Phat trien canh dong lua lofn d Dong bang song Culi Long
TRAN HOANG Hiia*
NGaVEN PHO SON"
Tom tat
Md hinh cdnh dong ldn Id chu truang cua Ddng vd Nhd nudc, nham hudng de'n mot nen ndng nghiep tap trung quy md ldn, chdt luang cao, ben vffng. Ddy cUng Id xu the phdt trien ndng nghiep Men dgi vd hdi nhap qudc te. Md hinh cdnh dong Ida ldn (CDLL) dugc vung Dong bang sdng Cdu Long trien khai td ndm 2011, den nay, budc ddu da mang lgi nhitng hieu qud nhdt dinh, cd ve kinh te, xd hoi vd mdi trudng. Thdng qua khdo sdt 180 ho sdn xudt Ida (HSXL) tham gia md hinh cdnh dong ldn tgi 3 tinh, thdnh phd cua khu vUc Dong bdng song Cdu Long, nghien cdu ddnh gid nhitng khd khdn, thudn lai trong viec trien khai vd nhdn rong md hinh CDLL trong Khu vUc, tren ca sd do de xudt mot sd giai phdp thuc Men.
Tuf khoa: cdnh dong Ida ldn, Dong bang sdng Cdu Long, ho sdn xudt Ida Summary
The big field model is the guideline ofthe Party and the State, aiming at a large-scale, high- quality and sustainable agriculture. This is also a trend of modern agricultural development and international integration. The big field model implemented by the Mekong Delta since 2011 has initially yielded a number of positive effects in terms of economic, social and environmental aspects. Through the survey of 180 rice farmers participating in the big field model in 03 provinces and cities of the Mekong Delta, the study assesses difficulties
and advantages in deploying and multiplying the big field model in the area and proposes some solutions.
Keywords: big rice paddy field, the Mekong Delta, rice farmer
Gl6l THIEU
Md binh CDLL dau tien dffde trien khai va ap dung d Ddng bang sdng Cffu Long, tai An Giang do Cdng ty Co phan Bao ve Thffe vat An Giang thffe bien tff nam 2010. Thang 03/2011, md hinh CDLL dffdcBo Ndng nghiep va Phat trien ndng thdn phat ddng xay difng, nhan rdng tai cac tinh Dong bang sdng Cffu Long. Ngay trong vu he nam 2011, toan khu vffc Dong bang sdng Cffu Long da cd 13 tinh, vdi 6.400 hd tham gia xay dffng CDLL, dat 7.800ha. De'n vu Ddng Xuan 2011- 2012, dien tich CDLL da tang len 15.500ha trong dd 8 tinh phat trien manh, gdm: Long An, Dong Thap, An Giang, VTnh Long, Kien Giang, Can Thd, Tra Vinh, Tay Ninh (Ma Ngoc Ha, 2015).
Tuy nhien, viee nhan rdng md hinh CDLL hien nay dang gap nhieu khd khan, thach thffe, do dd can thie't phai cd nhffng giai phap khac phue khd khan nham nhan rdng md hinh nay, nham hffdng de'n mot nen
ndng nghiep tap trung quy md ldn, chat Iffdng cao, ben vffng.
THL/C TRANG PHAT TRIEN Theo sd lieu Tong Dieu tra Nong thdn, Ndng nghiep va Thuy san, nam 2016, tdng dien tieh CDLL d Dong bang sdng Cffu Long, cd 427.800ha, chiem 73,9% tdng dien tieh gieo trdng CDLL ea nffdc. Mot sd tinh cd dien tieh CDLL tang nhanh va ed dien tieh ldn, nhif:
Can Thd dat 39.000ha; Sdc Trang la 22.000ha; Bac Lieu dat 17.000ha; Long An: 29.245ha (nam 2016); An Giang:
40.000 (nam 2015)...
Cd the' ndi, md hinh CDLL bffdc dau da mang lai nhffng bieu qua nha't dinh, ca ve hieu qua kinh te xa hdi va moi
* ThS., Hoc vien Chinh trj Khu vUc iV I Email: [email protected]
** PGS, TS., Trudng Dai hoc Can Thd
Ngdy nhan bdi: 30/09/2018; Ngdy phdn bien: 10/10/2018; Ngdy duyet ddng: 18/10/2018
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r,rfMotrffdng. Tuy nhien, viee phat trie'n va gia ea lua dau ra. Cu the'nhff Cdng ty Co phan Bao ve nhan rdng md hinh nay cho de'n nay gap Thifc vat An Giang da eung cap dich vu eho cae hd lien nhieu trd ngai. ke't trong CDLL.
De ed cai nhin mot each tdng quat Thdng qua viee Hen ke't vdi cac doanh nghiep ve viee trie'n khai CDLL khu vffc Dong thu mua, cac hd san xua't trong CDLL dffde cae ddn bang sdng Cffu Long, nhdm tae gia tie'n vi ehuyen mdn tai dia phffdng, eung nhff cae doanh hanh khao sat 180 HSXL va mdt sd nghiep tham gia Uen ke't tap hua'n, hffdng din thffc doanh nghiep tham gia md hinh CDLL hien td't bdn quy trinh san xua't, dap ffng dffde nhu cau tai 3 tinh, thanh phd', gdm: Can Thd (60 cua doanh nghiep lien ke't, qua dd dap ffng dffdc nhu hd); An Giang (60 hd); Dong Thap (60 eau eua thi trffdng (ed 80% eac HSXL tham gia CDLL hd) trong thdi gian tff thang 04 de'n thang lam theo quy trinh khuye'n eao cua doanh nghiep, qua 12/2017. Ke't qua nhff sau: dd nang sua't va hieu qua tang len rd ret). Ddn cff nhff,
Ve thudn lai. Khi tham gia md hinh cae hd lien ke't vdi Cdng ty Co phan Bao ve Thffc vat CDLL, cae HSXL cd dffde nhffng thuan An Giang da dffde can bd FF (Farmers' friends) eua ldi, nhff: mua dffde eac vat tff dau vao Cdng ty hffdng din midn phi cho ho tff viec ve sinh (gid'ng, phan bdn, thud'c bao ve thffe ddng rudng, gieo sa, cham sdc, phdng tri dich benh vat) ed chat Iffdng td't hdn va gia ea re tren Ma, tffdi tieu va thu hoach. Ke't qua la cac ho hdn so vdi trffdc day, eung nhff so vdi san xua't dffde nang eao trinh do san xua't, do vay, tao cac hd san xua't lua rieng le trong Vung. ra dffdc san pham chat Iffdng vdi gia thanh re hdn.
Bang chffng la cd 125/180 HSXL tham Dong thdi, Cdng ty lai mua dffde san pham lua dung gia md hinh ed dffdc lien ke't dau vao theo quy each va chat Iffdng nhff mong ddi. Sif tffdng song song vdi lien ke't dau ra, trong khi tae nay da tao dffdc hieu ffng "kep" cho ddi ben lien dd'i vdi nhdm HSXL khdng tham gia ke't. Cud'i ciing, nang cao dffdc gia tri gia tang cho san chi cd 28/180 hd cd md'i lien ke't dau pham, eung nhff ldi nhuan cho toan chudi gia tri eua vao va ehu ye'u la vdi eac dai ly trong san pham.
Viang dffdi hinh thffc tra cud'i vu cd tinh Tham gia CDLL giup eiing ed va phat trien md'i lien lai sua't. Ben canh dd, tinh trang canh ke't ngang giffa cac hd san xua't. Xua't phat tff nbu cau tranh giffa cae nha cung cap dau vao tff phia doanh nghiep lien ke't ve ehung loai, chat Iffdng gia tang, dan de'n sff Iffa ebon cua cac va so Iffdng san pham can thie't de dap ffng nhu eau thu HSXL trong CDLL eung dffdc gia tang. mua eua doanh nghiep, eac hd san xua't trong CDLL Ke't qua la, cae hd trong CDLL mua budc phai lien ke't lai vdi nhau trong viee Iffa ebon va dffde san pham dau vao vdi gia ea re mua nhffng loai gid'ng dap ffng dffdc nhu cau cua doanh hdn va chat Iffdng eao hdn. Cud'i eiing, nghiep. Dieu nay da tao ed bdi eho cac HSXL lien ke't dieu nay se gdp phan nang eao dffdc lai vdi nhau de' mua ngudn gid'ng td't va gia ea re hdn nang sua't, eiing nhff giam dffde ehi phi (do mua vdi so Iffdng ldn). Them vao dd, do phai thffc san xua't. Tff dd, lam nang cao nang life hien theo mdt quy trinh san xua't ddng nha't tff nhu cau canh tranh cua san pham va eua cac hd eua doanh nghiep lien ke't nen cac ho san xua't tff ddng tham gia trong md hinh CDLL. phai bdp tac lai vdi nhau trong khau lam da't, xud'ng Ben canh dd, khi cac CDLL dffde gid'ng, bdm tffdi, thu hoach va tieu thu. Ngoai ra, trong hinh thanh da keo theo sff phat trie'n eua qua trinh san xua't, cac ho san xua't eung ed nhieu cd cac dich vu, nhff: bdm, tffdi, lam da't, thu hdi hdn trong viee chia se kinh nghiem vdi nhau ve hoach, phdi say va tdn trff tff eac doanh nhffng van de ky thuat san xua't va tieu thu san pham.
nghiep lien ke't va cac ed sd dich vu ben Nhffng boat ddng nay da lam gia tang tinh edng ddng ngoai. Dieu nay da gdp phan nang eao ciia ho.
nang sua't, chat Iffdng san pham, eiing Khi tham gia CDLL, eac HSXL se ed dffdc thi trffdng nhff eat giam dffde cbi phi san xua't, kinh tieu thu on dinh va ban dffde san pham vdi gia ea cao.
doanh. Ben canh dd, viee hinh thanh Do ldi the've quy md, nen cae hd san xua't trong CDLL CDLL eung da tao ra dffde nhffng ldi the' ed nhieu ed hdi hdn trong khau tieu thu san pham, do ve mat quy md, gdp phan lam cat giam ed dffde sd' Iffdng san pham ldn va ddng nha't ve chat dffdc dang ke chi phi san xua't (chi phi lffdng. Cac doanh nghiep tham gia lien ke't thffdng ed van ehuyen, ehi phi van banh may, chi dffde nhffng hdp ddng xua't khau ldn va thffdng xuyen phi giao dich, ehi phi lao ddng). Dae tren thi trffdng, do vay nhu eau ve so Iffdng san pham biet, dd'i vdi dich vu bao quan Wa sau thu thu mua ldn. Dong thdi, gia ca thu mua eiia ho eung hoach tff cae doanh nghiep lien ke't cung thffdng cao hdn ben ngoai, tren thffc te cac hdp ddng cap cho cae hd san xua't trong CDLL. ma doanh nghiep ky ke't vdi ndng dan deu dffa ra mffe Dich vu nay ed y nghia rat ldn trong bd'i gia eao hdn so vdi gia thi trffdng It nha't la 50 ddng canh cae hd san xuat thie'u phffdng tien tren mdi kilogam lua. Ben canh do, eac hd tham gia bao quan va dffng trffdc sff bie'n ddng ve CDLL nhan dffdc sif hd trd tff chinh quyen dia phffdng.
Economy and Forecast Review / 1
eac nha khoa hoe, cac vien, trffdng, hay cae ngan hang Ngoai ra, nhieu chuyen gia tham gia thffdng mai... khao sat eho rang, nhan thffe Hen ke't cua Ve khd khdn, thdch thdc. Vin edn xay ra trffdng ndng dan vin edn khap khidng va i lai hdp khdng thffe hien cam ke't giffa ndng dan va doanh vao sff ho trd eua Nha nffdc (xem day la nghiep, ma nguyen nhan ehinh la do bie'n ddng eua nhiem vu eua Nha nffdc va cae doanh nhu eau va gia ca thi trffdng va do sff canh tranh cua nghiep phai mua vdi gia eao). Dieu nay cac thffdng lai thu mua lua diln ra tren dia ban ed da kim ham tie'n trinh phat trien CDLL CDLL. Mae du ke't qua khao sat cho tha'y, ed 2 trffdng do ndng dan thie'u ddng life diing dan hdp doanh nghiep khdng tuan thu hdp ddng thdng qua trong viee lien ke't. Hay, ed mdt sd doanh viec lam khd (thu mua cham tri, kie'm tra chat Iffdng nghiep tham gia lien ke't mdt each mien rdi giam gia lua...). Tuy nhien, khi khao sat eac doanh cffdng hoac ehi de lam PR eho doanh nghiep, thi hien tffdng eac HSXL khdng ban eho doanh nghiep eho nhffng mue tieu khac (dl vay nghiep Hen ke't, ma ban cho ben ngoai vin thffdng vd'n hdn va hffdng ldi tff ehinh sach iTu xuyen xay ra, nguyen nhan ehinh la do gia ban ben dai eua Nha nffdc)^
ngoai cao hdn so vdi ban eho doanh nghiep, ma HSXL Ben canh dd, vin cdn tinh trang thieu dang Hen ke't. Dieu nay eho tha'y, tinh ehuyen nghiep sff phd'i hdp ddng bd giffa cac sd, ban trong Hen ke't giffa doanh nghiep va HSXL cdn rat han nganh tai cae dia phffdng trong viec h6 che, nha't la cac hd san xua't. trd/tbiic day CDLL. Dae biet, giffa sci
Viee dau tff ed sd vat chat ha tang trong cae CDLL, ndng nghiep va phat trien ndng thdn (la cung nhff cua cae doanh nghiep lien ke't vin cdn ban ddn vi dam nban trach nhiem hd trd dau che', do ddi hdi nhieu vd'n tien mat va edng nghe hien vao va qua trinh san xua't) va sd cong dai. Trong khi dd, tinh hieu qua cua md hinh ehi mdi thffdng (la ddn vi dam nhan trach nhiem bffdc dau the' hien, chffa that sff tao dffdc ddng Iffe san che'bie'n va xue tie'n san pham). Sff thieu ldng dau tff ciia ndng dan va doanh nghiep. Thffe te'eho phd'i hdp ddng bd nay da lam cho sff noi tha'y, cd sd vat chat ha tang chi dffdc dau tff vao thuy ldi ke't giffa doanh nghiep va ndng dan trci la chii ye'u, nhffng de'n hien tai van chffa dam bao dap nen kem ben vffng hdn.
ffng dffde 100% nhu cau ciia HSXL. Bang chffng la cd
de'n 66/180 hd dffde khao sat, tuy ed tham gia CDLL, MOT SO GIAI PHAP PHAT TRIEN nhffng van phai tff trang bi may bdm nffdc.
Kha nang tie'p can vd'n eho san xua't eiia eac ho Thd nhdt, tap trung day mgnh tuyen ndng dan tham gia md hinh CDLL vin cdn ban che', truyen sdu, rong han nita nhitng ndi dung mdt mat do ho thie'u dieu kien vay; mat khae, do kha ve quan diem, chu truang cua Ddng va nang xay dffng phffdng an san xua't, kinh doanh eua chinh sdch, phdp ludt cua Nhd nUdc ve cae hd ndng dan edn han che'. Thffe te' qua khao sat phdt trien ndng nghiep, ndng ddn, nong eho tha'y, cac HSXL tham gia CDLL ehi cd 35/180 hd thdn gdn vdi xdy dUng CDLL. Tff do, cd vay dffde vd'n tff cac ngudn ehinh thffc de' dau tff nham tie'n tdi hinh thanh viing nguyen cho san xua't. ^ Heu lua hang hda xua't khau chat Iffdng _ Thie'u lao ddng thdi vu va thie'u thdng tin thi trffdng eao, xay dffng vung nguyen lieu liia hang vin la hai khd khan chffa dffdc khae pbuc cua cae ndng hda, xay difng thffdng hieu lua gao tiif dan tham gia trong md hinh CDLL. Viee thie'u lao ddng eac vung nguyen lieu san xua't theo tieu la van de cue bd gap phai d mdt sd dia phffdng ed xu ehuan VietGAP; tinh ta't ye'u ciia xay hffdng chuye'n dich lao ddng sang nganh edng nghiep. dffng CDLL; tac ddng, ldi ich ciia nong Ne'u nhff khd khan ve thdng tin thi trffdng khie'n cho dan, doanh nghiep khi tham gia md hinh ndng dan tham gia CDLL gap khd khan trong viee va nhffng die'n hinh tien tie'n de nhan thffdng Iffdng giaca vdi doanh nghiep (100% ndng dan rdng; ffng dung khoa hoc, edng nghe ehl nhan gia tff doanh nghiep hoac dd hdi thffdng lai/ vao md hinh, nha't la trffdc bd'i canh bien cae HSXL khae), thi viec thie'u hut lao ddng thdi vu ddi khi hau gay ban ban, xam nhap man lam tang ehi phi san xua't, cud'i eiing lam eho gia thanli ngay cang tram trong...
san pham eao, va do vay khdng nang cao dffde nang Thd hai, tdng cudng cdc hogt dong life canh tranh. ^ ^ keu goi cdc doanh nghiep ddu tU vao Nhffng tae ddng eua bie'n dd'i khi hau, thdi tie't cffc CDLL. Nha nffdc thffc thi cd hieu qua doan (nang, mffa that thffdng, dich benh gia tang, ban ehinh sach thu hut cac doanh nghiep man gia tang) da lam anh hffdng de'n hieu qua san xua't tham gia xay dffng CDLL tren cd scl ciia ndng dan do nang sua't va chat Iffdng sut giam. Day dam bao ldi ieh hdp ly giffa ndng dan va gan nhff la anh hffdng ehung cua toan cau, viing Ddng doanh nghiep, nha't la eac doanh nghiep bang sdng Cffu Long ndi rieng. Ke't qua khao sat ed ldn, ed tilm Iffe manh. Bdi, doanh den 144/180 HSXL tham gia CDLL eho bie't hi anh nghiep la ngffdi dam bao cung ffng vat hffdng bdi thdi tiet hoac dich hai do thdi tie't. tff dau vao hdp ly (gid'ng cay trong,
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Kinh tp'vaDi/bao
phan bdn, thud'c trff sau, dich vit cd gidi hda...) cho ndng dan. Doanh nghiep cd vai trd chi dao san xua't, hd trd ky thuat san xua't eho ndng dan. Va doanh nghiep la ngffdi bao tieu khd'i Iffdng san pham hang hda ldn cho ndng dan sau mdi chu ky san xua't.
Tuy nhien, cae doanh nghiep can vao cude manh me hdn nffa, nha't la dau tff eho khau che' bie'n nham nang eao chat Iffdng lua gao. Dong thdi, doanh nghiep can quan tam hdn de'n viee xay dffng viing nguyen lieu, gan ke't chat che vdi quyen ldi chinh dang eua ndng dan ngay tff khau san xua't, thu mua, giam bdt eac khau trung gian. Cd cd che, ehinh sach khuye'n khieh, thu hut dau tff eua cae doanh nghiep trong va ngoai nffdc vao viee xay dffng viing chuyen canh. Hinh thanh lien ke't lau dai giffa cae hdp tac xa ndng nghiep vdi cac doanh nghiep ndng cd't, tao dieu kien eho eac doanh nghiep nay tham gia lien ke't san xua't va xua't khau.
Thd ba, ddy mgnh viec dng dung tie'n bd khoa hoc, ky thudt vdo qud trinh sdn xudt, nham ban che' nhffng hau qua do anh hffdng eua thdi tie't khi hau that thffdng dan de'n nang sua't liia va dich benh phat sinh ngay cang nhieu, eung nhff tiem nang canh tranh do hdi nhap kinh te' gia tang va gia ea liia dau ra dn dinh. Qua dd, nang eao dffde nang life canh tranh cua san pham trong md hinh CDLL, cung nhff giam dffdc sff sut giam ve nang sua't, cat giam ehi phi san xua't do ban che' dffde sau benh.
Tang cffdng cdng tac khuye'n ndng, tap hua'n, hffdng dan ffng dung, chuye'n giao thanh tffu khoa hoe ndng nghiep hien dai eho ndng dan. Ben canh dd, can cd ehinh sach ve dao tao ngudn nban life, ehinh sach ffu dai dd'i vdi cac ky sff ndng nghiep, nhff: md hinh " Ban ciia ndng
dan" ma Cdng ty Co phan Bao ve Thffe vat An Giang ffng dung trong xay dffng md hinh canh ddng mlu ldn nhffng nam qua...
Thd tu, ndng cao nhdn thdc lien ke't cua cdc ho nong ddn trong CDLL. De' xay dffng dffde CDLL, phai bat dau tff nhan thffe eiia ngffdi ndng dan ve sff ddng thuan san xua't, hdp tae lam an, khdng pha vd hdp ddng... Nha nffdc phai ed ehinh sach khuye'n khich, ed che' tai xff phat phu hdp, kip thdi dd'i vdi ta't ca doanh nghiep, ea nhan, td chffc vi pham hdp ddng, de' bao ve ldi ieh eua doanh nghiep va ho ndng dan.
Thd ndm, Nhd nudc phdi ddu tU he thdng hg tdng hodn chinh de tgo dieu kien than lai cho sU lien kit
"4 nhd" trong CDLL. Dieu nay gan chat vdi edng tae trie'n khai xay dffng Chffdng trinh Muc tieu Qud'c gia ve xay dffng ndng thdn mdi, ma Dang, Nha nffdc eiing nhan dan ea nffdc dang chung tay xay dffng.
Uu tien dau tff thuy ldi va tao dieu kien phat trie'n md hinh CDLL tren toan vung Dong bang sdng Cffu Long. Dae biet la thie't ke^ lai ddng rudng de' thuan ldi cho ed gidi hda, hoan thien thiiy ldi ndi ddng, nang cap giao thdng de'n canh ddng, hd trd ndng dan mua may mdc thie't bi phue vu san xua't, thu hoaeh, ffu tien bao hiem ndng nghiep, ehinh sach khuye'n khich doanh nghiep dau tff vao CDLL, tich tu da't dai quy md hdp ly...
Thd sdu, cdn cd sU ke't ndi chat che giifa ho ndng ddn sdn xudt trong CDLL vdi doanh nghiep vd thi trudng. Day la van de khd nha't de' md rdng CDLL.
Vi vay, Nha nffdc can md ra nhieu hffdng de' xff ly van de tren. Trong nhffng nam qua, cac doanh nghiep thffdng ky hdp ddng bao tieu san pham vdi ndng dan, nhffng hien nay nhieu doanh nghiep khdng td chffc dffdc viec thu mua trffc tie'p vdi ndng dan do thie'u nhan life, kho tang, nen chu ye'u mua liia qua thffdng lai, hoac mua gao nguyen lieu. Trong dieu kien dd, can nghien effu, tdng ke't thffc tien de da dang hda cac phffdng thffe ciing nhff thi trffdng tieu thu, nhff:
ndng dan tham gia ed phan trong doanh nghiep kinh doanh gao; da'u thau tieu thu CDLL d giai doan liia chin; mot bd phan ndng dan d CDLL trd thanh thffdng lai lam dich vu van chuye'n, thu mua liia cho doanh nghiep... giiip doanh nghiep chuyen tam hdn trong boat ddng tieu thu san pbam.Q
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Tong cue Thd'ng ke (2017). Ke't qud Tong Dieu tra Ndng thdn, Ndng nghiep vd Thuy sdn ndm 2016, Nxb Thd'ng ke. Ha Ndi
2. Bd Ndng nghiep va Phat trie'n ndng thdn, UBND tinh An Giang (2017). Ky ye'u Hdi thdo Gidi phdp phdt trien ben vitng ngdnh hdng Ida ggo vung Dong bang sdng Cdu Long, thang 03/2017
3. Ma Ngoc Ha (2015). Lien ke't san xua't liia d Dong bang sdng Cffu Long va md hinh lien ke't 4 nha cua Cdng ty Co phan Bao ve Thifc vat An Giang, Tgp chi Nghien cdu Kinh te, thang
11/2015
4. Ngoc Bao (2016). Ddy mgnh tuyen truyen nhdn rdng md hinh cdnh dong mdu ldn d Dong bang sdng Cdu Long, truy cap tff http://www.tapehieongsan.org.vn/Home/PrintStory.aspx?distribution=
38758&print=true
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