PHAP LUAT CANH TRANH VE SANG

T.^P CHi LUAT HOC SO 4/2UIV \f,7,y£.., ( i,[l- TR.40B0I

PHAP LUAT CANH TRANH VE SANG CHE TIEU CHUAN Cd BAN THEO DIEU KHOAN CONG BANG, HdP Ll VA KHONG PHAN BIET 001 Xlf

TRUaNG TRONG HIEU*

GANG HUYNH THIEN VY **

Tom tat: Trong khi lugt siing che va cac che dinh phdp li khac dang lung tiing trong viec hem soat hanh vi cua chii sd hiru sdng che sau khi ghi nhgn quyen cua hg ddi vdi sdng che du^c tgo ra.

lugt cgnh tranh dd dia^c cdc nude vien ddn nhu Id phuong thuc phit hgp va dang ddn tra thdnh xu hirdng cho tinh huong dd. Td thijcc tien vgn dyng phdp ludt cua cdc nuac. bdi viit neu ro hien trgng duy tri va Igm dung sue manh thi trudng ciia chu sd hiru sdng che vd xem do Id li do chinh de ghi nhgn su tham gia cua ludi cgnh tranh trong tinh huong phdp li ndy; phdn tich cdch thirc su dung lugt cgnh tranh trong viec dieu chinh quyen doi vdi bdng sdng che tieu chudn ca bdn theo dieu khodn cong bdng, hcrp ll vd khong phdn biet doi xu; xem xet tinh huong cu the lien quan din cdc hdnh dong cdn tra sir dung sdng che mgt cdch khong Idnh mgnh hay mang tinh doc quyen cua ngudi ndm giir bang sdng che tieu chudn ca bdn theo dieu khodn vira neu trong vu viec cua Motorola Mobility Inc. Google nhu minh hog dien hinh cho cdch thuc xu ll vdn de ndy tir ludt cgnh tranh.

Tir khod: Cgnh tranh; khong lanh mgnh; lugt canh tranh; lugt sdng che; sdng che; tieu chudn ca bdn Nhdn bdi: 14/5/2018 Hodn thdnh bien tap: 07/5/2019 Duyet dang: 17/5/2019 THE COMPETITION LAW ON STANDARD ESSENTIAL PATENTS UNDER FAIR, REASONABLE AND NON-DISCRIMINATORY TERMS

Abstract: Many countries have called for the competition law as an appropriate mechanism, or even a tendency, in the circumstance where the patent law as well as other legal frameworks had embarrassed in front of the patent owner's acts soon after recording its intellectual property rights.

Based on the practice of law implemention in several countries, this paper points out the fact of intellectual property owners' maintenance and abuse of their dominant position, which thereby provides the main reason for the utilisation of the competition law to deal with the issue in question.

The paper especially pays attention to the competition law approach under circumstances where there are many standard-essential patents with the fair, reasonable and non-discriminatoryterms.

Accordingly, the case analysis of Motorola Mobility Inc. Google presents a simplified illustration of solving problems relevant to the impediment to others' consumption of standard-essential patents under the popular said terms by such patent owners' unfair or monopolistic injunctions from the competition law perspective.

Kevwords: Competition; unfair; competition law; patent law; patent; standard essentia]

Received: May 14*. 2018; Editing completed: May / . 2019; Acceptedforpublication: May 17'', 2019

* Giang vien, Trirtmg dai h9c kinh te - iu^it, D?i h9c quoc gia Thinh phd Ho Chi Minh, E-mail: hieutt@uel.edu.v

** Giang vien, TrirftTig dgi h9c Iu?! Th^nh phd Ho Chi Minh, E-mail: dhtvy@hcmulaw.edu.vn

TAP CHl LUAT HOC SO 4/2019 NGHIEN CW - TRA O D6I

S

IT canh tranh khoe Iiet tren thi trudng cac s ^ phim c6ng ngh? da dan d^n nhiing cuoc chien toan cJlu ve ban quy^n sang che, dac bi?t la cac bang sang ch8 ti6u chuin ca ban (standard-essential patent - SEP). Ludt sang che cho phep cac chu so hiJU sang che co quyen ngan cSm nguoi khac su dung sang chS khi chua dugc su d6ng y ciia hp. Tuy nhien, cac t6 chiic thiet l|ip tieu chuan (SSO) luon yeu cau cac thanh vien cua minh phai cong bo va dong y chuyen giao cac SEP mot each cong bang, hgfp ii va khong phan biet doi xii (fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory - FRAND). Muc tieu ciia FRAND \k tranh viec chii sof hiiu SEP l^m dung lgi the ciia minh de lam gia, tao ra sieu lgi nhuan va tham chi la thong ITnh thi truang. Tuy nhien, dS di^u khoan FRAND that su phat huy hieu luc, sir ho trg tii cac quy dinh phap luat cho qua trinh thuc thi co y nghia c^rc ki quan trpng.

Ngoai cac quy dinh ghi nhan va giai ban quyen cua chii sa hiiu sang che trong luat sang chS, cac nguyen tae can ban trong giao kk. hgp ddng ciing dugc van dimg de giai quyet cac tinh huong phat sinh. Dac biet, hrong nhirng nam sau nay, luat canh tranh ngay cang phat huy vai tro cia rainh trong viec kiem soat siic manh thi truong dugc tao ra boi cac SEP. Bai viet phan tich syr giai h ^ quySn d6i vai sang ehe SEP theo FRAND duoi goc nhin cua luat canh tranh, vai ba npi dung chinh: Mot la li do can thiep ciia luat canh tranh truac cac m6i quan he co lien quan ddn su dung va chuyin giao SEP;

hai Id didu chinh cua luat canh tranh doi

vai SEP tren ca so dieu khoan FRAND;

cuoi citng, de minh hoa ehi tiet ve each tiep can va xii li ciia cac nuoc, bai vidt phan tich m^t vu vide xii li vi phgrn vd SEP-FRAND tai Hoa K.y.

1. Sire manh thi trirong tu- sang che va lu^t canh tranh

Luat sang che co Ii do dd bao ve quyen va trao quyen doc quyen cho chii so hiiu sang chd nhung chinh sir dpc quydn doi khi t ^ ra nhidu h? luy ma tir do luat canh tranh can phai can thiep. Do gioi han dung lugng, bai viet khong ban luan sau ve moi quan he giiia luat sang chd va luit canh tranh. Phan nay cua bai viet tip trung giai thieu mot so li do kidn giai vi sao luit canh tranh cin phai hi?n dien de kiem soat qua hinh sii dung quydn eiia ehii sof hiiu sang chd.

Cac nghien ciiu tai Hoa Ky nhin thiy ring, xu huang sii dung co chd kiem soat dpc quydn manh nha tii nhung nam diu the ki XX va that sir dugc ting cuang tir nhung nam 1940 doi voi cac thoa thuan lidn quan den sang chd. Don cir, o giai doan dau, Toa an t6i cao Hoa Ky chi cao bupc eac thoa thuan lidn kdt sang chd va chia se ban quydn vi pham luat chong dpc quyen neu dieu do nhim dd tang cuong siic manh dpc quydn, an dinh gia hay ban chd cac lgi ich thuang raai mpt cac bat hgp li. Tuy nhien, ve sau y kidn cho rang can phai sua doi luat sang che theo huong "loai trU khd ndng sic dung... de tgo ra... sue mgnh doc quyen" ngay cang manh me. Die biet, trong boi canh lugng sang che ngay cang nhieu, nang luc kiem soat ciia luit canh tranh ngay cang Ion, so lugng cac vu

27

TAP CHl LUAT H O C SO 4/2019 NGHIEN CUV - TRAOD£L

vide xii li viec han che tidp can va su dung sang chd ciing gia tang.'''

Qua trinh phat tridn luat canh tranh 6 chau Au, ca phan quy dinh lien quan ddn so hiiu tri tue, dien ra chim hon va phin nao chiu su anh huong tir cac che dinh co lien quan eua Hoa Ky. Hien trang nay phan anh ro net qua he thdng phap luat cua Diic, do chinh sach can thiep cua Hoa Ky sau Chidn tranh thd giai lin thii 2.'^' Tuy nhien, xu huang sii dung luat canh tranh a chiu Au dien ra manh me va in tugng hon.*^' Sau vy vi?c dau tidn vao nam 1984, Uy ban canh tranh EU ban hanh kha day du cac huong dan cu thd lidn quan den cac vi phara canh tranh.* '

Trdn binh didn rpng hem, van ban tao dau an lan cho su can thiep eua chinh sach canh tranh doi vdi qua trinh su dung quydn doi voi tai san so hiiu tri tue la Hiep dinh vd cac khia c^inh lien quan t6i thuang mai eua

(1). Rieng s6 vy m^ BO tu pMp Hoa Ky khoi kien tren ca set phip lu|t c ^ tranh tinh &kn nam 1945 IS 45 vu. Xem them: Contreras, Jorge L., "A Brief History of FRAND: Analyzing Current Debates in Standard Setting and Antitrust Through a Historical Lens", Antitrust Law Journal. American University.

WCL Research Paper No. 2014-18, 80, 39 (15/1/2015), p. 4 8 - 4 9 .

( 2 ). Giocoli, Nicola, "Competition vs. Property Rights: American Antitrust Law, the Freiburg School and the Early Years of European Competition Policy", Journal of Competition Law and Economics 5, 4 (2009), p. 2 0 - 2 2 .

(3). Emanuela Arezzo, "Competition Policy and IPRs:

An Open Debate Over an Ever-Green Issue", //

Diritto D 'Autore (Italia), 3 (2004), p. 8, ( 4 ) . OECD, "Competition Policy and Intellectual Property Rights" (OECD, 1989), p. 44

quyen so him tri tue cua WTO (gpi tat la Hiep dinh TRIPS). Bang cac quy djnh cua minh, Hiep dinh TRIPS da chi ra cac miic dp xii U hanh vi lam quydn ciia chu sa hiiu sang chd la: xir li bing luat sang chd, xir li bing luat canh tranh va van dung luit canh tranh trong mot s6 truong hgp ma su phan dinh cung khong qua ro rang.*^* Dieu do cho thay, luat canh tranh ngay cang co vai tro quan trpng trong giai quydt cac vin dd c6' lien quan.

Nhin chung, ndu luat sang che bao dam quyen tai sin cua chu so hiru sang che thi luat canh tranh se kidm soat qua trinh sii dung quyen tai san do khi no co kha nang tao ra quydn lire thi truang cho nguoi nam giii.*' Thim chi, luat canh tranh co the du phong xa hon vi tir do c6 ging kidm chd nd luc mo rpng kha nang khai thac tai san so hiiu tri tue vugt qua pham vi da ban dinh cua luat sang che.*''

Can nguyen cho su can thiep nay nam a cho, v6i siic manh thi truong co dugc, chu

(5). Daya Shanker, "Fault lines in the World Trade Organization: An analysis of the TRIPS Agreement and Developing Coimtries" (PhD thesis, Universtiy of Wollongong (Department of Economics), 2005), p. 307.

( 6 ) . OECD, "Competition Policy and Intellectual Property Rights (Policy Roudtables)" (OECD, 1997), 8,11,22-23; Steven Semeraro, "Property's End- Why Competition Policy Should Limit the Right of Publicity", Connecticut Law Review 43, 3 (2/2011), p. 801.

(7). "Intellectual Property Rights and Their Interface with Competition Policy: In Balance or in Conflict"

(Communication Policy Research South Conference (CPRsouth5), Xi'an, China, 12/12/2010, p. 6.

TAP CHi LUAT HQC SO 4/2019 NGHIEN CW - TRAO DOI SO hiiu CO quydn doe quydn sang chd de co

xu huong tac dpng xiu ddn canh tranh va thi truong;^ truoc hdt va c\i thd la anh huong den quyen khai thac eiia nguoi tieu dung va lau dai la lam eho viec sic diing cac nguon luc thidu hieu qua.*^' Chfnh vi v^y, voi sii raenh eua minh, luat canh tranh huge phai can thiep vao qua trinh sit dung sang chd nham bao dara gia ca cong nghe, phuc lgi tieu dung'"** va gop phin lam cho viec sir dung cac nguon luc cua nen kinh te tro ndn hidu qua hon thong qua vide da bo cac rao can thi truong.*^'* Tren thuc td, tai nhidu nuoc nhu Hoa Ky, EU, UK, Canada, Nhit Ban, An Dp''^' hay Trung Quoc,''^' ca quan canh tranh (va toa) deu co sir can thiep vao hanh dpng cua cac chii sang chd nhu: 1) cim tir choi cip phep (thay vao do la bupc phai cip phep dd tranh vide lam dung lgi thd nim giii sang che); 2) quy dinh ve dieu kidn thoa thuEin cip phep song phuong; 3) cho phep sii

(8). OECD, "Competition Policy and Intellectual Property Rights (Policy Roudtables)", p. 73.

(9). "Intellectual Property Rights and Their Interface with Competition Policy: In Balance or in Conflict", p.6.

(10). OECD, "Competition Policy and Intellectual Proper^ Rights", p. 8.

(11). OECD, "Competition Policy and Intellectual Property Rights", p. 10; "Intellectual Property Rights and Their Interface with Competition Policy: In Balance or in Conflict", p. 5 - 8.

(12). Daya Shanker, "Fault lines in the World Trade Organization: An analysis of the TRIPS Agreement and Developing Countries", p. 316 - 37.

( 13 ). Sokol, D. Daniel and Zheng, Wentong,

"FRAND in China", Texas Intellectual Property Law Journal, 22 (2013), p. 10.

dung- ban chd sang chd vai miic dich phi thuang mai; 4) ngan cim thoa thuin tang gia, cat giam sin lugng va tham chi la han chd dau tu nghien ciiu; 5) kiem soat quy trinh sap nhap va chuydn giao cdng nghe.'''*''*^^*

Suy cho cimg, vin dd nim o vide lira chpn chinh sach. Ro rang, vide bao hp quydn ciia chu SO hiiu sang chd la dd kich hoat sang tao va doi moi. Tuy nhidn, chinh didu nay c6 the giy ra tinh trang han chd canh tranh va dpc quyen. Vi viy, dieu quan trpng la phap luit va chinh sach canh tranh cin phai can thiep nhim dam bao moi truang canh tranh lanh manh tren co so khong can tra vide tao ra dong lire va cai tidn cong nghe cua chu so hiiu sang chd.*'^* Sir can thidp cua luat canh tranh trdn thuc te vi vay chi that su cin khi nao sang che va quyen sang chd hi lam dung hay dugc khai thac dd tao ra siie manh thi truong.*''' Co nghia, luit canh tranh khi

(14). "Intellectual Property Rights and Their Interface with Competition Policy: In Balance or in Conflict", 8-13; OECD, "Competition Policy and Intellectual Property Rights", p. 8, 22 - 25.

(15). d ViSt Nam, mpt so noi dung han che quyen doi vai t^i sSn SHTT ciing dS dugc ghi nhan trong Luat SHTT. Tuy nhign, ngi dung n^y van c6n la mgt vung trang trong Luat canh tranh (Difiu 114 Luat SHTT).

(16). OECD, "Competition Policy and Intellectual Property Rights", 6; Hillary Greene, "Patent Pooling Behind the Veil of Uncertainty: Antitrust, Competition Policy, and the Vaccine Industry", Boston University Law Review 90, 4 (2/2010), p.

1453; "Intellectual Property Rights and Their Interface with Competition Policy: In Balance or in Conflict", p. 7.

(17). OECD, "Competition Policy and Intellectual Property Rights (Policy Roudtables)", p. 29;

"Intellectual Property Rights and Their Interface with Competition Policy: In Balance or in Conflict", p. 6.

29

TAP CHI L U A T HOC SO 4/2019 NGHIEN CVV- TR.JOD6I_

dugc su dung, von dT kh6ng xung dot vdi luat sang chd, ma thim chi con co thd di song hanh va mang tinh bd trg.

2. Luat canh tranh va dieu khoan cong bang, h9p Ii va khong phan bi^t doi xii-

Viec thiet kd eac tidu chuin co ban (con duge gpi la tieu chuin chung) dugc quan tim trong chinh sach va phap luat canh tranh la bai no eo the tao ra siic manh thi truang eho nguai nam giii cac sang ehe da chuan hoa va thong nhat. Thong thuong, siic manh thi truang co thd tim thiy 6 hai dang: siic manh thi trucrng co dugc nho chinh cong nghe vi siie manh thi truong eo duge nho tidu chuan co ban.*

Tuy nhidn, cac y kien tranh luan thuong cho rang, qua tiinh thong nhit cac SEP gin nhu khong anh huong Ion ddn gia tri vi y nghia cua sang chd. Thuc te ciing cho thiy it khi mpt SEP nao do khien cho rapt sang chd trcr ndn dpc ton (winner) trdn thi truong. Vi viy, vide thong nhit hoa cac SEP ban than no khdng he tao ra siic manh thi tnrcmg.*'^^

Tuy viy, khong the phu nhin rang, khi mpt sang chd dupe sii dung kdt hgp cho mpt tidu chuin thi khdng the noi la tinh canh tranh ciia sang chd d6 khong duge tang cuong.

Ngugc lai, siic raanh thi truong cua sang ehd xuit hidn nha sy hinh thanh SEP la co.*^"*

(18). OECD, "Intellectual Property and Standard Setting" (OECD, 18/12 2014), p. 14.

( 19 ).OECD, "Intellectual Property and Standard Setting" (OECD, 18/12 2014), p. 14.

(20). Carlton, Dennis W. and Shampine, Allan, "An Economic Interpretation of FRAND", Journal of competition law & economics (Oxford University Press) 9(3) (2013): 2; Philippe Chappatte, "Fraud

Nguoi nim gift co thd tin dung thoi co de huong lgi, don cii nhu tang gia bin quyen (hold up), ndu nhu doan bidt dugc ring chi phi de nguai sii dung tieu chuin sau khi dugc thidt lap chuydn sang vide sii dung cac eong nghe thay thd khac la rat Ion, tham chi la khong thd do khdng co cdng nghe thay thfi moi nhu vira neu.*^'*

Vi viy, khi phin tich tac dpng cua sir thong ITnh thi truong, khong thd khong ket ndi voi nhftng thidt h^i co thd xay ra khi co tinh trang lim gia ciia nguai nam gift SEP.

Do la khi nguai nam giu sang che dua ra miic phi ban quyen cao hoac la cac didu khoan cip phep khac nghiet hay tham chi la ngan can vide sir dung tidu ehuan de san xuat sin phim.* ' Han nhidn, didu nay khdng nhftng anh huong den cac quydt dinh dau tu nghidn ciiu ma con tae dpng xau den nguoi tidu diing khi chi phi ban quyen chuyen sang CO eiu va lim gia san phim cao Idn hay mite sii dung hi han chd di. Didu dang noi la, tidu chuan cong nghe chung thudng la kdt qua cua su lidn kdt rat nhidu sang ehe cu the nen phi ban quyen thuang phai cpng gop vi tir do tao ra hien tugng "chong phi". Do viy, khi xiy dimg cac SEP, cac SSO thuong ydu ciu cac bdn nim giii phai thirc hidn theo cam kdt FRAND (hoac tiiim chf li midn phi tidn ban quydn) ngoai vide phii sin sang cip

Commitments - The Case for Antitrust Intervention", European Competition Journal 5, 2 (01/8/2009), p. 325.

(21). Carlton, Dennis W. and Shampine, Allan, "An Economic Interpretation of FRAND", p. 2 - 3 (22). Chappatte, "Frand Commitments-The Case for Antitrust Intervention", p. 326.

30

TAP CHi LUAT HOC SO 4/2019 NGHIEN CUU - TRAODOI phep.*^^' Duong nhien, vi?c khong tuan thu

dung FRAND se tao ra ganh nang rat Ion cho cac bdn su dung SEP va thim chi sau do la nguoi tieu dimg co sir dung san phim vin hinh theo tidu chuin cong nghe thong nhat.

Tuy nhidn, trdn th\rc td khong phai FRAND nao ciing du siic phong toa kha nang lam dung lgi thd thi truong cua ben nam gift SEP dan den sir can thiep eua co quan co thim quyen. Vi v|iy, vin dd quan trpng la can phai c6 nhung FRAND du m^inh, trong do, dua ra dugc mpt each chac chan: nghia vu cip phep; ban quydn hgp li, cdng bing va khong phin biet doi xu; gioi ban su can tro tidp can SEP.*'^''* Liic do, co quan canh tranh cung co the can thiep khi eo dau hidu vi pham ro rang ddi vai FRAND.

Ngoai vide xem xet siic raanh dpc quyen va hanh dpng cua mpt ben trong SEP, khia canh canh tranh eon dugc nhin nhan 6 khi nang dpc quydn nh6m. Cu thd hon, cac thoa thuan tao dung tieu chuan chung co kha nang dan den sir cau kdt vi thong dong gifta cac chu sang che tham gia tidu chuin, tii do gay siic ep Idn thi truong san pham doi vai nguoi mua cu6i (downstream product market).* ^^' Trong nhung truong hgp nhu viy, hiu qua han chd canh tranh la rat Ion, vi

(23). OECD, "Intellectual Property and Standard Setting", p. 16- 17.

(24). Chappatte, "Fra/id Commitments - The Case for Antitrust Intervention", p. 330 - 31.

(25 ). Damien Geradin vi, Miguel Rato, "Can Standard-Setting Lead to Exploitative Abuse? A Dissonant View on Patent Hold-Up, Royalty Stacking and the Meaning of Frand", European Competition Jow/-"fl/3, 1(1/2007), p. 30.

du cac thoa thuan an dinh gia (ban quydn) hay han chd quyen eua nguoi mua cua tit ca cac thinh vidn trong mpt SSO.*"^^' Vai tro ciia SSO trong nhftng truang hgp nhu viy vi thd ciing rit co y nghia trong viec kidm soat didu khoan FRAND dd ngan can kha nang xam hai Sen eanh tranh.

Theo T6 chiic hgp tac va phit trien kinh te (OECD), khong quan tam la toa an da can thi?pWao hanh vi cua eac bdn nhu the nao tron&> mpt FRAND, co quan canh tranh cac nuac van co the co quyen sir dung nhtmg cdng cu thuc thi cua minh, dac biet la tai chiu Au va Hoa Ky.*^'' Thim chi, bin thin Toi an chiu Au ciing canh bao rang, viec cac chii so hiru "dua ra lenh cdm sic dung cdc SEP CO thi ddn den khd ndng vi phgm lugt a^nh tranh cua chdu Au, cu the la Dieu 102 cua Hiep udc thuc thi chicc ndng cua

£l/"(^) j)igjn khac bidt la, trong khi EU nhin hhan vin de tir khia c^nh eua hanh vi lam dung siic manh thi truang (abuse of dorainanee) thi Uy ban thucmg raai Hoa Ky (US FTC) tip trung cao bupc cac ben da thuc hidn hinh vi thuang mai khong lanh

(26 ). Damien Geradin v4 Miguel Rato, "Can Standard-Setting Lead to Exploitative Abuse? A Dissonant View on Patent Hold-Up, Royalty Stacking and the Meaning of Frand", European Competition Journal 3, 1 (1/2007), tr. 37.

(27). OECD, "Intellectual Property and Standard Setting", tr. 32.

(28). Douglas H. Ginsburg, Koren W. Wong-Ervin, &

Joshua D. Wright, "The Troubling Use of Antitrust to Regulate FRAND Licensing", CP! Antitrust Chronicle, George Mason Legal Studies Research Paper No. LS 15-37; George Mason Law &

Economics Research Paper No. 15-46, 10, 1 (15/10/2015), p. 3.

31

TAP CHl LUAT HQC SO 4/2019 NGHIEN CVV - TRAODOI manh de canh tranh (unfair method of

competition) theo rauc 5 Dao luat FTC. Dau vay, ca hai he thong phap luit tieu bidu nay deu cd cung nhin dinh ve khi nang tao ra rio can thi truong cua cac chu so hiiu SEP va cho ring chinh vide thiet lip cac SEP la dieu kien de cho cac cong ti co cich hanh xii phin canh tranh. ' Dang chii y hon, viee tiep can cac vin de lien quan ddn FRAND dudi goc dp luit canh tranh hidn nay cung da tro thanh tam diem quan tam tai nhieu he thdng phap luat, nhu Han Qu6c,*^°' Canada,*^'*

viNhitBin.*^^'*"'

Thuc ra, cung c6 khdng it quan diem bat dong khi xac dinh quydn ciia chii so hiiu doi voi cac SEP theo FRAND ducd goc nhin luat canh tranh. O Hoa Ky, mpt so thanh vien cua FTC cho rang, vu vide lien quan ddn nhftng cao bupc vd can tro tidp can SEP cin dugc giai quyet boi eac SSO eo lien quan hoic giua cac ben khi vu vide dugc khieu nai ra toa in hay trgng tii. Tuy nhidn, quan diem cudi cimg cua US FTC van li "cd Tod dn liin bang vd Uy ban thicang mgi quoc ti (ITC) CO quyen huy bo cdc tuyen bd cua ngudi ndm giQ SEP vi phgm cam kit FRAND khong CO nghia Id hdnh dong do tic no khong

(29). Carlton, Dennis W. and Shampine, Allan, "An Economic Interpretation of FRAND", tr. 3.

(30). Biin huong dan nam 2014, dirge siia ddi vto nam 2015 vi 2016.

(31). Ban hucmg dan thyc hien quy^n IP sijra ddi nam 2015.

(32). Hui5Tig din ciia JFTC lien quan den IP nam 2015.

(33). Douglas H. Ginsburg, Koren W. Wong-Ervin, &

Joshua D. Wright, "The Troubling Use of Antitrust to Regulate FRAND Licensing", tr. 3.

vi phgm myc 5 hay cdc quy dinh khdc".

Tren thirc te, trong tit ci eac vu vide, cac bdn vi ph£im hiu nhu ciing da chip nhan cao bupc eua US FTC va dua ra mpt sd bien phap khae ph^ic dd giai quydt.*^^'

Vai nhiing dae tnmg rieng, EC da dua ra nhiing huong dan kha ro vd each xft li nhftng vu vide canh tranh lien quan den sang chd ndi chung va FRAND noi rieng sau khi neu ro Ii do vi sao can eo su can thiep ciia chinh sach chong ddc quydn.*"'^* Co thd tim thiy each nhin nhan cac hanh dpng cin tro tiep can SEP nhu la mdt dang lara dimg siic manh thi truong trong vu viee gifta Samsung vi Apple nam 2012* hay nhidu vu viec tuong tu khac. Theo quan diem cua EC, bit ki ai muon pha bo su can tra tidp can cac SEP thi chi can chiing minh duge rang minh la mpt nguai co thd dugc cip phep.*^^' EU khi do se chap nhan thong qua vu viec khi cae dieu khoan thoi thuin cip phep di dugc didu chinh boi ban an ciia toa, trpng tai hay chinh cae ben da co each khac phuc va dugc EC xac nhan la hanh dpng do di tro nen

"an toan".*^^*

(34). K^t luin cua US FTC trong vy Bosch va SPX (File No. 121-0081) (US FTC 2012).

(35). OECD, "Intellectual Property and Standard Setting", 32^-33.

(36). European Commission, Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co- operation agreements, November 1, 2011. Xem them:

Carlton, Dennis W. and Shampine, Allan, "An Economic Interpretation of FRAND", p. 3.

(37). EC, Samsung vh. Apple (IP/12/1448) (EC 2012).

(38). EC, Motorola vi Apple (IP/14/489) (EC 2014).

(39). OECD, "Intellectual Property and Standard Setting", p. 35.

32

TAP CHi LUAT HOC SO 4/2019 NGHIENCW- TRAODOI 3. Motorola Mobility Inc. Google \h

dieu khoan cong b^ng, hgrp li va khong phSn bi^t doi xu*: Cac khia c^nb phap li canh tranb

Xii li v\i vide lien quan ddn FRAND duai g6c"d0 luit canh tranh ngiy cang tra ndn pho bidn, tham chi con dugc uu tien xem xet hang diu.*""* Cach xu li ciia US FTC ddi vai nhung vi pham ciia Motorola Mobility Inc. (MMI) vao nim 2013*'"' co tiid dugc vien din nhu mpt tinh hudng rainh hoEi cu thd va chi tidt cho tidp can nay.

3.1. Tom lu(;c vu viec

Cao bu^c cua US FTC cho ring Google c6 hanh vi can tro canh ttanh khi vi pham cam ket cap phep cac SEP vdi didu khoan FRAND. Thuc ra, day la hanh vi vi pham cua MMI va Google da tidp tyc keo dai hanh ddng nay sau khi mua lai MMI va tiep nhan cac sang chd ciia MMI tir nam 2012. Cu the, MMI truac do da khdng gift loi hiia voi cac SSO (li se cap phep eac SEP co lidn quan ddn cac sin phim dien thoai thong minh, may tinh bang va iing dung game theo FRAND) khi dua ra Idnh cam nhim chdng lai nhirng nguoi co thd dugc cip phep (eo mot so ddi thu canh tranh)

(40). Layne-Farrar, Anne and Wong-Ervin, Koren W., "Methodologies for Calculating FRAND Royalty Rates and Damages: An Analysis of Existing Case Law", Competition Policy International - CPI, 10/2014, p. 2.

(41). US FTC, Motorola Mobili^ Inc. (File No. 121- 0120) (US FTC 2013). Xem tham h6 sa v\i vi|c t^i website ctia US FTC: https://www.ftc.gov/ enforcement cases-proceedings/1210120/motorola-mobility-lIc- google-inc-matter, truy cap 26/4/2019.

tiep can cic SEP va tidp thi cac sin phim phil hgp voi radt vai hay tit ci cac tidu ehuan edng nghe lien quan.

Hanh dong nay, theo US FTC, co xu huang lira giam canh tranh trdn thi truong cac san phim didn tii quan trpng, noi co hon mpt nfta nguai din My su dung hang ngay.

Dieu dang noi la sau khi mua lai MMI, Google tidp tuc thi^e hien cac hanh dpng do.

Xa hon, Google da "sic dung cdc moi de dog cita tuyen bo logi tru vd cdm dodn de ldm don bdy doi pho nhimg nguai co the duac cdp phep trong thucmg luang vd dua ra doi hoi ve cdc dieu khodn cdp phep vuat nguong FRAND".^"^^^ US FTC danh gia do la phuang thuc canh ttanh khdng lanh manh va vi pham rauc 5 Luit FTC. Google chip thuan cao bupc nay, dimg lai lenh cim, cung nhu tir bo viec thyrc hien cac hanh dpng tuong tu ttong tuong lai theo ydu ciu ciia US FTC.

3.2. Phdn tich tdc dong cgnh tranh Duong nhidn, dd cd quydt dinh mang tinh can fhiep nhu tten, US FTC da phai chi ra tic dpng tidu cue den canh tranh cua Google/MMI, tap trung vao nhiing tdn hai ma nguai tidu dung da phai ganh chiu. Theo US FTC, Google da loai trft cac san phim khoi thi truong mpt each hoan toan thdng qua lenh cam hay dinh gia cao, do cac ddi thu khdng tidp can dugc SEP hay chi co the tidp can vdd miic gia (ehi phi) ban quyen eao. Khoin chi phi nay sau do duong nhien dugc dich chuyen sang cho nguai tieu dimg qua cau thanh gia ciia san phim,*''^'

(42). Doan 25 Khieu nai cua US FTC.

(43). Doan 3 Khieu nai ciia US FTC .

TAP CHI LUAT HOC SO 4/2019 NGHIEN ciru - TRAODOL Tir do, US FTC da lidt ke cae thi?t hai co did

xay ra gdra:

- Nguoi tidu diing bi tuoc raat c a h^i sii dung cac s i n phara canh ttanh phu hgp vai cic tidu chuin cdng nghe co lien quan, ke c i didn thoai di dpng, m i y tinh bing, thidt hi "thdng minh" truy c i p dugc intemet nhu h? thdng game, may tinh xach tay va cac set-top box.

- Tang chi phi s i n xuit cic thiet bi theo cac tidu chuan cdng nghe co lidn quan ma khoin chi phi nay se chuydn sang cho nguoi tidu diing sau do.

- P h i buy su toan ven va hidu qua ciia qua trinh thiet l i p tidu chuan va giam cae bidn phip khuyen khich vide tham gia vao qua trinh nay hay la tidp nhin cic tidu chuin da dugc edng bo.

- Lam tang chi phi cho c i c ddi thii canh ttanh va do do lam giim sue ep canh ttanh giua Google vdi cac nha san xuat co san pham canh ttanh, bao gdm nhung khdng gioi han, he didu h i n h didn tho^i di dpng, cdng nghe nen video, va cic thiet bi truy cap intemet t^i nhi.*''^^

US FTC con cho rang, ttong eae moi quan he eua FRAND, "ngudi thuc Men SEP Id ngudi CO thi duac cdp phep khi nguai do chimg to la da sdn sdng chap nhdn dieu khodn duac xdc dinh Id FRAND".^'^^'* Lap luan cua US FTC eiing cho thiy, co quan nay vin ghi nhan v i tdn ttpng quydn tu quyet eua eae bdn khi co mpt FRAND. Cu

tile, D o ^ 18 Khieu nai eiia US FTC c6 neu:

"Sau mdi cam kit FRAND duac dua ra, ngudi duac cdp bdng sdng chi vd nguai thuc hien thudng se dam phdn bdn quyin vd cdc dieu khodn cdp phep khdc, hogc co the nha tod hay ben dgc lap xem xet cdc noi dung hgp li trong trudng hap ho khong thi thong nhdty lain ".

Tuy nhidn, theo US FTC, mpt cudc thuang lugng cap phep dien ra duoi su de doa cua lenh cam hoae eanh b i o loai trir dugc xem la su ddi ttgng k h i cang thing vdi nguai c i p bang sing chd ndu hg eo nhftng doi hoi ngugc voi cam ket FRAND. Trong tmong hpp do, cupc dam phan gifta nguoi dugc cip sing chd va nguai thuc hien thuong chii trpng ddn p h i n doanh thu cita nguoi thuc hien bi mat di do doanh sd ban hang eiia s i n p h i m hi Idnh cim, hon la xem xet g i i tti thi trudng ciia sang chd so vdi cic cong nghe co thd thay thd khac. Khoan tien hoan doi n i y se gia tang va tham ehi la tdi da h o i mftc gia ban quyen m i ngudi cd thi dugc cap phep s i n sang tti, va c6 xu huang

"vuat ngudng FRAND".^^^^ Noi each khac, nhiing ddi hdi ve "tinh hgp Ii" (dugc han dinh bdi luat sing chd nhu dd cap trong phin li thuydt d tten) ttong FRAND da khdng duge dam bao.

3.3. Co sdphdp li cho su can thiep cita CO quan cgnh tranh

Didm phip li quan ttgng nhit la quydn can thiep cua co quan canh tranh trong cac xung dot lidn quan ddn FRAND. Trong qua (44). Do?in 28, 29 Khieu ngi ciia US FTC.

(45). Do^n 16 Khilu nai cua US FTC. (46). Doan 19 Khieu n^i ciia US FTC.

34

TAP CHI LUAT HOC SO 4/2019 NGHIEN ciru - TRA O DOI trinh xem xet vu vipc, US FTC bidt dugc

MMI/Google di gui dan khieu nai va to cao ra ITC va Toa in Uen bang voi cio bupc la sing chd ciia minh (da dugc gidi hgn bdi FRAND) bi xim ph^m. US FTC nhan dinh, each thuc xu li duy nhit tai ITC dua ra quyet dinh loai tru (vi pham do) va ^d vay vi?e de don Idn ITC ddi vdi mpt SEP da dugc gidi ban bdi FRAND cang lim tang thdm nhftng tdn hai do hinh vi lam gii cua ngudi nam gift giy ra.*"*^^ Theo nh$n dinh ciia nhidu chuyen gia, su tdn tai ciia ITC da lam suy giim hidu luc cac phan quyet cua Toa, vi cae quyet dinh cua ITC chi hudng den vide ghi nhan quyen loai tru co hdi dugc tidp cin cic sang chd mi khong phan tieh cae khia eanh lien quan khac. Th\rc td niy da thiic day US FTC can thiep vao cac vu vide lidn quan den sing chd hay c\i thd la FRAND.*'*^* Trong vu viec nay, ndi dung quydt dinh xu li mi Google cung da chip nhin da dua ra la: "Bi dan (Google/MMI) phdi dimg vd chdm diet viec dua ra khieu ngi mpt cdch true tiep hay gidn tiip ddi v&i cdc bien phdp ngan chgn duac bdo ho^'* ^ dica theo cdc cdo huge vi (47). Doan 26 - 27 Khi^u nai ciia US FTC.

(48). Alvaro Fomperosa Rivero, "Standard Essential Patents and Antitrust: A Comparative Analysis of the Approaches to Injunctions and FRAND-Encumbered Patents in the United States and the European Union", TTLF Working Papers (Stanford-Vienna Transatlantic Technology Law Forum, 2016), p. 13 - 20.

(49). La mQt phdn quylt cua bat ki t6a hilnh chinh hay phap ll nao (dii a cr Hoa KJ hay bit kl dSu) ma lo^i trir b6n thii ba (hoac bat kl ai theo myc dich ciia ph^n quylt) khoi vi^c dua ra, sii dyng, bin, chio h^g, ho?ic nhap khiu bat ki thiet bj n^o do c6 sy cdo bu0c vi pham Sing ch6 FRAND. Xem them: Muc lI.E ciia Quylt dinh xu li US FTC da dy thio.

phgm sdng che FRAND, ngogi trie nhOng gi duac cho phep trong phdn quyit ndy".^^^^

Phan quydt cua US FTC khdng nhiing khing dinh s\r can thipp ciia US FTC vi ttong chimg muc nio do da phu nhan vide su dung CO chd giii quyet cua Toa hay cac don vi khic (nhu ITC). Xa ban, US FTC tidp tuc tii khang dinh va t h ^ chi cdn md rpng hon cich tidp can cua minh. Cu thd, US FTC ttong vu vide nay neu ro:

"Mgt minh m^ic 5 ve xu li phuang thuc kinh doanh khong Icinh mgnh cUng du di US FTC dung ra bdo ve ngudi tieu diing vd qud trinh thiit lap tieu chudn sdng chi chung de gidm thieu nhimg phi ton thudng thdy khi dp dgng CO che thicc thi chong dgc quyen ddnh cho nhicng hdnh dgng vdi khodn thiet hgi rdt lan. Trong xd hgi md chiing ta nhgn thdy rdng dd CO qud nhiiu vv kien tung thi thu tuc theo muc 5 la cdch thicc hgp li vd co tinh khd thi cao doi US FTC gidi quyet cdc vdn de phdt sinh ".^^^'^

Didu thu vi la, US FTC van kien dinh dua ra tuydn bd vd thim quyen cua minh du van con nhiing lip luin phin doi cua thanh vien Uy ban vi duang nhien US FTC da phai dua ra nhftng lip lu|n phan bien lai.

Ngugc Igi vdi y kidn eho rang, sir can thiep eua US FTC li thidu can cu vi khdng chic chin, US FTC khing djnh, chinh hanh dpng vi pham cam kdt FRAND da gay ra nhftng

(50). Myc II.B cua Quylt djnh xij li US FTC dS dy thio.

(51). Tuyen b6 cua US FTC trong vu viec vl Google, tr. 2 - 3.

35

TAP CHI LUAT HOC SO 4/2019 NGHIENCW- TRA0D0I_

thidt hai rit Idn ddi vdi qua ttinh thidt l^p tieu chuan cdng nghe chung vi ddi vdi ngudi tieu dimg. Bit cii lue nao cd hinh vi giy hai hoac de doa giy hai ddn canh ttanh va ngudi tidu dimg thi US ' FTC deu cd quyM can thiep giai quyet. Trudc nhftng lo ngai li qui trinh xft li cd thd tgo ra sir khdng chic chan cho cac ben tham gia thi trudng, US FTC khing dinh chinh cong vide ciia minh mdi ngin cin viee ngudi nim gift SEP don phuang dua ra thoi thuin FRAND bang cich su dung ddn biy lgi the ttong tidn trinh thidt lip SEP va do mdi la cdng vi$c dd bio vd su toan ven cua quy trinh do. US FTC nhan dinh, chinh nhiing phan quyet cua rainh la ban hudng dan de eac bdn thara gia, gdm ca SSO va dua ra each tiep cgn cd thd du bao dugc ttong giai quyet nhiing ttanh chap vd eip phep lien quan den SEP. Didu nay ro rang mang lai lpi ich cho cac cd ddng, la ngudi cd bang sing chd, ngudi thuc hidn vi ci ngudi tidu dung.*

Cudi cimg, US FTC chi ra, ngay ca khi vu viee da duge giai quyet bdi toi in quan,**^* thi ban an cung ehi de cap nhftng thoa thuin gifta bdn nim gift SEP vdi SSO theo hop ddng. D^c bi?t, bin in lidn quan ddn vu vide dugc toa in dua ra dua tten chiing cft ttong ho sa (a decision on a motion m limine) rai khdng trai qua qua

trmh xet xu mpt cich diy du (not a uial on tile merits). Trdng khi do, nhidm vu ciia US FTC li nhim xem xet eic vi pham ciia bi don vdi cic cam kdt FRAND da tdn tgi va vi?c vi phgm dd di "phgm iSi" vdi cac quy dinh ttong bin Tu chinh Hidn phap. Cach tiiiic cfta US FTC ttong nhiing tiudng hgp niy la "don gian yeu ciu nhftng ngudi da dua ra Idi hua phai gift ldi hfta cua minh".

Cd nghia, phap luit canh ttanh Hoa Ky di that su chuydn hudng ti^p can vi xft li vu vide canh ttanh tft nguyen tac "perse" sang nguyen tic "mle of reason",*^'^^'*^^' ciing la nguydn tie dang dugc ap dung phd hien ttong vu vide canh ttanh d chau Au.**^' Tuy nhien, diing trudc nhieu quan diem ttai chieu nhu viy, cung vdi cich tiep can cie vi pham FRAND dudi gdc dp thuc hidn hanh vi khdng lanh manh trong canh tranh cua US va lgi dung sftc manh ddc quydn d EU, nhieu y kien cho ring he tiidng phip luit US khdng cd ndn ting phap li viing chac de can thiep

(52). Tuyen bo ciia US FTC trong vy vi?c vl Google, tr. 2 - 3.

(53), Vy kien Apple, Inc. v. Motorola Mobility, Inc nam 2012. Xem: 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 181854,

*35-46 (W.D. Wis. Oct. 29, 2012).

(54). Geradin vi Rato, "Can Standard-Setting Lead to Exploitative Abuse? A Dissonant View on Patent Hold-Up, Royalty Stacking and the Meaning of Frand", p. 31; Anne Layne-Farrar, "The Economics of FRAND", Antitrust Inlellectual Property and Hightech Handbook (Daniel Soicol ed, Forthcoming).

Cambridge University Press, 2016, p. 9.

(55). Xem tham vl "perse rule" vi "rule of reason":

Duong Anh San vi Tnrong Trpng Hilu, "Tieu chi kilm soat sip nh§p d Vi^t Nam vi kinh nghiSm ciia cic nude trgn thi gidi", Tqp chi nha nu&c va phdp lugt, 338, s6 6 (6/2016), tr. 54 - 63

(56). Nicolas Petit, "Injunctions for Frand-Pledged Seps: The Quest for an Appropriate Test of Abuse Under Article 102 Tfeu", European Competition Journal 9, 3 (I8/12/20I.3), p. 12; Dirong Anh Sun va Tnrong Trong Hilu, tldd, tr. 61.

TAP CHi LUAT HOC SO 4/2U19 NGHIEN CW - TRAO DOI c i c vv vifc lidn quan ddn FRAND bing luat

va chinh sich cgnh ttanh.*^'*

Cd the ket l u i n ring, cac he thdng phap luat hau het ddu da c i u vi?n ddn s\r can thiep ciia luit canh ttanh, ngay c i khi nhiing ttanh cai ve sir can thidt phai giai quyet vu vide tai toa an ngoai luat canh ttanh van cdn tidp dien. Cho du v i n cdn su k h i c bidt ft nhidu vd gdc dp tiep cin, chang han vi pham FRAND la hanh vi canh ttanh khdng linh mgnh hay dpc quyen nhung phap luat canh ttanh cua My, chiu Au hay nude nude k h i c deu ngan cin cic chii sd huu SEP ra Ipnh cam tiep can SEP hay cao bupc ben thft ba ed hanh vi vi pham SEP ma ehua dugc phep. Cac tidp can v i dieu chinh phap luat bang luat canh ttanh ddi vdi quydn sing che trong SEP theo didu khoan FRAND vi v i y c i n dugc tidp tvic nghien cftu s i u b a n n h i m l i m dinh hudng cho vide phap dien hoa phap lugt vd sd hftu tti tue d Viet Nam ttong thai gian tdi./.

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. Alvaro Fomperosa Rivero, "Standard

Essential Patents and Antitmst: A Comparative Analysis of the Approaches to Injunctions and FRAND-Encumbered Patents in the United States and the European Union", TTLF Working Papers (Stanford-Vienna Transatlantic Technology Law Forum, 2016).

(57). Alvaro Fomperosa Rivero, "Standard Essential Patents and Antitrust: A Comparative Analysis of the Approaches to Injunctions and FRAND-Encumbered Patents in the United States and the European Union", p. 36 - 49.

2. Anne Layne-Farrar, "The Economics of FRAND", Antitrust Intellectual Property and Hightech Handbook (Daniel Sokol ed. Forthcoming), Cambridge University Press, 2016.

3. Carlton, Dennis W. and Shampine, Allan,

"An Economic Interpretation of FRAND", Journal of competition law & economics (Oxford University Press) 9(3) (2013).

4. Contteras, Jorge L., "A Brief History of FRAND: Analyzing Current Debates in Standard Setting and Antitrust Through a Historical Lens", Antitrust Law Journal.

American University, WCL Research Paper No. 2014-18, 80, 39 (15/I/20I5).

5. Damien Geradin va Miguel Rato, "Can Standard-Setting Lead to Exploitative Abuse? A Dissonant View on Patent Hold-Up, Royahy Stacking and the Meaning of Frand", European Competition Journan, \ (V2007).

6. Daya Shanker, "Fault lines in the World Trade Organization: An analysis of the TRIPS Agreement and Developing Countries"

(PhD thesis, Universtiy of Wollongong (Department of Economics), 2005).

7. Douglas H. Ginsburg, Koren W. Wong- Ervui, & Joshua D. Wright, "The Troubling Use of Antitiust to Regulate FRAND Licensing", CPI Antitrust Chronicle, George Mason Legal Studies Research Paper No. LS.

8. Duong Anh Son va Tmong Trgng Hidu,

"Tidu chi kidm soit sap n h i p d Vi?t Nam va kinh nghidm cua cae nude tren thd

37

TAP CHI LUAT HOC SO 4/2019 NGHIENClltl- TBAOB£L gioi", Tap chi nha nuac va phdp lugt, 338,

s6 6 (6/2016).

9. EC, Samsung va Apple (IP/12/1448) (EC 2012).

10. EC, Motorola va Apple (IP/14/489) (EC 2014).

11. Emanuela Arezzo, "Competition Policy and IPRs: An Open Debate Over an Ever- Green Issue", II Diritto D'Autore (Italia), 3 (2004).

12. George Mason Law & Economics Research Paper No. 15-46, 10, 1 (15/10/2015).

13. Geradin va Rato, "Can Standard-Setting Lead to Exploitative Abuse? A Dissonant View on Patent Hold-Up, Royalty Stacking and the Meaning of Frand".

14. Giocoli, Nicola, "Competition vs. Property Rights: American Antitrust Law, the Freiburg School and the Early Years of European Competition Policy", Journal of Competition Law and Economics 5, 4 (2009).

15. Hillary Greene, "Patent Pooling Behind Ihe Veil of Unceitainty: Antitttjst, Competition Policy, and the Vaccine Industry", Boston University Law Review 90, 4 (2/2010).

16. "Intellectual Property Rights and Their Interface with Competition Policy: In Balance or in Conflict" (Communication Policy Research South Conference (CPRsouthS), Xi'an, China, 12/12/2010.

17. "Intellectual Property Rights and Their Interface with Competition Policy: In Balance or in Conflict".

18. Layne-Farrar, Anne and Wong-Ervin, Koren W., "Methodologies for Calculating FRAND Royalty Rates and Damages: An Analysis of Existing Case Law", Competition Policy International - CPI, 10/2014.

19. Nicolas Petit, "Injimctions for Frand- Pledged Seps: The Quest for an Appropriate Test of Abuse Under Article 102 Tfeu", European Competition Journal 9,3(18/12/2013).

20. OECD, "Competition Policy and Intellectual Property Rights" (OECD, 1989).

21. OECD, "Competition Policy and Intellectual Property Rights (Policy Roudtables)" (OECD, 1997).

22. OECD, "Intellectual Property and Standard Setting" (OECD, 18/12 2014).

23. Phihppe Chappatte, "Frand Commitments - The Case for Antitrust Intervention", European Competition Journal 5, 2 (01/8/2009).

24. Sokol, D. Daniel and Zheng, Wentong,

"FRAND in China", Texas Intellectual Property Law Journal, 22 (2013).

25. Steven Semeraro, "Property's End: Why Competition Pohcy Should Limit the Right of Pubhcity", Connecticut Law Jievrcv>'43,3(2/2011).

26. US FTC, Motorola Mobility Inc. (File No. 121-0120) (US FTC 2013). Xem them hd so vv vi?c tai website ciia US FTC:

https ://www.ftc.gov/enforcement'cases- proceedings/1210120/motorola-mobility- Uc-google-inc-matter