LUAT
CHU THE QUAN LY, THANH LY TAI SAN TRONG PHAP LUAT PHA SAN VIET NAM
• NGUYIN THJ THANH NGQC
T 6 M TAT:
Trdi qua edc thdi k^ khde nhau, quy dinh ve mo hinh chd the quan ly, thanh ly tdi san trong qud trinh gidi quyd't phd sdn trong phdp luat Viet Nam da cd sd thay doi dang ke'. Ddc bidt, trong giai doan hidn nay, van de nay trd nen ngdy cang quan trpng va nhan dddc nhieu si/
quan tam. Trong pham vi bai vie't nay, tac gia khdi qudt edc md hinh chu the quan ly, thanh ly tdi sdn da dddc ghi nhan trong phap luat Viet Nam.
Tuf khda: Chu th^ qudn ly, thanh ly tdi san phd sdn. qudn tdi vidn, pha san.
t. D$t vS'n de
Giai quyd't phd san la mdt hoat ddng phdc lap, dung cham dd'n nhieu ddi lddng irong xa hdi va nhieu quan he xa hoi. Giai quye't pha san la gidi quyel cdc md'i quan he lidn quan de'n tai san cua cdc chu nd, vide lam ciia ngddi lao ddng, trat Id an loan xd hoi... Muc dich cua vide quan ly tdi san cua doanh nghidp, hdp tac xa lam vao tinh trang phd sdn la trdnh viec Id'u tdn tdi san ldm ihd't ihodi tdi san, dam bao quyen ldi cua cac chu nd khi doanh nghiep, hdp tac xa bj tuydn bd' phd san cung nhd bao ve quyen ldi cua doanh nghiep, hdp ldc xa khi cd cd hdi phue hdi hoat ddng san xua'l - kmh doanh.
Phd san la mdi thu tuc td'tung tu'phdp dac bidt vdi sd tham gia cua nhieu chu the khac nhau, trong dd CO thie't chd'quan ly tai san cua con nd. Si/hidn dien cua chii the ndy trong phap luat cung nhd thdc uen giai quye't cdc nddc la mpl dieu can thid't nhdm ngdn chdn tinh trang con nd ta'u tan, tam Ihd't thodt
tai san, Ihu hdi du'de nhieu cdc quyen ldi vai cha't, trdnh tinh trang bdi nd phi phdp ttf phia cdc chu nd, ddng thdi vide phan chia tdi sdn, dieu hda Idi ich gida cac chu nd, gida chii nd vdi con nd va ldi ich cua ngu'di lao dpng, ctia nha nddc mpt cdch cong bdng vd dijng luat trdn cd sd tdi san hidn cd cua con nd cung la mdl ydu cau cho sd hinh Ihanh cua thie't che'qudn ly tdi san.
II. Md hinh chu the quan ly, thanh Iy tai san trong phap luat pha san Vi^t Nam
Phap ludi cua mdi nddc trdn thd'gidi cd nhii'ng quy dinh khac nhau ve chu the quan ly ldi san pha san. Tuy nhidn. khai qudt lai cd the tha'y cd 2 md hinh chu the phd bie'n Id md hinh chu the quan ly lai san la nhii'ng ca nhan {Tin Ihac vien theo luat phd sdn Hoa Ky. Quan Idi vien theo luat pha san cua Thuy Dien vd Latvia, quan trj vien Iheo ludi phd san Xhdi Ban va luat phd san Cpng hda lien bang Nga...) va md hinh Id mot thie't che' tap the (nhd irong phap ludt pha san Viet Nam
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TAP CIJ CiNG IBtfONG
trddc 2U14 vd Ludt Phd san Tnmg qud'c). Dong Ihdi vdi mdi md hinh. phdp ludt cac ni/dc cung irao cho chil the ndy nhCfng nhidm vu quyen han rdng hep khde nhau tijy thupc vdo dieu kidn kmh Id' - xa hpi ddc ihii cua mdi nu'dc'.
Neu nhd trong phdp luat phd san Viel Nam giai doan tn/dc nam 1975 ghi nhan md hinh chii the quan ly tai san phd san la cd nhan (Kidm sdt vidn trong Ludt Thddng mai Trung phan 1942.
Quan tai vidn trong Luat Thddng mai (VNCH) 1972. thi cdc dao ludt \ e phd .sand Viet Nam sau 1975, vide quan ly tai san cua doanh nghidp bi lam vao linh trang phd sdn ludn ludn do mdi thiel che'lap the' dam nhdn.
/. Thanh lodn tUpbdp trong BQ lugt ThUcfng mqi Tnmg phdn 1942
So vdi khdnh tdn, thanh todn Id phdp la mdt ihu tuc mang linh khoan hdng so \di ngi/di vd nd ngay linh. Khi lam vdo tinh Irang khdng trd du'de nd. con nd ngay tinh cd the nop ddn ydu cau thu tv dn thanh loan td phap (khanh lan va thanh lodn tdan deu dddc Bp ludi Thu'dng mai Trung phan xem nhif mdl \u dn)
Theo trinh td ndy, ngddi mdc nd dddc hddng mpl vdi quy chd' giam nhe nhd sau: (i) khdng bi bdt giam (Dieu 240); (ii) khdng bi md'i quyen quan iri ma dddc lid'p luc chie'm gid vd quan t\' sdn nghidp dddi sif gidm sdi cua kid'm sal vien do loa dn a'n dinh; (iii) lid'p luc dddc hdnh nghe va Ihdc hien cdc hdnh vi ma tda an cho phdp; (iv) CO thd' thda hidp vdi cac chii nd. tda se ban hdnh dn cdng nhdn thda hiep nay (Dieu 229 - 252 BLTM TP 1942).
2. Luat ThUcfng mgi Vif f Nam Cgng hoa 1972 Lual ndy dddc ban hanh chu ye'u dda vao md hlnh phap luat pha san Phdp. ngodi mdl sd' cai bien mang iinh t,\ thudl. dao ludt nay khdng cd mpl trie't t> mdi me ddng ke nao so vdi BLTM TP 1942. Ra ddi trong dieu kidn chie'n tranh \a SI/ sup do', tan rd loan didn cua Viet Nam Cong hda dang tdi gdn, dao luat nay hau nhd chicd gid iri sd lieu ma it cd anh hu'dng ihi/c id'.
Trong phdp lual thdi Vidt Nam Cong hda, quan ldi vidn Id mdt thu uy tdphdpdo Ida dn chi dinh ra du'de ihii lao bdng tien phu cd'p do iha'm
phdn Ihda nhidm dianh quyd't todn bdni: .m ldnh-.
Giai Ihich cho ban chat thu u\ td ph.ip ctia quan tdi vien. nhdm nghien cdu vd hoaeh dinh xay ddng Bp ludt Thddng mai Viet Nam cdng hda 1973 cho rang: "ngurdi khdnh tan phdi dddc dat dien vi da bi tddc quyen quan tn tdi san va d vdo tinh trang khdng cdn tid'n hdnh dddc cdc hdnh vi phap ly ddi khdng vdi chu nd; cdn cdc chu nd dUdc lidn kd't thdnh mgt khdi cd bidt ve phap \f, ndn can phai cd mdt ngu'di dai didn hanh ddng nhdn danh cac chu n d \
Khi tda dddc thu ly do mdt ddn xin ddn phu'dng ciia chu nd, qudn le la Chdnh dn giao cho mOt Quan tai vidn (tai mdi tda cd mdt so'quan tai vien dddc Ida chgn sdn) md mdi cudc dieu tra. xem xel hoat ddng vd so sdch cua thddng gia bi td'cdo vd tdm phue Irinh. Phdc trinh nay la tai lieu cdn ban de Ida quye'l dinh. Thdc hanh trdn chi cd the dng dung dddc nhd d sd Ida chpn nhijng ngi/di xdng ddng ldm qudn Idi vien: khdng nhdng qu3n lai vidn phdi la ngddi cd can bdn vffng vang ve ludt Ihu'dng mai ma cdn phai Id nhij'ng ngddi trong sachcd lddng Iam chdc nghidp; nd'u quan tai vien khdng hid'u bie't gi ve ludt Ihddng mai, hay, m5i khi dddc uy nhidm dieu Ira, lai thdng ddng vdi ngddi khanh tan de ngddi nay gia'u did'm, tau tdn ldi sdn di, hay, vi ihCi hdn cd nhan, Iam phdc trinh man Ira, thi dT nhien viec xet xd bi sai Iac; cong ly se, vd tinh, tie'p lay cho Iham nhung-".
Do tinh chd't la mpt cd chd' hay mdl phddng Ihdc lay nd lap the, ngan can vide la'y nd rieng rd trdn tai san cdn Iai ciia connd vd tda dn la cd quan nha nu'dc cd th^m quyen hd trd cho qua Irinh pha san, cho nen quan tai vien cd ban cha'l phdp ly la ngddi thu uy td phdp ddng d Irung Idm cua md'i quan he dai didn phat sinh bdi lual.
Quan tai vien vda la ngu'di dai didn cho cdc chu nd, lai vda Id ngddi dai dien cho con nd bj pha san. Bdi con nd cd khuynh hifdng td Iam ngheo cho minh de Iron trdnh trdch nhiem tra nd, cd the tra ridng cho chii nd theo su li/a chon cua minh vd xel d khia canh quan Iri, con no ye'u kem v^
quan trj dan dd'n tinh trang phd sdn, ndn bugc con nd pha i hdnh ddng qua mot trung gian trong mdt sd'hoai ddng, nhdt Id trong n>.,i ,.|iian hd lidn
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LUAl
quan dd'n chu nd. Do dd, lien quan tdi con nd, quan tai vidn Ihdc bidn nhiem vu quan tri san nghidp cua con nd. San nghiep la mdi thuat ngd phap ly chl tdng thd' quyen vd nghTa vu ve tai sdn nam trong nhdn each phdp ly cua thd' nhdn, phdp nhan md bao gdm phan iich san vd phan lidu san'. Bdi khdng chu nd nao dddc lay nd ridng re irdn khd'i tdi san cdn lai cua con nd dd' ddm bao phd san la mdt cd chd' la'y nd tap the, ndn budc ba'i ky chu nd ndo cflng phai hdnh ddng thdng qua mdl trung gian minh bach va mpi ngddi cd the' kid'm sodl dddc. Do dd, lidn quan de'n cdc chu nd, quan tai vien Ihdc hien nhiem vu Id dai dien cho cdc chu nd dd' khdng chu nd ndo dddc hdnh dpng rieng re Iren san nghiep cua con nd.
Nd'u nhin nhan trinh td phd sdn Id mdt phddng cdch Idi cd ca'u doanh nghidp, hidu qua ciia phddng cdch nay phu thudc mgl cdch dang ke vao ndng Idc qudn ly tai sdn ciia tda dn, quan tai vidn vd he Ihd'ng bd' trd Id phdp, Trong khi he ihd'ng tda ddc lung thu ly vide phd sdn da hinh thdnh td hang tram nam nay d phu'dng Tdy thi he Ihd'ng Id phdp nu'dc ta mdi dang lap lam quen vdi chdc ndng nay. Td tridu tap, chu tri, dieu hanh cdc cudc hgp cua chu nd, phe duyel dif an tai cd cd'u, gidm sal thdc hidn, dinh gid sdn nghiep cua con nd cho dd'n thanh todn cho cdc chu np theo thd td lfu tien - tda dn va he Ihd'ng bd trd td phdp Viet Nam dang ddng Irddc nhffng thdch thdc mdl la irong quan tri kinh doanh. Khdng chi la trdng phat ngddi vd nd, phd san irddc hd't la mdt cugc phau Ihudt. Mpt khi tha'm phdn, kid'm todn vien, quan Iri vidn, ludt sd.., chda tich luy dii ky nang td'i thie'u cho nhflng cupc phau thuai dd thi can benh mat kha ndng thanh loan la'l yd'u se dddc chda tri bdng nhffng the che' va phddng each khdc.^
3. Toquan ly tdi sdn vd To thanh todn tdi sdn trong Luat Phd sdn Doanh nghifp 1993
Dieu 15 Lual Phd san doanh nghiep 1993 quy dinh: Chanh Ida Tda kinh Id' ca'p tinh ra quyd'l dinh md ihu tuc giai quye'l yeu cau tuydn bd'phd san doanh nghiep. Trong quye'l djnh ndy, cac nhdn vien To' quan ly tdi san dddc chi dinh. Nhd
\ a \ . cung nhd Phdp \a da so' cac nddc. d Viet
Nam quyen chi dinh nhdn vien quan ly tdi sdn thupc \ e Ida dn.
Ludt Pha sdn doanh nghiep 1993 quy dinh cd hai td Id To quan ly tdi san va To thanh lodn tdi san. To quan h' tdi san dddc thanh lap khi cd quyd't djnh md thil iuc pha san va cac thanh vidn cua td' do Chdnh tda Tda Kinh td' Tda an nhdn dan ca'p Iinh yeu cau cac c<5 quan lien quan cd.
To Ihanh loan tai san dddc thdnh lap sau khi cd quye't dinh tuydn bd' phd sdn doanh nghiep.
4. To Qudn ly, thanh todn tdi sdn trong Luqt Phd sdn 2004
Thi/c tien dp dung Ludt Phd sdn doanh nghidp 1993 cho Iha'y vdi thanh phan Id' quan ly lai san gdm it nhd't 7 thdnh vidn. td' Ihanh lodn Idi san gdm it nhd'l 6 thanh vidn tff cdc cd quan ddn vj kbdc nhau dd ddn de'n vide hoal dpng cua cdc td ndy Id rd'l kem hidu qua. chi phi Idn. Khde phue han chd' nay, khoan 2 dieu 9 Luat Phd san 2004 vdo khoan 2 dieu 15 Nghj djnh so' 67 ngay 11/7/2006 cua Chinh phu quy dinh nhdp 2 id Id to' quanly tdi sdn vd to Ihanh loan tai san Ihanh mdt id ggi la to' quan ly thanh todn tdi san nhdm lap Irung dau md'i, giam bdi thu luc hdnh chinh.
So vdi Lual Phd sdn doanh nghidp 1993, Luat Phd sdn 2004 quy dinh cd cd'u to' quan ly thanh loan lai san gpn nhe hdn ra'l nhieu, Dieu nay giup cho boat dpng cua Id' ndy hieu qua hdn, thuan lien cho vide xd ly mpi va'n de, cd nhidu thuan ldi cho qua trinh phue hdi sdn xud't - kinh doanh cua doanh nghiep, hdp tac xa cung nhd trong Irddng hdp doanh nghidp, hdp tde xa bj tuyen bd'pha san.
Cd thd' thd'y. muc dich cua cdc nhd Idm ludt nddc la khi quy dinh ve to' quan ly va Ihanh ly Iai san ldm vtfa nhdm dam bao tinh chuyen nghiep.
tinh quyen ldc nhd nddc (chd'p hdnh vien cd quan Ihi hanh dn vdi vai trd to' Irddng), vffa dam bdo linh chuydn mdn vd tinh dan chu rdng rai (si/
Iham gia cua ddng dao cac thdnh phan Ihupc cdc cd quan chuydn mdn cung nhd dai dien cdng doan, ngddi lao ddng vd ca chu nd). hifdng ldi vide Ihdc hidn cd hieu qua nhd'l Ihu tuc quan Iy va xd ly tai san phd san. nang cao hidu Idc cua Luat Phd san.
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5. Qudn tdi vien trong Ludt Phd sdn 2014 Trong Ludt Phd san 2014. chu the Ihdc hien quan l\'. thanh ly tai san trong thii tuc phd san dd cd sd thay Jui cd ban. Viec quan l\'. thanh Iy tdi san pha sdn cua doanh nghidp. hdp idc xa khdng cdn chi quy dinh cho mot chu the' duy nhat. md d van bdn mdi nay, \idc tie'n hanh quan ly. thanh ly tdi san phd sdn da du'de giao cho 2 chu thd' vdi len gpi mdi. cd lu'cdch phap ly dpc lap. mang iinh chd'l cua hoat ddng nghe nghidp. dd la: Quan tdi vidn vd doanh nghiep quan ly. Ihanh Iy tdi sdn thay cho cdc chu thd' mang linh cha't vu vide tn/dc ddy. Vdi 2 chu thd' mdi. mot chii the' la cd nhdn (quan iai vien). mpt chu the Id id chdc (doanh nghiep) mdc dii deu thdc hien chung mdl chdc ndng, nhiem vu: hanh nghe quan K'. thanh l\ tdi san cua doanh nghidp. hdp tde \d mat kha nang Ihanh loan irong qua trinh giai quye't phd san.
Sd iham gia ciia qudn tdi vidn vdo ihu luc phd s.in doanh nghiep. hdp tde xd Id mdi bddc dot phd cila Lual Phd san ndm 2014. ddng Ihdi du'a phdp lual phd sdn nddc ta tiem can hdn vdi phdp tudi
\ e pha san cua mpl so qud'c gia tren the'gidi.
Vice dda chd' dmh quan tai vien khac phue difdc nhffng khd khan, vffdng mac trong cd chd phdi hdp. tinh chat kidm nhidm cua cac thdnh vien Irong id quan l\. thanh ly tai sdn. ddp dng dddc ydu cau ve tinh nhanh chdng, hidu qua va chuydn nghiep irong ihffc hidn chdc ndng, nhidm vu quan ly lai san ciia DN. HTX bi lam vao Iinh irang phd san. phu hdp vdi viec thi/c hidn chu iru'dng \a hdi hod nhffng hoat dpng mang tinh nghe nghidp iheo quan diem cua Dang vd Nha nu'dc Ll \ c cai each hanh chinh; ddng thdi. phu hdp vdi thdng Id qud'c te'. vi hidn nay nhieu nddc
qu> dinh ve che'dinh quan tai MCH. M ^'LI: Nhal Ban. Dffc. Nga, Phdp. M\. Latvia \:i dieo Khuydn nghj sd45 ciia Uy ban Ludt thddng mai qudc td' cua Lien hidp qud'c (UNCITRAL) vd theo thdng Ie qudc Id' Ihu'dng sd dung dpi ngu luat sd ldm Quan tai vidn.
i n . Kd't Iudn
Cd lhe khang djnh rang, viec quy dinh chii the quan ly. Ihanh todn iJi sdn phd san la mdt cd nhan hanh nghe tu" do la mpl si/ thay ddi phii hpp.
Nhd da phan tich. nha nddc hien dai dd va dang chuyd'n dan mdl sd'cac hoat ddng cua minh cho cac chli the' khde trong ddi sd'ng xa hdi. 0 nffdc ta, nhieu hoal ddng trffdc day vdn Id nhffng boat ddng mang tinh quyen life nha nffdc, dddc thffc hien bdi he thd'ng cdquan cdng quyen da va dang dddc xa hpi hda nham giam tai gdnh ndng cho cac cd quan nha n\i6c. dda nha nddc trd ve dung vi tri chdc nang ciia minh va cung Id dd'dat hieu qua cao hdn Irong cac boat ddng dd. Pha san khdng cdn Id hien tUdng mdi me d cac nddc cd nen kinh td' phdt Irid'n va d cac nffdc nay, hoal dpng qudn Iy tai san pha san dddc thu'c hidn bdi cdc ca nhan chuydn nghiep hanh nghe ddc tap.
Cd quan diem cho rang, can xdy ddng Bp quy lac dng xff ciia quan ldi vidn d Viet Nam nhdm nang cao nang li/c, phd'm cha'l cua quan tdi vien, ddp dng yeu cau dac thu cua boat dpng quan ly, Ihanh ty tai san'. Dieu dd se giup chu the' nay chu ddng hdn trong cdng vide, khie'n cho boat ddng quan ly thanh Iy tdi san trd ihanh mpl hoat dpng cd tinh chuydn nghidp, dam bao nhanh nha't ve Ihdl gian, day du nha't ve tai san, tff dd nang cao hieu qua cua Luat Pha .san d nffdc ta •
T.\I LIKL TRICH D \ N :
'Dgng \ Cm Huy 12012). Dia vi phdp Is- ciia tcf qudn ly vd ihanh ly ldi sdn theo phdp lugl phd san. Tap chi Phdp lugl \d Doanh nghiep so 2 (239)
•-' Le Tdi TriCn, .\gusiii Vang Tho \a Nguyin Tdn 119731. Ludi Thuctngmgi Viet Nam ddn giu, <>•, ,:„//_ „;,^,„
ngliien cidi i a du horn. h. Sdi Gim
AA So 2 - T h a n g 2/2020
LUAT
\,;/, Mux Cutmg 12015). Binh ludn cdc quy dinh ve phdp nhdn trong d,t tbao BLDS I sda ddi). Tgp chi Ddn chil vd Phdp ludt - Sd chuyen de sda ddi. bdsung BLDS. NXB Tuphdp.
" Phgm Buy NghTa (2004). Chuyen khdo Ludt Kinh te iChuang trtnh sau dgi hgc). .\XB BHQG Hd Not.
' Ddng Vdn Huv 12018). Hodn thien cite dinh qudn Idl vien trong Ludt Phd sdn. Tgp chi Nghien ciu lgp phdp sd 20/20IS.
TAI LIpU THAM KHAO:
/. Lugt Thttong mal Trung phdn 1942 2 Bd Ludt TliUifng tngl Viet Nam Cdng hda 1972 3. Lugt Phd sdn doanh nghiep 1993
4. Lugt Phd sdn 2004 5. Lugt Phd .,dn 2014
Ngay nh$n bai: 13/1/2020
Ngay plian bi^n danh gia va sii'a chiia: 23/1/2020 Ngay cha'p nh§n dSng bai: 3/2/2020
Tltdttg tin ldc gid:
ThS. NGUYfiN TH( THANH NGQC Khoa Luat - Trifolng Dai hpc Da Lat
THE ENTITY MANAGEMENT AND ASSET LIQUIDATION ACCORDING TO VIETNAM'S LAW ON BANKRUPTCY
• Master. NGUYEN THI THANH NGOC Faculty of Law, Da Lat University
ABSTRACT:
Over the differeni periods, the regulations on the entity management model and asset liquidation during banlcruptcy settlement process in Viemame.se law have changed significantly. Especially, in this current period, this issue has become increasingly important and received much attention. This study generally introduces the entity management and the assel liquidation model.s which were recognized in Viebiamese law.
Keywords: The entity managing, liquidation of bankruptcy assets, asset management officer, bankrupt.
So 2 - Thdng 2/2020 45
