PHONG Tnno f>nu TRRNH cun G I 6 I TRI THITC PHRP UNG HO cuoc KHRNG CHICN CHONG Ml CUR VICT NRM (1954 -1975)
TS. Nguyen Thj Hanh
Bgi hgc Swpham Hd Npi Cudc khang chien chdng Mt cuu nudc
cua dan tpc Viet Nam dugc the gidi biet den nhu bilu tugng cua long qua cam va y chi sat da cua mpt dan tpc nhd be song khong bao gid bilt liii budc truoc ke thd, bieu tugng cua
"luang tri thdi dgi" va "phdm gid con ngudi". Ciing chinh bdi Ie dd, thfing lgi cua cugc khang chien ehdng MT khdng chi la thanh qua cua rieng nhan dan Viet Nam ma cdn la cua nhan loai yeu chugng hda binh tren toan the gidi. Lam nen net dfic biet cua cugc khang chien chdng Mi chinh la su ung hd manh me va ben bi cua phong trao hda binh d Phap vdi su tham gia dong dao va phong phli ciia cac giai tang trong xa hgi Phap. Dac biet va ghi dau an, ddng thdi ciing tao nen sy khac biet vdi cac phong trao khac chinh la sy ung hp cua tang ldp tri thiic Phap. Bai viet de cap tdi nhiing hoat ddng ciia "Lien dodn cdc trudng dgi hoc Phdp'''' (Intersyndicat Universitaire-lSU) va "Hoi y te Phdp-Viir (Association medicale Franco- vietnamienne - AMFV) trong phong trao dau hanh ung hd Viet Nam khang chien chong Mi.
1. Hoat ddng cua Lien doan cac tru'dng dai hQc Phap (Intersyndicat Universitaire — ISU)
La mpt td chiic chinh trj lien ket Cong doan cua cac trudng dai hgc khac nhau vdi thanh phdn tham gia chinh la cac giang vien dai hpc, ben canh do cdn cd ca cac nghien cdu vien, sinh vien, Lien doan cac trudng dai hpc Phap dai dien cho nhiing tu tudng het sue tien bp va ludn di dau trong cac phong trao dau tranh xa hdi. Trong sudt thdi gian dien ra chien tranh Viet Nam, ben canh viec ludn tich cyc tham gia mgi boat ddng chung eita phong trao hda binh Phap ung hg Viet Nam, Lien doan ciing co nhieu sang kien hoat dgng rieng re va gay dugc tieng vang Idn.
Ngay 7/2/1965, MT bfit ddu chiln djch nem bom mien Bae, sy tan pha khde liet cua nd ngay lap tuc dugc bao "Nhdn dgo'" dang tai, da gay chan dpng du luan Phap ciing nhu tren the gidi. Phong trao ddu tranh eua nhan dan Phap bung len manh me va Idi keo ngay
' Bdo Nhdn dgo (L'Humanite) Id ca quan ng6n lu^n cua Ddng Cpng san Phdp, du«c thdnh !§p ndm 1904 vd Id m0t trong nhihig Xd bdo c6 uy tin, thu hiit dufc so lupng ban dpc d6ng dao a nudc Phap vd trfin the gidi.
tfjiMtuft^/rs! >imjfp_^ ^ 75
cang nhieu cac thanh phan xa hdi khac nhau tham gia. Ciing bfit dau tu thdi diem nay Lien doan cac trudng dai hpc Phap da phat dpng rieng mgt phong trao dau tranh ung hg Viet Nam manh me. Phong trao dugc mang ten: "Dodn ket vi Viet Nam."
Xuat phat diem ciia phong trao phfii ke din mpt yeu td cd anh hudng dfic biet dd chinh la phong trao bieu tinh cua sinh vien MT chdng chien tranh Viet Nam. Bfit dau tu nhiing nfim 1960, khi MT tang cudng cupc chien tranh d Viet Nam, trong xa bpi MT da cd nhiing xao trpn Idn. Ldp thanh nien dupc sinh ra trong thdi ky "bung no ddn 50" sau Chien tranh thl gidi Hai dang la sinh vien dai hgc hofic vua ra trudng da phai ddi mat vdi nhiing van de xa hgi nhu: nan that nghiep hay nhiing he tu tudng chinh trong xa hpi ma ddi vdi hg da trd nen qua loi thdi.
Ban than hp lai dugc tiep thu nhieu tu tudng mdi va each nhin nhan cugc sdng ciing khac han. Do vay, hp mudn lam mpt "cwpc cdch mgng''' de thay ddi xa hdi. Dung thdi diem do, thuc te cupc chien tranh ma MT tien hanh d Viet Nam da tae dpng tdi tu duy chinh tri cua gidi tre MT. Khat vpng tu do cua dan tdc Viet Nam nhd be ciing hoa nhip vdi khat vpng ty do ciia gidi tre trong ddi sdng chinh hi, trong hpc thuat... v.v. Xuat phat td nhChig ylu td dd, bfit ddu tu thang 9/1964, mgt phong trao bieu tinh manh me cua sinh vien Ml bung nd, bfit dau tu trudng dai hpc
Berkeley vdi muc dich ddi chinh phu MI phai ap dung cac quyen tu do thanh lap cac td chdc chinh tri ddi vdi sinh vien. Khi cupc nem bom dau tien cua MT ra miln Bfic dupe tien hanh, muc tieu phan ddi chiln tranh ma MT tien hanh d Viet Nam trd thanh tam dilm cua phong trao dau tranh d cac trudng dai hpc MT.
Vao thdi diem do, ddi song chinh tri d nudc Phap ciing sdi dpng khdng kem. Trong cac trudng dai hgc Phap, xu hudng phai thay ddi xfi hdi dupe gidi tre dfit ra. Anh hudng cua tu tudng "phi thuc ddn hoa" phd bien trong ddi sdng chinh tri nudc Phap va phong trao dau tranh chdng MT d Viet Nam la tam diem cua tu tudng nay.
Mdt trong nhimg ca nhan dau tien ndi
"sai ddy""' doan ket dau tranh chong chien tranh Viet Nam giiia cac trudng dai hpc MT va Phap la Harvey Goldberg. La giang vien cua Dai hgc Michigan, Goldberg cd nhieu cong trinh nghien curu ve "chit nghia thuc dan" va dfic biet rat quan tam tdi lich su dau tranh "phi thuc ddn hoa" cua cac dan tpc thuge dia^. La mdt trong nhiing ngudi lanh dao cugc ddu tranh cua Lien doan cac trudng
Madeleine Reberioux, "Des universitaires americains aux origines du colleclif intersyndicat universitaire francais". Vietnam - une cooperation exemplaire, I'Harmattan, 2004, p. 29. {"Anh hudng cua phong trdo ddu tranh a cdc trudng dai hqc l^tdi Phong trdo quyen gop vi Viet Nam cua Lien dodn cdc trudng dai hqc Phdp", Vi^t Nam- m^t vf dy cua su hpp tdc, NXB Harmattan, 2004, tr. 29).
76 NGHIEN CLfU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES K E V l t w w o i i a » | . « w i a
dai hpc MT chong chien tranh Viet Nam, Goldberg mudn phong trao phat trien rpng hem nua bfing viec lien ket vdi phong trao cua cac nudc Tay Au, nhat la ciia nudc Phap.
De thuc hien y tudng do, thang 2/1965, Goldberg tim each lien lac vdi nhiing ngudi lanh dao Lien doan cac trudng dai hpc Phap va de nghi phat dpng mpt phong trao ung hd ciia gidi tri thuc d Phap cho cupc khang chien chdng MT cua nhan dan Viet Nam. Y tudng nay ngay lap tdc nhan dugc su ung hp cua ngudi lanh dao cao nhat cua Lien doan qudc gia cac Giang vien dai hpc Piere Kahane - Tdng thu ky Lien doan. Ong da trieu tap hpi nghi toan the ngay sau do va dat dugc su ddng thuan ve viec phat dpng mpt phong trao dau tranh ung hp Viet Nam dudi ten gpi "Dodn Mt vi Viet Nam" vdi sy tham gia ddng dao cua cac giang vien, nghien cuu vien, sinh vien cac trudng dai hpc tren toan nudc Phap. Phong trao phat dgng hai binh thuc dau tranh chu yeu:
Thic nhdt, td chuc nhiing boat ddng tuyen truyin rpng rai de vach trdn ban chdt cupc chien tranh MT tien hanh d Vi^t Nam nhfim chdng lai nhirng luan dieu xuyen tac
' Jean-Pierre Kahane sinh ndm 1926 tai Paris, Id cuu sinh vien cua Dai hpc Su Pham Paris vd sau d6 trd thdnh gido su Todn hpc cua nhigu trudng dai hpc d Phap; id thanh vign cua Vi^n Hdn lam Khoa hoc Phdp.. Ong Id ngudi ldnh dao vd cd nhung hoat dpng hgt siic tich c\rc trong Phong trdo chfing chien tranh Viet Nam. http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_
Kahane
ma MT d u a ra trong viec t h a m chien 6 Viet N a m .
Thu hai, td chuc n h i l u boat ddng de phan doi mpi hinh thuc chien tranh.
Hoat dpng dau tien ciia Lien doan co quy md toan nudc Phap va sau do .anh hudng tdi nhilu nudc chau Au d i l n ra vao ngay 21/3/1965. Trong ngay do. Lien doan da to chuc hai cugc mit tinh ldn vdi ngi dung
"Trudng Dgi hoc chong lgi cuoc chiin tranh Viet Nam" va "Ldi keu goi ctia cdc gidng vien dgi hqc chdng lgi chien tranh Viet Nam vd su xdm luac ciia MT'. Cac thanh vien tham gia mit tinh da tien hanh thu thap chir ki ung hg Viet Nam tai cac trudng dai hpc tren toan nudc Phap va sau dd phat trien phong trao d nhieu nudc Tay Au khac.^
De m d rgng b a n nua hoat dgng, nhimg ngudi lanh dao phong trao da cd sang kien xuat ban tap san. Thang 10/1965, sd ddu tien cua tap san phong trao "Dodn kit vi Viet Nam " dugc phat hanh. Tap san dfing nhiing thdng tin va boat dpng cua Phong trao ciing nhu sd tai san quyen gop dugc cho Viet Nam. Trong sudt nhung nam tu 1965 din 1975, cd tdi 28 sd tap san da dugc xuat ban va da thu hut dugc rdt ddng dao ban dgc.
Nicole Simon-Cortgs, "Pour une histoire da Colleclif 1965-1975", Vietnam - une cooperation exemplaire, I'Harmattan, 2004, p. 32. ( "Ljch su phong trdo Dodn kit vi Viet Nam (1965-1975)", Viet Nam - mdt vi du ciia su hap Idc, NXB Harmattan, 2004, tr. 32)
Nicole Simon-Cort6s, sdd, tr.33.
rp:.
Bfit dau tu nfim 1966, Lien doan cac trudng Dai hpc Phap da co nhiing sang kien to chuc boat dpng mang tinh chat cy the va dat hieu qua hon. Mgt trong nhiing sang kiln tieu bieu va sau do dugc nhieu td chuc khac lam theo chinh la cupc van dpng "Sdu gid vi Viet Nam" dien ra ngay 26/03/1966 tren toan nudc Phap. Hoat ddng nay da thu hiit dugc su tham gia cua nhieu nhan vat chinh tri quan trgng, dai dien cua cac to chiic cong doan vdi hoat dgng phong phii nhu: bieu dien ca nhac, dpc tha, chieu phim, hpi thao...nham myc dinh tuyen truyen va quyen gop eho Viet Nam.
Hoat dgng "Sdu gid vi Viet Nam" da co tieng vang ldn tren toan nudc Phap. Ngay sau do, c6 nhieu to chuc quan chiing khac cung hudng ung boat ddng nay theo each tucmg tu. Vi du, " Uy ban Qudc gia Viet Nam" (CVN), ngay 28/10/1966, cung td chuc mgt hoat dgng vdi ten ggi "Sdu gid ciia the gidi vi Viet Nam" hay ngay 10/12/1966,
"Uy ban hdnh dong vi hoa binh" ciing to chuc mgt cugc dieu hanh vdi ten gpi "Sdu gid ciia the gidi vi Viet Nam" d quang tmdng Bastile (Paris).
Sang den nfim 1967, boat dpng cua Lien doan trd nen sdi ndi chua timg thay vdi rat nhieu sy kien quan trgng nhu: chien dich ''Quyen gop sdch cho Viet Nam" tu ngay 9/5;
de xudng va chu tri "Ngdy tri thuc Viet Nam"; tham gia vao sy kien "Hoi hoa vi hda
binh cho Viet Nam" (thang 6-7/1967) va da quyen gdp dupc nhilu tac phdm hpi hpa d l ban lay tien ung hd Viet Nam.^
Ben canh nhiing boat dgng ty khdi xudng. Lien doan cac trudng Dai hpc ciing tich cyc tham gia vao chien dich "Con tdu vi Viet Nam" dugc Dang Cpng san Phap phat dpng bfit dau td ngay 03/11/1967.' Myc tieu cua phong trao dfit ra la "trong vdng hai thdng, phdi quyen gop duac 5.000 tdn hien vdt" de ung hp Viet Nam. Cac thanh vien cua Lien doan da tham gia tich cyc thdng qua nhieu boat dgng khac nhau nhu: quyen gdp tien va hien vat, tu lam va ban nhiing tam thiep chuc mimg, ban nhiing tac pham hpi hpa de lay tien mua cac hien vat can thiet
Nicole Simon-Cort^s, "V Comme Viet Nam, D'Armand GatlC\ (V (Chiin thdng) gidng nhu Viet Nam") sdd, tr. 37 (Tigng Phap, "Victoire" c6 nghTa Id
"Chien thang". Ngirdi viet chai chit khi sur dung chiJ cdi dau ciia Vicloire vd chiJ cai dau ciia tit Viet Nam dg noi I6n bieu Urcmg chi6n thdng. Armand Gatti Id nha hoat d6ng nghe thuat c6 tigng d Phap va chju anh hudng nhieu tir cac nhd each mang nhu Fidel Castro, Ernesto Guevara. Ong da chiu trach nhigm chinh cho viec thanh lap vd xue tign hoat dpng ciia phdng nghg thuat Gatti, tap trung vdo viec to chirc nhung buoi trung bay tranli va cac tdc pham nghe thuat dd quyen gdp dupc, to chuc ban cac tac pham nghe thuat va cac budi trinh diln nghe thu|it dg lay kinh phi cho hoat dong ciia phong trao va cdc hoat ddng khde iing hO Viet Nam) http://fr.wikipedia org/wiki/Armand_Gatti.
' Xem them bai vigt ciia Nguyin Thi Hgnh, "Su ung ho cua Ddng Cgng sdn Phdp doi v&i Viet Nam d Hgi nghi Paris (1968-1973)", T^tp chi Nghien ctru Chau Au, 56 5(128) 2011, tr.58-67.
Andrg Narritsens, "Le Vietnam en mai", les Cahiers, 5/1968, p.20 ("Viet Nam trong su kien thdng Ndm" s6 thdng 5/1968, tr. 20).
78 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N"6 (IS^l-^Uls
ung hd cho "Con tdu vi Viet Nam. "Den cudi dgt, rieng cac td chuc Cdng doan da quyen gdp dupc 120 trieu franc, trong dd ddng gop ciia Lien doan cac trudng Dai hpc Phap chiem mgt so Iugng khdng nhd.'°
Ngay 18/01/1969, dam phan 4 ben vl vdn de hda binh cho Viet Nam chinh thuc dugc bat dau tai Paris. Nhan thay su can thiet phai md rdng anh hudng cua phong trao
"Dodn kit vi Viet Nam" de cd dugc su giup dd thiet thyc nhat cho Hgi nghi Paris, nhiing ngudi lanh dao Lien doan da ra Idi keu ggi doan ket ddi vdi nhtmg ai quan tam tdi cugc chien tranh Viet Nam. Ldi keu gpi dupc dfing trong tap san so dac biet vao thang 7/1969 vdi tieu de "Su giup dd Viet Nam mdi chi bdt ddul":
"Trong thdi gian gdn day, Viet Nam da md mgt mat trgn mdi cd tinh chdt quyet dinh cho cudc khdng chien thdn thdnh cua hp, mat trgn ngogi giao tgi Paris! Cudc khdng chiin ciia nhdn-ddn Viet Nam da budc din giai dogn cuoi! Di co the thdng lai trong cuoc ddu Iranh ndy, cdn phdi tdng cudng hem niia sue mgnh cd tinh thdn vd vgt chdt Di iing ho Viet Nam tren mat Iran ngogi giao, chiing ta cdn phdi ldm cho du lugn thi gidi hiiu ro vi nhiing dudng ldi, chii truang cua phia Viet Nam Ddn chii Cgng hda vd Mat Iran Ddn toe
gidi phong Miin Nam Viet Nam. Vi mat vgt chdt, cdn phdi hieu rdng nhdn ddn Viet Nam cdn mgt su giiip dd vo cung to ldn, vd chiing ta, tdt cd nhieng gidng vien dgi hoc, cdc nhd nghien ciru, sinh vien... hdy hdnh dong ngay lap tiec vdi nhung su giiip da thiet thuc nhdt! "
Ldi keu ggi nhan dugc sy hudng iing nhiet tinh tu cac thanh vien cua Lien doan cac trudng dai hgc Phap. Trong suot thdi ky Hdi nghi Paris dien ra, da cd hang tram cugc bieu tinh cua giang vien, nghien cuu vien, sinh vien cac trudng dai hpc dau tranh doi MT phai dam phan thyc su. Nhirng yeu sach ma phia Viet Nam dua ra trong qua trinh dam phan ciing dugc Lien doan phd bien rpng rai nham tranh thu sy ung bp eua du luan. Dac biet, d giai doan phia Viet Nam quyet dinh dua ndi dung Hiep dinh ra dau tranh cdng khai de tranh thu sy img hp ciia du luan quoc te, Lien doan cac trudng dai hgc Phap da cd nhiing hoat dpng manh me ca trong va ngoai nudc de thu hiit du luan Phap va thl gidi ung ho Viet Nam.
Su img bd cua Lien doan eac trudng dai hpc Phap dli vdi Viet Nam khdng chi dimg Iai d pham vi trong nudc. Vdi thl manh la hgp tac qudc te cua cac trudng dai hgc va cac vien nghien ciiu, Lien doan md rgng hoat dgng cua minh tdi nhieu trudng dai hpc tren Nicole Simon-Cort^s, "Pour une histoire du
Colleclif 1965-1975", sdd, tr.36.
Andrg Narritsens, sdd, p.20. Nicole Simon-Cort^s, sdd, tr.36.
q....
the gidi. Cac giang vien Phap tham gia phong trao, thdng qua nhiing ehuyen trao doi va hop tac khoa hpe cua minh, da phat dgng phong trao img hg Viet Nam tdi cac ddng nghiep d nhieu trudng dai hgc thupc nhieu qudc gia Tay Au va thu hiit dugc sy iing hg dong dao den tu dgi ngii giang vien cua cac nudc: Due, Thuy ST, Thyy Dien, Ha Lan, v.v., thong qua nhieu boat ddng thiet thyc nhu: quyen gdp tien, sach bao, thu thap chii ky phan ddi chien tranh, v.v. Va dieu quan trpng hon ca la thdng qua nhiing bai giang cua cac giang vien dai hpc, thue te cupc chien ma Mi da tien hanh d Viet Nam da tac dgng sau sfic tdi ddng dao sinh vien d cac trudng dai hgc va dieu nay tao nen mot anh hudng lau dai.
Nhu vay, trong sudt thdi gian boat dgng cua minh, tu 1966 den 1975, phong trao
"Dodn kit vi Viet Nam" do Lien doan cac tmdng Dai hgc khdi xudng da tao dupc tieng vang to ldn va thu hut dupc su tham gia cua nhieu to chuc Cdng doan nganh khac nhau nhu: thu vien, giao due v.v. Hem the niia, hoat dpng cua Lien doan khdng chi cd nhiing anh hudng to ldn va manh me trong nudc Phap ma cdn la cau ndi cho phong trao dau tranh the gidi. Day la mgt trong nhiing phong trao cd anh hudng rgng Idn nhat khdng phai bdi quy md cua nd ma bdi tinh chat dfic thu cua thanh phan tham gia. Cae giao su, giang vien cua cac trudng dai hpc
Phap da tao dupc mdt anh hudng het sue to ldn thdng qua dac tnmg nghe nghiep cua hp.
Do d6, su ung hp cua Lien doan cac trudng Dai hpc khdng chi mang y nghTa to ldn doi vdi cupe khang chien chong MT cua nhan dan Viet Nam ma cdn dua phong trao dau tranh chinh tri cua nudc Phap trong giai doan do len mgt tam cao mdi.
2. Hoat dpng ciia Hoi Y te Phap-Viet (Association medicale Franco- vietnamienne - AMFV)
Dupc thanh lap vao nfim 1967 do sang kien ciia nhiing ngudi dung dau trong "Hoi Cgng sdn Cdch mgng" (La Ligue Communiste Revolutionnaire (1968-1981), Hpi Y t l Phap-Viet da cd nhirng boat dpng het sue thiet thuc va da gay dupc nhiing tilng vang to ldn doi vdi phong trao chung cua nudc Phap img hg Viet Nam. Trong qua trinh boat dgng, Hgi da thu but dupc su quan tam cua nhieu nhan vat dau nganh y te Phap va cd nhiing giiip do bet sue hieu qua ca ve thudc men lan ky thuat ddi vdi Viet Nam cho din nam 1975. T6 chdc nay cdn la cau noi cho su giup dd cua nhieu td chuc y te khac eua chau Au den dugc vdi Viet Nam .
Hdi Y te Phap-Viet ra ddi trong thdi dilm cupc chiln tranh Viet Nam ngay cang 12
Jean-Paul Salles, La Ligue Communiste Revolutionnaire (1968-1981), Presses universitaires de Rennes, Rennes 2005, p.78. (Hpi Cdng sdn Cdch mang (1968-1981), NXB Dai hpc Rennes, Rennes 2005, tr.78).
80 NGHIEN CCfU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N'O iia»|.*uij
trd nen ac liet. Chinh phu MT dfi su dung nhieu Ioai vii hda hpc bi cam trong cac cupc chiln tranh dl chdng Iai nhung ngudi dan Viet Nam ddu tranh cho dpc lap dan tgc. Tac hai cua nhiing loai vu khi nay khdng ehi la trude mat ma con de lai di chiing rat lau dai.
Thyc te do cua cupc chien Viet Nam da tac dpng manh tdi cac td chuc y te tren toan the gidi ndi chung va tdi dai bg phan gidi bae si d Phap ndi rieng.
Trong thdi gian dau, khi chua thanh lap dugc td chdc rieng, gidi bae sT Phap da cung sat canh vdi gidi tri thuc Phap thudc nhieu nganh nghe khac nhau, tham gia vao cac boat dgng iing hp Viet Nam nhu phong trao "Chic ky ung hg Viet Nam". Trong sd hp cd nhieu ngudi la cac giao su, bae sT dau nganh va la lanh dao cua cac benh vien hang dau d Phap nhu Milliez, Etierme Bernard, De Seze... va rat nhieu ngudi khac ma ten tudi luon dugc nhfic den vdi sy kinh trpng va kham phuc.
Mpt trong nhiing boat dpng tieu bieu cua gidi tri thuc Phap la td chuc nhiing cupc mit tinh to eao tpi ac cua MT va keu gpi dgc lap cho Viet Nam nhu su kien "Ngdy cua gidi tri thiec vi Viet Nam" diln ra vao 23/3/1968, tai Pare des Expositions (Vincennes). Gidi bae sT dfi tham gia rdt ddng dao, tien hanh dien thuylt va dua ra nhung bfing chiing cu the vl su tan sat dan thudng va nhimg tac hai nghiem trpng, lau dai bdi cac chat dgc hda hgc MT su dung
trong chien tranh Viet Nam. Hoat ddng nay da CO nhiing anh hudng to Idn doi vdi phong trao cua nudc Phap va vdi phong trao ciia gidi tri thdc tren the gidi.'
Sd dl sy tham gia manh me va ddng dao vao phong trao dau tranh ung hd Viet Nam cua gidi bae sT Phap dugc danh gia cao va coi nhu mpt hien tugng dfic biet cua phong trao hoa binh d Phap luc bdy gid bdi nhihig dac diem rieng cua nd. Gidi bae si d Phap nhin chung khdng cd truyen thdng tham gia cac hoat dpng chinh trj thupc canh ta va tren thuc te, rat it cac sy kien chinh tri d nudc Phap cung nhu tren the gidi cd su gdp mat dong dao ciia hg. Tuy nhien, ddi vdi cugc chien tranh ma MT tien hanh d Viet Nam lai la mpt hien tugng ngoai le. Thong qua nhiing phuang tien truyen thong, bao chi, tat ca nhiing su that tham khde ma ngudi dan Viet Nam phai hung chiu hang ngay trong cugc chien tranh do MT tien hanh diu dugc du luan thl gidi biet din. Sy that dd da tac dgng sau sac va Iam thay ddi ve tu duy chinh hi cua gidi bae sT d Phap. Hp dan dan tu bo sir thd o cd hiiu ddi vdi chinh tri va cd mdi quan tam ngay cang nhieu han vl cugc khang chiln chdng MT cua nhan dan Viet Nam. Ben canh do, sy img hd manh me va sau rpng chua timg cd cua phong trao quan chiing
Dr Pierre Bosquet, "Les mesdecins et la guerre du Vietnam ", France Nouvelle, N. 1168, 6 mars 1968, p.5 ("Gidi bdc si vd cugc chiin tranh Viet Nam", Tuhi ftdoNudc Phdp mdi, s6 1168, 6/3/1968. tr.5).
<Ph jin-i/rn IJaJhA iYaeac
Phap ddi vdi Viet Nam ciing lam thay ddi tu duy chinh tri cua hg. Lan ddu tien trong lich Sli dau tranh ciia phong trao quan chung Phap cd su tham gia nhiet tinh va ddng dao ciia gidi bae sT.
Dinh cao cua sy phat trien cua phong trao nay chinh la su thanh lap "Hgi Y te Phdp-Viit". Tham gia vao td chuc nay la nhiing thanh phan ddng dao va phong phu ciia nhiing ngudi lam trong nganh y te Phap:
tir nhiing giao su y hpc dau nganh cho den cac bae sT, y ta, dugc sT, nhung nha nghien Cliu thuge cac benh vien va to chuc khac nhau. Chuang trinh hanh dgng ctia td chuc nay het sue phong phii; ben canh viec to chiic nhiing cugc mit tinh, tham gia vao cac hoat dgng bieu tinh chung cua phong trao phan doi chien tranh Viet Nam, Hdi Y te Phap-Viet cdn td chuc rat nhieu boat dpng dac thil nhu: phat dgng cac chien dich quyen gdp thuoc men, trang thiet bj y tl de ung bp Viet Nam, td chuc nhung cupc trao ddi kinh nghiem giira cac bae sT Viet Nam va Phap, ho trp cho Viet Nam nhiing phuong thuc va phuang tien de dieu tri nhiing can benh thudng gfip trong cac cudc chien tranh...
Nhimg hoat dpng nay ciia Hpi dfi ddn nhan dupc su tham gia het sue nhiet tinh ciia nhiing ngucri lam trong nganh y te ciia Phap.
Hang nghin bae sT da quyen gdp ung hp cho Vi?t Nam va chi sau mdt thdi gian ngfin dfi quyen gdp dugc sd bien vat tri gia han 50
trieu franc. Sd hien vat nay ngay lap tuc dugc gui tdi Viet Nam bfing nhilu con dudng khac nhau. Nhirng cupc gap gd, trao ddi giira cac bfic sT Viet Nam va Phap dupe td chuc cung giup cho nhdng ngudi tham gia trong Hpi hieu them rd ve nhiing nhu cau thiet thuc nhat doi vdi Viet Nam. Ben canh nhiing cudc trao ddi va gap gd tryc tilp, Hpi cung td chuc nhirng hinh thuc tiep xue khac giiia Viet Nam va Phap nhu: trao ddi thong tin ve nghien ciiu khoa bpc, an pham xudt ban, nhiing hoat dpng can thiet dugc tien hanh d ca hai ben... Sy boat ddng hieu qua ciia Hgi Y te cung tac dgng mgt each sau sfic tdi cac boat dgng cua cac td chuc khac trong phong trao dau tranh ung bp Viet Nam d Phap va d nhung nhiing nudc chau Au khac.
Ben canh nhiing hoat dpng rieng, Hdi Y te Phap-Viet tich cyc tham gia va cd nhung ddng gop to ldn cho chien dich "Con ldu Viit Nam" dugc phat dpng bdi Dang Cgng san Phap va cac dang canh ta, cac td chuc chinh tri khac cua Phap.''' Sy ddng gdp khdng chi d mat vat chat ma edn la nhiing y kien tu van hit sue xac dang cua cac chuyen gia y tl cho viec mua nhirng trang thilt bi y te va thudc men cdn thiet cho Viet Nam.
Bfit dau tu nfim 1968, Mat tran ddu tranh Ngoai giao dupe md ra tai Paris va ddng mpt vai tro quan trgng cho viec ket thuc chien
Xem chi tiet d phdn 2.1.
82 NGHIEN CCTU CHAU AU • EUROPEAN STUDIES REVifcW n o |I;JOJ.^VI«
tranh. Hem liic nao het, Viet Nam can nhan dugc su ung hg true tiep va to ldn hem de cd the gianh thfing lpi ca tren chien trudng lan ban dam phan. Nhan thuc ro van de do, "Hoi Y ti Phdp- Viet" da phat dgng mdt cugc dau tranh mdi ung hd Viet Nam, dua ra Idi keu ggi khan cap doi vdi gidi bae sT tren toan nudc Phap: "Cuoc chien tranh md MT tien hdnh a Viet Nam ngdy cdng dc Hit han vd chinh vi vdy no ddi hdi ngdy cdng nhiiu han nira su giiip dd ve mdl y ti eita chiing ta!
Ung ho thuoc men ddi vdi Viet Nam da trd thdnh mgt nhu cdu cdp thiit! Chiing ta cdn phdi no luc thuc hien cong viec ndy ngay lap tiec di chong lgi cugc chiin tranh "diet chitng" md MT dang tiin hdnh a Viit Naml^^"
Bfit dau tu nam 1970, Mi tfing cudng su dung cac loai vu khi tdi tan va buy diet khac nhau trong cupc chien tranh Viet Nam nhfim gay sue ep tren ban dam phan. Dac biet, ddu nfim 1972, khi khdng thuyet phuc dugc phia Viet Nam chap nhan nhiing dilu khoan dua ra trong Hiep djnh, Tdng thdng MT Nixon, sau chuyen cdng du Trung Quic va su ra ddi cua Thong cao Thugng Hai, dfi don phuong tuyen bo ngimg hpp Hot nghi Paris vd thdi han, quyet djnh nem bom trd Iai tan pha
miln Bfic. Dl phan ddi thai do ciia MT, bao
"Nhdn dgo" ngay 10/6/1972 da cho dfing tren trang nhdt buc anh mpt cd be Viet Nam hi ddt chay bdi bom napan.'^ Bdc anh da tao ra mgt chdn ddng sau sfic trong du luan Phap va the gidi, mdt sy phan no ciia luang tri con ngudi ddi vdi nhiing tgi ac ma'MT gay ra.
Ngay lap tuc, nhung cugc bieu tinh phan doi chien tranh d Viet Nam, ddi Mi phai cham diit nem bom va phai quay trd lai ban dam phan lai bimg Ien manh me d khap nudc Phap. Hgi Y te Phap - Viet da cimg vdi nhieu to chuc khac phdi hgp thyc hien mgt cudc hpi thao qudc te tai Orsay (Paris) vdi npi dung canh bao nhiing anh hudng to ldn va lau dai ddi vdi viec su dyng chat dpc mau da eam trong cac cupc chien tranh.'* Su kien nay da gay chan dpng du luan the gidi va day chinh phu MT phai ddi mat vdi sy phan doi manh me chua timg cd trong lich su tham gia cac cugc chien tranh cua MT. Chinh uy tin
Dr Pierre Bosquet, "Les midecins et la guerre du Vietnam", sdd, p.5 ("Gidi bdc sT vd cuoc chien tranh Viet Nam", Tudn bdo Nudc Phdp mdi, so 1168, 6/3/1968. tr.5).
Biic dnh cua Phan Thj Kim PhQc (Tay Ninh) bi dit chay bdi bom napan ciia MT. Day la mpt trong nhihig loai vu khi bi Cong udc Qudc tg cdm sir dung trong cac cuoc chign tranh L'Humanite, "L'imagine de Phan Thi Kim Phuc brulge au napalm", le lOjuin 1972, p.l (Bdo Nhdn dao, "Birc dnh Phan Thi Kim Phiic bi dSl chdy bdi bom napan", ngdy 10/06/1972, tr.l).
L'Humainit^, samedi 10 juin 1972, p . l . (Bio
"Nhdn dgo", thii bay ngdy 10 thdng 7 ndm 1972, tr.l).
18 ^
Entretien avec Nguyen Thi Binh rgalis6 par Dominique Bari, Supplement a I'Humanite hebdo du samedi 30 avril 2005 (Bdi phong vdn dia Dominique Bari, vdi Chd tich nudc Nguyin Thi Binh. ddng trong Phy san ddc bigt cua bdo Nhdn dgo, ngdy 30/4/2005.
tr, 32-33).
^hoas^ lra& dCatt tniitHs eua qiA'i tri thue..,.
ciia gidi bae sT Phap da lam nen dugc dieu nay.
Nhu vay, boat dpng cua Hpi Y te Phap- Viet ling hg Viet Nam trong cugc khang chien chdng MT dfi vugt qua nhung tu duy chinh tri thdng thudng cua gidi bae sT trude do. Trude nhung noi dau tham khde ma ngudi dan Viet Nam phai ganh chiu trong cupc chien tranh do MT gay ra, gidi bae sT Phap da danh cho Viet Nam nhiing mdi quan tam dac biet ca ve tinh than va vat chat cho den khi Viet Nam gianh thang lgi hoan toan.
Tuy nhien, khong chi dung lai d dd, nhung nam sau chien tranh va cho den ngay hdm nay, hgp tac tren ITnh vyc y te van la mot ITnh vuc phat trien manh me nhat va tieu bieu nhat trong mdi quan he Phap-Viet. Sy trao doi thdng tin, hgp tac dao tao, thuc tap...
giiia Bp Y t l hai nudc Viet Nam va Phap van dien ra thudng xuyen. Dieu nay cd dupc dua tren nen tang ciia mdi quan he ma Hdi Y te Phdp- Viet da xay dung trong sy nghiep ung hp Vi?t Nam khang chiln chdng MT.
3. Ket luan
Nhu vay cd the thay nhiing boat dpng ciia gidi tri thuc Phap chilm mpt vi tri quan trgng va lam nen net dac biet cho phong trao dau hanh cua nhan dan Phap ung hp Viet Nam trong cupc khang chien chong My (1954-1975) so vdi cac phong trao khac tren the gidi va so vdi chinh phong trao nay d
giai doan 1945-1954. Trong giai doan 1945- 1954, phong trao phan chien cua nhan dan Phap mac dii het sue manh me song chi tap trung d mdt sd dang phai canh ta nhu Dang Cpng san, mpt sd td chuc cua ngudi lao dpng nhu Tdng Lien doan Lao ddng... Gidi tri thuc Phap tham gia chua nhieu va chua trd thanh mgt phong trao dpe lap. Do vay, su gop mat cua phong trao ung hp do tri thuc Phap de xudng va tham gia tao nen sy kien cd tinh chat budc ngofit trong ljch su dau tranh xa hgi d Phap. Khong chi dimg lai d su tham gia phong trao cua cac dang phai canh ta va cac td chiic cong doan nhu giai doan trude, trong giai doan nay, ddng dao tang ldp tri thuc Phap bao gdm nhieu thanh phan khac nhau nhu: ngh? sT, cac nha nghien cihi, cac giang vien dai hpc... va dfic bi?t la tang ldp bae sT dfi tich cue tham gia vao phong trao chung va cd nhirng sang kien rieng. Lan dau tien trong lich su ciia phong trao dau tranh vi hda binh d Phap, gidi bae sT da tham gia mdt each nhiet tinh va ddng dao den nhu vay.
Thuc t l cugc chiln d Viet Nam da pha vd nhung tu duy truyen thong ciia gidi tri thuc Phap, thay ddi tu tudng hg va tao nen mpt budc dot pha cua boat ddng chinh tri Phap.
Va ciing chinh vi dieu dd, phong trao dau tranh cua gidi tri thuc Phap da thyc sy cd nhiing ddng gdp to ldn, gdp phan dua tdi thdng lpi vT dai cua nhan dan Viet Nam trong cugc khang chien chong MT cuu nudc./.
