PHAT TRIEN NANG lUC NGON NGO VA NANG LIIC VAN HOC
CHO HOC SINH PHO THONG TRU^dC YEU CAU M 6 |
O TS, NGUYEN QUANG Cl/ONG"
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P trude d i n nay, ndi d i n ndi dung dqy hqc cua mdn Tiing Viit (6 H I U hqc), NgQ vdn (d THCS vd THPT) Id nhdc tdi ndi dung tilng Viet (ngdn ngu) vd vdn hqc. Trong tilng Vi^t, kT ndng «vilt" dugc xdy dyng, phdt triln thdnh mdt phdn mdn khdc, dd Id Ldm vdn. Cd t h i ndi, du t§n ggi mdn hqc ndy cd nhilu cdch khdc nhau, nhung deu cd ba «mdng" kiln thuc kT ndng chinh: tieng Vidt, vdn hqc vd Idm vdn.1. Chuong frlnh mdn hqc hjy moi giai doqn cd khdc nhau, nhung deu dugc xdy dyng vd cdu h-uc dya vao nhung «vdt lieu" co bdn vua nSu. Tuy vdo myc Heu dqy hqc cua h/ng giai doqn md xdc djnh cdc ndi dung, itidi lugng cy I n l cho h/ng phdn mdn.
Vi vdy, nlu ehi xet ve ndi dung dqy hqc thi vd'n de neu len d ddy khdng ed gl mdi. Vd'n de se «mdi" vd chi «mdi" khi chung dugc nhin nhdn vdl mdt cdch filp cdn mdi, khdng chi d mdn hqc, md hudc hit d chuong trinh gido dye phd thdng (CTGDPT).
CTGDPT hl6n hdnh (dugc xdy dyng sou ndm 2000) cd nhilu tiln bd so vdi cdc CT h-udc dd.
Vdl mdn hqc Tiing Viet vd Ng(/ vdn, viec thye hien nguyen tdc «tfch hgp" trong mdn hqc sudt tu H I U hqc d i n THPT cung sy thay ddi quan niem gidng vdn truyin thdng bdng tu tv/dng dqc - hilu vdn bdn Id nhCrng net ndi bdt cua budc tiln dd.
Dd cung Id kit qud cua viec thay ddi cdch t i l p cdn CT. Tuy nhiSn, sou mot thdi gian su dyng, trude sy thay ddl nhanh chdng cua thye Hen cudc song vd khoa hqc cdng nghe,... nhin Iqi CT hien hdnn dd thd'y xudt hien nhi/ng bdt cdp. Trong bdi viet ndy, chung tdi chi bdn tdi nhung bdt cdp trong cdch Hip cdn
2. Mot so' van de ddt ra
Cung nhu nhieu nudc dang phdt h-ien, CTGDPT hien hdnh cua Viet Nam ve co bdn van ndm trong cdch Hip can cu. Dd Id viec thiet k l CT theo djnh hudng ndi dung; d dd, ngudi thiet k l CT mdn hqc vd gido vien (GV) thudng it chu trgng tdi tiem ndng, cdc giai dogn phdt thin, nhu cdu, hung Hiu vd dieu kien cua ngudi hpc md chi chu y den cdc yeu cdu cua kiln thuc mdn hqc.
Trong khi dd, bdi cdnh kinh t l xd hdi nudc ta sou 10 ndm dd khdc trude rdt nhilu. Nhung biin ddng mqnh me vd liSn h/c ddl thay cua mql y l u td cdu thdnh ddi sdng - ddc biSt v l khoa hqc Kf thudt vd cdng nghe dang Id thdch thuc Idn nhd't dd'i vdl mql xd hqi. Hien nhien, ngdnh gido dye khdng t h i dung ngoai thye te dd; md ngugc Iqi, vdi vj trf, chuc ndng cua minh, GD cd mdt vol trd vd nhidm vy h i t sue to Idn h-ong viec tqo ro mdt Idp ngudi ludn ndng dqng, sdng tqo nhdm ddp ung ygu cdu cua mdt xd hqi CNH, HDH vd bdt kjp vdi nhip do tdng tdc nhu vu bdo cua t h i gidi hien dqi.
Mdi h-udng hqc tdp mdi trong mp\ «fhe gidi phdng" se Idm thay doi khd nhieu quan niem ve ndng lye vd h-i thdng minh cua HS. Friedman cho rdng: «Trong mdt the gidi f^dng, chisothdr}g minh (IQ - Intelligence QuoNent) van quan trpng, nhung ehl so hiiu hpc (CQ - Curiosity Quotient) vd chi sd dam me (PQ Passion QuoHent) cdn quan trpnq hon. Cd thi dien dgt bdng bat phuona trinh CQ + PQ > IQ: su hiiu hpc cdng v6i Idnq dam me quan trpng hon tri thdng minh. Khdng aihpc cham bdng mpt dua tre td md, ham hiiu bi^ (1).
Sy thay ddi ve tdm - sinh li cua HSphd thdng cung Id mot van de phdi quan tdm. T n l he 8X, 9X bdy gid dd thd'y khdc, the he HS sinh ra sou ndm 2010 chdc chdn se cdn khdc biet vdl chung ta hdm nay rdt nhieu. Dieu ndy Id binh thudng vd cd tinh phd bien d tdt cd cdc qudc gia. Cdc nhd GD edn biet vd tinh d i n sy thay ddl, khdc biet dd d mql hoqt dqng GD vd h-ong sud't qud trinh GD.
Tinh yeu trong hqc dudng cung Id van de cdn chu y dd'i vdl HS thdi nay. Do dugc hudng thy cudc song vqt chd't tuong dd'i ddy du, tdm sinh If phdt triln, td't yeu hqc trd cd xu hudng «blet yeu"
sdm. Sy xudt hien nhung bd phim thieu Idnh mqnh; yeu cdu ve gido aye gidi Hnh hqn che;
cha me, thdy cd gido khdng quan tdm dung muc,... cung Idm gia tdng Hnh trqng «lqm phdt yeu" d tudi hoc trd.
* Tnrdng Bai lipc Quy Nhon
Tap ehi Giao due so 2 6 6 cfa 2 - 7/201 I
Vdn hod nghe nhin, cde phuong Hen thdng Hn gidi mdn Ngu vdn. Nhu vdy, gdn 100% HS edp lien Iqc, gidi trf tren mqng internet chdc chdn se THPT chi hqc vdn de thi do tdt nghiep md thdi.
da dqng. Hen nghi vd hien dqi hon nhieu. Viec Diem quo bdi cdnh tren ddy de thd'y chung ta hqc d trudng vdi SGK vd bdi gidng cua thdy chi cdn cd mdt sy thay ddi trong Hep edn, thiet ke Id mdt trong nhieu ngudn thdng tin den vdi HS. CTGD ndi chung vd CT Ngu vdn ndi rieng. Ddy VI vdy, neu khdng dugc ddo tqo, GV se «lqc hdu" cung Id mdt trong nhCrng If do quan trqng de nhieu hon HS rdt nhieu v l thdng Hn, edp nhdt thdng tin qud'c gia dd vd dang bdt ddu mdt cudc thay ddi, cung nhi/ng kT ndng vdn dyng vd su dyng cdng adi mdi, thdm chf cdi cdch GD. Cdch Hep edn nghe thdng Hn vd cdc phuong Hen nghe nhin hien mdi dugc nhieu nude quan tdm hien nay chfnh Id dqi... Quan niem thdm mT, sy nhdn thuc ve cdi Hip edn xdy dyng vd thilt k l CTGD theo hudng thien, cdi cao cd, cdi hdi, cdi bi, tinh nhan dao, phdt trien ndng lye (competency-based Idnq thuong ngudi, niem tin... trong HS hien nay curriculum), hudng tdi ndng luc cua nqudi hgc dd khdc nhieu so vdi the he sinh ra trong nhCrng vd quan tam chu y tiem nang, cdc giai dogn phdt ndm tdm muoi, chin muoi cua the ki XX. then, nhu cdu, suhung thu vd dieu kien cua ngudi Hon nua, neu trude ddy, trong bd'n buc tudng hgc. VI t h i , ndi dung vd phuong phdp dqy hqc Idp hqc, HS chi bilt ngdi yen nghe GV gidng, edn «uyen chuyin", mem mqi hon cho phu hgp cdng cy dqy vd hqc chu yeu Id bdng den, phdn vdi dd'i tuqng vd hodn cdnh cy the.
trdng vd md'y cud'n SGK... Cdn «Hgc sinh thai Chfnh cdch tilp cdn ndy dd dqt ra nhCrng yeu dgi sd, thdi mgnq, quen Idm nhieu viec mgt luc, edu mdi cho viec thilt ke vd xdy dyng ndi dung dong thai nghe nhgc, ndi dien thogI vd dung mdy CT cde mdn hqc, trong dd cd mdn Tieng Viet vd tinh. Hpc mang tinh chat tu hpc vd tu tim hieu vdn Ngu vdn. Vd vdn de ddu tien edn quan tdm bdn de nhieu han. Hpc vd choi trd choi tren mdy tinh ludn Id xdc ldp mdt quan niem dung ve ndng lye thuc ti trd thdnh mdtphdn cua viec gido dye con ngdn ngu vd ndng lye ngu vdn cua HS.
ngudi. Cung nhu nhieu nudc phdt triin tinh trpng 3. Quan niem ve <cndng lye ngdn ngflr vd HS it dpc cdc tdc phdm cd dien (U. Sechxpia, nang lye vdn hqc*
V. Hugo, H. Bangiac, L.Tdn-xtdi, T. Sekhdp, R. Theo Tu dien tieng Viet (3), khdi niem «ndng Togo, Li Bach, Do Phu, Tdo Tuyit Cdn, Thi Ngi lye* cd hai nghTa: I) Khd ndng, dieu kien chu Am, Nguyen Trdi, Nguyen Du,...), ham me cdc quan hodc tu nhien san cd de thuc hien mgt hoat trd choi dien tu tren mang (gammes online), thich ddng ndo dd; 2) Phdm chat tdm ll vd sinh ll tgo bdy td quan niem, thdi dp, suy nghT tren dien cho con ngudi khd ndng hodn thdnh mgt hogt ddn mgng, ddc biet vdi su phdt then cua Blag, dgng ndo dd vdi chd't lugng cao. Nhu vdy, cd facebook... Kem theo thi gidi dien dnh vd thudt, hoi nghTa ndy deu khdng djnh: dd Id ndng lye phim truyen chuong, phim hdnh ddng, phim kinh dut khodt phdi ed khd ndng «thuc hien", phdi di, trd choi cdm gidc mpnh... xu hudng bpo luc thdng qua «hdnh dgng", phdi bdt toy «ldm" ehu trong hgc dudng cung cdn dugc cdnh bdo. Chinh khdng chi ndi If thuyet sudng. DT nhien, ngudi cd vi thi gido dye cdng nghe thdng tin vd truyen ndng lye phdi hdnh dqng mdt cdch ed y thuc, cd thdng (ICT) rd't cdn dugc coi trgng cd hai mat kiln thuevded kTndng, dung nhu cdch hieu «ndng (nhung Igi ich vd nhung tdc hgl, nguy hiem) dd'i luc Id kiin thuc, kTndng vd cdc gid trj dugc phdn vdi HS trong nhd trudng phd thdng" (2). dnh trong nhi/ng thdi quen suy nghTvd hdnh dgng
Cud'i cung, cung cdn neu len mdt thye trqng cua moi cd nhdn" (4).
ddng budn vdi mdn hqc NgCr vdn. Cd mdt thye Ndng lye trong CTGD Id sy trinh bdy «nhi/ng te, trong nhCrng ndm gdn ddy, sd' lugng HS ddng gl HS cd the Idm dugc" tuong ung vdi muc do cua ki hqc vd thi ban Xd hdi Nhdn vdn ngdy cdng ft mot Idp/cdp hqc cy the. CT theo ndng lye nhdn di, chd't lugng hqc tdp bd mdn cung ngdy cdng mqnh \u «ndi dung bdi hqc cd gi" din viec HS cd gidm. Cde sd lieu thdng ke cho thdy, mdn NgCr the hqc vd «ldm gl" cho phij hgp. Vi the, GV vd vdn dang ddn trd thdnh mdn hqc phy (ndm 2009, HS edn biet dqt dugc «klt qud gi" vd hieu qud chi ed 1,82% hqc sinh trung hqc theo hqc ban Xd nhu t h i ndo trong hqc tdp de cd the ddnh gid. Vi hdi - Nhdn vdn). NhCrng HS hqc ban ndy (thi khdi dy, trong kiln thuc ngdn ngCr, nlu bdi hqc chi C) khdng phdi todn Id nhCrng HS gidi md cdc em neu len nhCrng yeu cdu ve ngCr phdp vd cdc kT theo hqc chdng aua vl khdng theo hqc dugc cde ndng khdc cdn dqy, thi vdi djnh hudng ndng lye, ban khdc. Trong khi dd, Iqi ed khd nhieu em hqc bdi hoc Iqi hudng tdi viec HS cd the viet td't nhu the ban Khoa hqc ty nhien (thi khdi A vd D) Iqi hqe ndo vdi viec su dyng ngO phdp md hq dugc hqc.
Tap chi Giao due so 2 6 6 (ki 2 • 7/2011) ^(^
Theo cdch tilp cdn mdi ndy, myc HSu cua mdn Tilng Vi§t vd Ngu vdn duong nhiln cdn hinh thdnh vd phdt triln cho HS ndng lye ngdn ngu (Hing Vi§t) vd ndng lye vdn hqc. Sou ddy Id cdch hilu cua chung tdl v l ndi dung cua hai ndng lye ndy.
3. /. Ndmg Ipc ngdn ngCr (bnguague competence) Id khd ndng (hodc kiln thuc) Idm mdt vile gl dd bdng cdch su dyng ngdn ngu. Chung ta si/ dyng ngdn ngCr d l ndi vd vilt, cung nhu doe nhOng gl ngudi khdc vilt ra hodc nghe nhung gl ngudi khdc ndi.
Ndng lye ngdn ngCr dugc tqo nSn bdi cdc thdnh td' sou: a) Nhung kiin thuc vi ngdn ngCr, gdm he thdng chu cdi, chinh td, phdt dm, tu vung, ngu phdp, tu tu...; b) Nhung iff ndng vi ngdn ngu, gdm hoi kT ndng dung d l «tilp nhdn"
tu ben ngodi (dpc, nghe) vd hai kT ndng cdn cho tqo ldp do chu t h i tqo ro (ndi, viit); c) Tinh cdm, thdi dp dd'i vdi ngdn ngu vd trong viSe su dyng Hing Viet. Dd Id y thuc hqc hdi, tich luy nhung hilu bilt v l ngdn ngu; thdi do trdn trqng, gii/ gin, bdo ve, gdp phdn Idm gidu dep vd trong sdng them tilng Viet..
Do ddc dilm ddn cu vd ngdn ngO khde nhau nen ben eqnh Hing Viet Id ngdn ngCr qudc gia, CTGDPT Viet Nam edn edn cd ndi dung dqy hqc mdt sd' ngdn ngu ddn tdc ft ngt/dl khdc. Vi the, khi ndi d i n ndng lye ngdn ngu cua HS phd thdng cdn chu y d i n ed hai loqi ngdn ngu vua neu.
3.2. Nang luc vdn hpc (literary competence) Id khd ndng hilu mdt vdn bdn cua ngudi dqc tren co sd bilt rd ve sy dien gidi hgp li he thdng tin hieu hodc «md" euo vdn hqc.
Ndng lye vdn hqc dugc tqo nen bdi cdc thdnh to sou: a) Nhung kiin thucve vdn hqe: dd Id nhCmg hieu bilt v l lich su vdn hpc, tdc phdm vdn hpc vd //' ludn vdn hpc...; b) NhOng UrTodng vdn hqc: chu yeu Id dpc hiiu vdn bdn, phdn tich vd ddnh gid cdc gid fri vdn hqe,...; c) Tinh cdm, thdi dp ddi vdi tiip nhdn vdn hpc: Idng say me vdn hqc; y thuc fim tdi, khdm phd cdc gid tri sdu sdc, dqc ddo cua tdc phdm vdn hqe frong qud h-inh Hip nhdn thudng thuc vdn hqc.
Trong chuong trinh cua nhilu nudc, ndng luc vdn hpc dugc tfch hgp vdo ndng luc ngdn ngu thdng qua viec phdt trien kT ndng dqc vdl nhilu ed'p do khdc nhau, ddc bi§t Id dpc - hiiu. Rieng d Viet Nam, do truyen thd'ng dqy hqc vdn khd sdu ddm nen ndng lye vdn hqc rdt dugc chu y (nhd't Id d ede kl kilm tra, thi), trong khi Hnh chd't
cdng cy cua ndng lye tilng Viet ed phdn bj coi nh?. Ddy Id m§t trong nhi/ng hqn e h l edn xem x6t, khdc phye.
Tu cdch hilu v l hoi loqi ndng lye chu y l u tren ddy, chung to edn xdc djnh dugc yeu cdu cung nhu «chudn ndng lye'' cy t h i cho mdi giai doqn hqc tdp mdt cdch phu hgp. Ddc biet, edn xdy dyng dugc cdc bdng chung (Heu chi) cy t h i di cd t h i ddnh gid chfnh xdc vd khdch quan kit qud hqc tdp cua ngudi hqc theo ySu cdu phdt triln ndng lye nhdm phdt huy hon nC/a tdc dyng ddi mdi ndi dung CT vd phuong phdp dqy hqc.Q
(1) Thomas Friedman. Thtf gidi ph§ng. NXB Tri, TP Hd Chi Minh, 2005.
(2) Dd Ngpc Thdng. "Chuyin d6i lim nhin giio due cho phi^ hgp vdi dO'i tugng v^ mOi trudng hpc tap"
Tap chi Khoa hqe gido d{ic, 2008.
(3) Ho^ng Phe (chij hi^n). Tdrdiln ti^ng Vift. NXB Dd Ndng, 2000.
(4) Cii cich giio dijc d Indonesia. http://www.
Worldedreform.com/infercon/lcedre9.htm
Nang cao hieu qua day hoc...
(Tiip theo trang 34)
dpc hilu VB vdn xudi, mdt xu hudng DH biwi nhi/ng ndi dung h-t/u tagng thdnh nhi}ng ddu hieu trye quan nhdm giijp HS de hinh dung hon kiln thuc CO bdn cua mot bdi hqc. So vdi dung Idi, viec dung phuong Hen true quan mang Hnh cy thi nhu vdy dugc coi Id mot cdng cy de «thi phqm hda',
«h/dng mlnh hda", bien nht}ng li thuyet vdn rdt khd hieu h-ong mot bdi hqc h d nen don gidn hon, HS d l quan sdt hon. Tu bien phdp ndy, HS cd the ffnh hqi kiln thuc mot cdch nhanh chdng, khdi qudt vd ghi nhd Idu hdnh dugc tinh frqng ddng \o ngqi hi§n nay Id hqc thuqc Idng vd bj dp ddt bdi cdng thuc Idm vdn cua GV de phdt huy tinh sdng tqo cua minh hx>ng cdm thy vdn chuong. 1^
Tk\ lifu tham khao
1. Nguyfin Thj Ban. Sit dung Graph trong dgy hoc tiing Viit cho hgc sinh trung hoc casir. LuSn an ti^n si Giio diic hpc. Hi Npi, 2004.
2. Nguyfin Ngpc Bio. M6t sSsuy nghi vi tinh tich cue d^e ldp. Hii NOi, 1983.
3. Nguyfin Gia Ciu. "Su Ic^t hgp hii hoa cic phuong phip day hpc", Tgp chi Gido due, sO' 150 (ki 2 thing
11/2006).
4. Phan Trpng LuSn (chii bien). Thiet kg bai hoc Ngu van 10,11,12. NXB Gido due, H 2009.
