7 hp dat miic HQKT 60 - 70% chiem ty trong 7,78%.
3.4. Be xuat mot so gidi phdp
Thd nhat. gidi phdp quy hoach viing sdn xudt:
Trong qua trinh quy hoach, can tranh hien tugng san xuat ty phat do cac hg trong nho le tham gia san xuat 6 at va thieu kiem soat. Cac chi tieu ve dien tich ciing nhu san lugng phai dua vao dieu kien thuc te ciia vimg dia ly, ciing nhu tuan theo quy luat cung - cau ciia thj truong nham tao tinh kha thi cao cho viec quy hoach. Phat trien san xuat phai dam bao tinh ben vung trong lau dai, vira nang cao hieu qua san xuat, CO giai hoa dong thai de dang ap dung cac quy trinh san xuat tien tien de san pham dat chat lugng cao.
Thd hai, gidi phdp ve khoa hoc ky thuat: Nong ho san xuSt lac dua vao kinh nghiem la chii yeu nen viec sir dung phan bon va thuoc nong dugc chua hpp ly, do
do cSn dugc su h6 hg ve mat ky thuat san xuat cua ky su nong nghiep de tang nang suat, dong thai san xuat lac doi hoi cong lao dpng rat nhieu dac biet a khau thu hoach, hien tai chua c6 may moc de thay the lao dgng chan tay, nong ho phoi lac chi trong cho vao thoi tiet dan dSn gia ban ciing bj anh huong nhieu. Do do, viec CO gioi hoa may moc vao khau thu hoach la rit can thik. Doi hoi cac nha khoa hpc nghien cini ung dung cac loai may moc thay the lao dpng chan tay d^ cung cip cho nong ho voi gia thanh thap,
Thuba. gidi phdp ddu tie bao tieu sdn pham: Qua khao sat cho thay nong hg kho khan trong khau tieu thu san phSm do khong c6 hgp dong bao tieu san pham. Do do, nong hg can thanh lap to lien ket san xuSt nong nghiep ( tap hgp nhieu hg san xuat tren cimg dia ban, do mot hg dai dien true tiep ky ket hgp dong) hoac thanh lap hgp tac xa nong nghiep (Ban chu nhiem hgp tac xa dai dien quyen Igi ciia cac hg san xuat) true tiep ky hgp dong vdi cong ty, co so san xuat chieu, tham, thu cong my nghe.
Thu tu, gidi phdp ho tra xiic tien thuang mai:
Ciing giong nhu nhiing nong san khac, cay lac cung gap tinh trang "Dugc mua nhung mat gia", dieu nay se lam giam di su phan dau trong san xuat ciia nguoi dan Dieu nay doi hoi chinh quyen dia phuong can ho trg cong tac xiic tien thuang mai, quang ba lang nghe trong lac va se loi lac tren dia ban de md rgng thi trudng tieu thu cho nong hg.
4. Ket luan
Lac la mot cay trong co gia tri kinh te dang dugc chinh quyen dia phuong huyen Viing Liem dau tu phat trien, gop phan chuyen dich co cau trong ndng nghiep, ndng thon. Ket qua nghien citu cho ta thay, vdi nang suat binh quan 7.800 kg lac loai I va 3.650 kg lac loai 2 tren mdi hecta, sau khi tni chi phi thi ndnghp se cd Igi nhuan 93.510.000 ddng/ha. Lugng dau vao ndng hp su dung chua theo khuyen cao nen muc HQKT nong hp dat duoc trung binh la 88,29%, nang suat chiu su anh hudng bdi cac nhan td: chi phi nong dugc, lugng dam nguyen chat, chi phi lao ddng thue va ngay cdng lao dgng gia dinh. Nhin chung, xu hudng tieu diing san pham dan lat than thien vdi mdi tnrdng ngay cang tang trong tucmg lai la yeu to thuan Igi trong viec giai quyet bai toan dau ra cho san pham lac, Dd la mdt trong nhiing ly do quan trong giiip md hinh dugc nhan rdng sang cac dia ban CO dieu kien dat dai, nguon nudc tuong tu huyen Vung Liem •
52 S d 5 - T h a n g 4/2019
KINH TE
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO:
/. NguySn Vdn Tien. Pham Le Thdng (2014). Phdn tich hieu qud kinh te ciia nong ho trong sen tren dia hdn linh Ddng Thdp. Tap chi khoa hpc - TrUdng Dai hpc Cdn Tho. sd30, trang 120 - 128.
2. NguySn Qudc Nghi. Mai Vdn Nam (2015). Ddnh gid hieu qud sdn xudt khom cua nong ho d huyen Tan Phudc.
linh Tien Giang. Tap chi khoa hpc - TrUdng Dai hpc Cdn Tha. so 36, trang 1 - 9.
3 Phong Ndng nghiep vd phdt tnen Nang thon huyen Viing Liem. tinh VTnh Long (2017). Bdo cdo linh hinh kinh lexd hpi huyen VUng Liem
4. Battese, G.E. & Corra, G.S. (1977).'Estimation of a production Frontier model: With application to the Pastoral Zone of Eastern Australia', Australia Journal of Agricultural Economics, 21, 169 -179.
5. Cobb. C.W & Douglas, PH. (1928), 'Atheory of production'. American Economic Review 18 (Supplement). 139 - 165.
6. Farrell, M.J (1957), 'The measurement of productive efflcency'. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A, 21. 253-81.
7. Jondrow, J., Knox. LovellC A. Malerov, I.S. & Schmidt, P (1982),'On the estimation of technical inefficiency in the stochastic frontier production function model',Journal of Econometrics, 19(2-3). 233 - 238
Ngay nh$n bai: 14/3/2019
Ngay phan bien danh gia va su'a chi?a: 24/3/2019 Ngay chS'p nh^n dang bai: 4/4/2019
Thong tin tdc gid:
ThS. PHAN TH! XUAN HUE
Bp mon Kinh t&', Khoa Kinh t^'- LuSt, Trifofng Dai hpc Tra Vinh
ANALYZING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PLANTING CYPERACEAE IN VUNG LIEM DISTRICT, VING LONG PROVINCE
• Master, PHAN THI XUAN HUE
Department of Economic, Faculty of Economic and Law, Tro Vinh University
ABSTRACT:
This study is to analyze the financial efficiency and the technical efficiency of farming households who harvest Cyperaceae in Vung Liem District, Vinh Long Province. The study's results show that the financial efficiency was 178% while the technical efficiency was 88.29%. The average yield per hectare, after harvesting and drying, of Cyperaceae type I and Cyperaceae type II were 7.8 tons and 3.65 tons, respectively. The average profit of fanning household was about 93,510,000 VND/ha. There are four factors alTecting the productivity of Cyperaceae, namely the cost of agricultural chemicals, the amount of organic nitrogen fertdizers, the cost of hiring labour and the number of household's workdays. Based on the study's results, some solutions were proposed to develop the Cyperaceae planting area in Vung Liem District,
Keywords: Cyperaceae, financial efficiency, technical efficiency, Vung Liem District, Vinh Long Province.
So 5 - T h d n g 4/2019 53
