NGHIEN CCru - TRAO OOI
/ Q U Y CHE'PHAP li COA HAI QUAN OAO HOANG SA, TRUdNG SA TREN CO sd AP D V N G Q U Y OjNH PHAP LUAT VA THI,IC TIEN QUdC TE
f THIHA TRANG*
Tom tdt: Hai qudn ddo Hodng Sa vd Trudng Sa cSng nhu Bien Bdr^ la diimjidng ve tranh chdp trong vdn de chii quyen bien, ddo. Viit Nam vd cdc bin yeu sdch dang ca nhirng quan diem khdc nhau vi quy che phdp li cua hai qudn ddo ndy. Nhiing khdc biet tren cung tgo nen tranh chdp phdp If, lam gia tdng cdng thdng dBien Bdng vd cdn tra tiin trinh gidi quyet tranh chap cua cdc bin. Bdi viet ldm ro han quy chi phdp If cua hai qudn ddo Hodng Sa, Trudng Sa, quy chi phdp If cdc ddo vd thgc the khdc thugc hai qudn ddo tren ca sd van dgng quy dinh phdp ludt vd thuciten qudc ti. Vigc xdc djnh quy chi phdp li cua hai qudn ddo la budc di thiit thuc, khd thi md Viet Nam\dn nghien ciru, thvc hi^n de tgo ra trien vgng cho vi^c gidi quyet nhung "bi tdc" hien nay.
TCr khod: Bien ddo; Hodng Sa; quy che phdp li; Trudng Sa.
Abstract: Hoang Sa and Truong Sa Archipalagos as well as the East Sea are Hat spots of disputes over maritime and island soveignty. Vietnam and claiming paties have different viewpoints on the legal regime of these two Archipalagos. Those differences have created legal disputes, it^reased the tense in the East Sea and hindered the process of resolving disputes of the parties. This papir-pffers a clearer explanation of the legal regime of the Hoang Sa and Truong Sa Archipalagos and the legal regime of other islands and entities of those two Archipalagos on the basis of applying the international law and practice. Determining the legal regime of the two Archipalagos is a practical and feasible step that Viemam need to examine and take in order to gain prospects of resolving the current "standstills ".
Keywords: Maritime and island; Hoang Sa (Paracel hands); legal regime; Truong Sa (Spratly Islands).
Q
udn dao Hoang Sa cua Viet Nam la ddi tupng ttanh chap song phuang giira Viet Nam va Trung Qudc (bao gdm cd Dai Loan);qudn ddo Trudng Sa ciia Viet Nam la ddi tupng ttanh chdp da phuang cua ndm qudc gia: Viet Nam, Trung Quoc (bao gdm ca Ddi Loan), Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei. Tranh chdp lai hai quan ddo Hoang Sa vd Trudng Sa giua Viet Nam vd cdc nude, dgc biet vd tryc tilp la vdi Trung Qudc dd keo ddi nhieu nam va cang ttd nen cang thdng tten mpi Q ^ tuyin ttr ngogi giao chinh tri den quan su, phdp lugt ttong bdi cdnh hien nay.
Lien quan den viec xdc djnh quy che phdp U cua hai qudn dao Hodng Sa, Trudng Sa, Viet Nam vd cdc bdn ySu sdch dang cd nhirng quan diem khdc nhau. Trong khi Trung Qudc khang dinh hai qudn ddo Hoang Sa, Trudng Sa cd eac vting nude phy can gdm lanh hdi, viing tiep gidp, ddc quyen kinh te, them luc dia va cdc ddo eua Hodng Sa, Trudng Sa cd khd ndng tgo ra cdc vhng bien rdng ldn theo khodn 3 Didu 121 Cdng udc cua Lien hpp qudc ve Lugt bien ndm 1982
* Phong phdp che, Tap dodn vien thong quan dpi
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(sau ddy gpi tdt Id Cdng udc Ludt bien) tbi Viet Nam, Philippines va Malaysia cd xu hudng thi hien quan diem cho rdng cae ddo, thue ±1 khdc tiiudc Trudng Sa chi cd did cd lanh hdi 12 hai li chii khdng thi cd cdc vilng nude rdng ldn nhu vgy.
1. Xac dinh pham vi dia If ciia hai quan dao Hoang Sa, Trvdng Sa
Ve pham vi dja If cua qudn ddo Hoang Sa, bien nay, quan diem cua cac hpc gid nude ngodi ciing nhu ciia cde ben tuang ddi thdng nhdt cho rdng: Qudn ddo Hodng Sa dupe hinh thdnh bdi khodng 30 dao nhd, bai dd, bdi ngdm, ein san hd vdi tdng dien tfch khodng lOkm^, ttong khodng vT dp 15 45' Bdc din 17''l5' Bdc, ttr kinh dp 111" Ddng din 113° Ddng. Hodng Sa gom bai nhdm ddo An VTnh vd Trdng khuyet (Nguyet Thiem, Ludi Lilm) vd mpt s6 rgn san hd rdi ben ngoai ndm vl phfa Tdy tuyin dudng chfnh Hong Kong - Singapore. Cdc dao nhd cd dp cao khac nhau, mpt sd dupe phu vdi cay va thdm thyc vat'*'
Ddi vdi quan ddo Trudng Sa, quan didm cua cdc ben vd nhieu chuyen gia nghien cuu cdn chua thdng nhdt. Sd luong dao, da, bai cgn, cdn san bd va bdi ngam cua quan ddo Trudng Sa dupe dua ra vdi nhieu con sd khdc nhau: 93.*^' 200,*^* 148,*"* 150.'^'
2. Xac dinh quy che phap If cua hai quan dao Hoang Sa, Trirdng Sa
2.1. Yiu sdch cua cdc ben
Lidn quan den quy che phdp li quoc tl vl ddo, quan ddo, ydu sdch cua cdc ben ddi vdi qudn ddo Hodng Sa, Trudng Sa thi hien d cdc diem ea ban sau:
Bdng Tuyen bd vl dudng ca sd ngay
15/5/1996, Trung Qn6c khdng djnh ldp tmdng Hodng Sa Id quan dao, dl tir dd vgch he thdng dudng ca sd thdng bao quanh Hodng Sa bao gom 28 didm. Qua he thdng cdc diim ca sd q u ^ ddo Hodng Sa dupe Trung Quoc cdng bo, cd the thdy Trung Qudc da su dyng dudng CO sd thdng ndi lien cac diem ngodi cting ciia cde ddo xa nhdt vd cdc bai dd ci^a qudn ddo. Cach vach dudng ca sd ndy tuang ty nhu cdch vgch dudng ea sd cda quoc gia qudn dao quy dinh tgi Dieu 47 Phan IV Cdng udc Ludt bien. He dudng ca sd ndy cua Tmng Quoc bao idy khu vuc rdng 17.300km^, ttong khi tdng dien tfch cde dao ndi cua qusin dao Hoang Sa Id lOkm^.
Lidn quan den yeu sach eua Trung Qudc d qudn ddo Hodng Sa, cd the thdy hai khia cgnh: 1) Trung Qudc khdng dinh Hodng Sa Id quJin ddo, cd vung nude phy c|ln gIm lanh hdi, vimg tiep giap, ddc quyen kinh te vd them lyc dia; 2) Khang dinh cdc dao ciia Hodng Sa cd khd nang tgo ra cdc vilng bien rdng ldn theo khodn 3 Dilu 121 Cdng udc.
Ddi vdi quan dao Trudng Sa, du khdng tryc tiep khdng dinh Trudng Sa Id quan ddo, dupe hudng quy chd phdp h' cua quin ddo tucmg tu nhu Hoang Sa (theo Dilu 2 Lugt lanh bdi vd viing tilp giap nam 1992, Trung Quoc quy dinh lanh hdi 12 hai h quanh quan ddo Trudng Sa vd sau dd ttong Tuyen bl ndm 1996 chi nhdc den dudng ca sd quan ddo Hodng Sa) song Trung Qudc lgi khdng djnh Trudng Sa cd "cdc viing nude phy cgn".*
Ndm 1992, Trung Qudc kf hpp dong d§c nhupng vdi cdng ti Creston cua Hoa Ky doi vdi vting biln cd didn tich 25.250km^ vdi li do ddy Id vting bien ±udc phgm vi 200 hdi If
TAP CHi LUAT HOC s 6 9/2015
NGHIEN c a u - TRAO BOI
tinh tu didm eye Tdy cua quan dao Trudng Sa (thuc chdt khu vyc ndy thudc khu bdi ngdm Tu Chfnh trdn thim luc dia Viet Nam). Didu ndy eho thay, theo cjuan diem cua Trung (Judc, Trudng Sa la qudn ddo vd cd the hogch dinh edc vting bien gidng nhu lanh thd ddt bdn.
Cac ludt nhu Lugt viing dgc quyen kinh te vd thim luc dia Trung Hoa ngdy 30/12/1997, Lugt lanh hdi vd viing tidp gidp Trung Hoa ngdy 02/01/1998 cua Dai Loan ddu quy dinh cdc ddo thude Trudng Sa cd lanh hdi, vung tiep gidp, vting ddc quydn kinh td vd them lyc dia. Dieu nay cho thdy, quan diem cua Trung Qudc vd Dai Loan vd pham vi qudn ddo Trudng Sa Id gidng nhau.
Quan didm ciia Trung Qudc du cd thdi diem khdng nhat qudn nhung ddu the hien rdt rd rang tham vpng ddnh cho tat cd cdc thuc thi ttong hai quan ddo Hodng Sa, Trudng Sa cd Idnh hdi, viing ddc quyin kmh tl vd thim luc dia cho tung thyc the.*''
Philippines, Malaysia Id qudc gia ydu sdch vd thyc te chiem ddng mpt sd vi trf dao, dd thudc quan ddo Tnrdng Sa cua Viet Nam.
Brunei mac dii cd ydu sdch vdi thuc the Louisa thupc Trudng Sa nhung khdng thuc tl chilm ddng bdt cii vi trf ndo d quan ddo Trudng Sa. Trong sd cae lap ludn vl yeu sdch chii quyin md Philippines, Malaysia, Bmnei dua ra, cdc qudc gia ndy khdng dinh cdc vi trf ddo, dd thudc chu quydn cua qudc gia do ndm ttong viing dgc quyen kinh te vd them luc dia ciia minh. Lap trudng ndy cho thdy hien dien vdn de quy thupc quy chd dao, dd ndm ttong vting bidn thudc quyin chii quydn, quyin tai phan qudc gia se thudc chu quyen cua qudc gia ven bien. Ca ba qudc gia ddu
khdng the hien quan diem cho rang Trudng Sa khdng phdi la quan ddo khi chi yen sdch mdt sd vi trf ddo, dd thudc quan ddo ndy.
Nha nude Viet Nam ludn nhat quan khang dinh Nhd nude Viet Nam cd chii quydn ddi vdi hai quan ddo Hodng Sa, Trudng Sa trdn ca sd nguydn tdc chidm hdu thuc SU- Viet Nam khdng phai la qudc gia qudn ddo ndn khdng dupe hudng quy che phdp ll ciia qudc gia qudn ddo. Cac ^ o thupc hai quan ddo nay ehi cd Idnh hdi 12 hdi If vd khdng cd them iyc dia vd viing dgc quyen kinh td ridng.*'
2.2. Quy che phdp li cua hai qudn ddo Hodng Sa, Tru&ng So, cdc ddo vd cdc thgc thi khdc thugc hai qudn ddo
Thu nhdt, quy che phdp If ciia hai quan ddo Hodng Sa, Trudng Sa
Hien nay, xung quanh van de quy chd phdp li cua qudn ddo Hodng Sa, Trudng Sa, Viet Nam va cac ben yeu sdch dang tdn tgi ba quan diem chfnh sau:
1) Hodng Sa, Trudng Sa Id quan ddo; cdc ddo cua Trudng Sa deu thod man ydu cau tgi khodn 3 Dilu 121 dl cd vimg ndi thuy, lanh hdi. vdng tilp gidp, ddc quyen kinh te va them lyc dia. Trang Qudc la qudc gia khdng dinh lap trudng nay;
2) Hodng Sa, Trudng Sa khdng tiioa man cdc ydu can dd dupe coi Id qudn ddo theo quy dinh Cdng udc Luat bidn. Mudn xdc dinh dupe chfnh xdc quy che phdp If cho hai thyc thd ndy can phdi dua ttdn phdp ludt qudc tl, ddc biet la Cdng udc Ludt bidn;
3) Khdng the hien quan didm vd quy che phdp li cua toan bd Trudng Sa, Hodng Sa md chi xem xet quy ehe phdp li cy thd cua tirng
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NGHIEN ciru • TRAO BOI
ddi tupng dupe ydu sdch vd chiem ddng bdi cde ben.
Tmng Qudc khdng phdi la qudc gia qudn ddo de vgch dudng ca sd thdng bao quanh qudn ddo Hoang Sa hogc tham vpng cd dupe "cac viing nude phy can" ddnh cho quan ddo Tmdng Sa, ddc biet Id kbi hai thuc the ndy thupc chu quyen thyc sy vd hpp phdp cua Viet Nam. Do vdy, bat ki vting bidn ndo md Tmng Quoc tuySn bd bao quanh vung bien ciia cdc mdm da. bai san hd ndy vd mdt kT thudt diu ttai vdi cdc quy djnb cua Cdng udc Luat bien.
Hai qudn ddo Hodng Sa vd Tmdng Sa khdng the cd them luc dia va vting dgc quyen kinh te ridng. Viec hoach djnh dudng CO sd tgi ddy ciing khdng thi thyc hien tuang tu nhu ddi vdi qudc gia quan ddo quy dinh tai Dieu 46 Cdng udc Lugt bidn, bdi vi Hodng Sa vd Trudng Sa Id bd phdn lanh thd eua Viet Nam - qudc gia luc dia nen khdng dupe dp dyng phuang phdp dudng ea sd quan dao. Cae vung bien thude bai qudn ddo ndy phu thupc vdo quy cbl phdp h' cua cdc ddo va thyc the khac ttong dd. Day ciing Id quan diem chinh thuc cua Viet Nam, Philippines vd da sd quan didm ciia cde hpc gid phdp li ndi tilng.
Thie hai, quy che phdp If cua cdc dao vd thuc the khdc thudc bai qudn ddo Hodng Sa, Trudng Sa
- Quy che cae dao:
Cac vting ddt tu nhidn Id phdn keo ddi ciia lanh thd dat lien vd nhd ldn tten mat biln dupe Cdng udc Ludt biln chia thdnh cdc logi sau: I) Qudn ddo Id tdng till cae ddo kl cd cdc bd phan cua cdc ddo, cac vung nude tilp bin vd cac thdnh phdn ty nhien khdc cd lien
quan vdi nhau den muc tao thdnh ve thyc chdt mpt the thdng nhat ve dia If, kinh te vd chfnh tri, hay dupe coi nhu the vd m$t lich sii (Dieu 46. b); 2) Ddo Id vting ddt tu nhien cd nude bao boc, khi thuy trieu ldn vung dat nay van d trdn mdt nude (khodn 1 Dieu 121);
3) Dao da khdng thfch hpp cho con ngudi din d bode eho ddi sdng kinh tl rieng thi khdng cd vung ddc quyen kinh te vd them iyc dia (khodn 3 Dieu 121); 4) Bai cgn Idc ndi liic chim Id viing ddt nhd cao ty nhien cd bien bao quanh, khi thuy trieu xudng thap thi Ip ra, khi thuy trieu len cao thi ngap nude (khodn 1 Didu 13). Cdc viing dat hodn todn bi chim ngdp dudi bien dupe xdc dinh la mdt phdn eiia ddy bidn vd khdng cd bit ki vai trd gi trong hogch dinh cdc viing biln.
Nhu vdy, vide sii dung cac khdi niem "dao, ddo dd, bai cgn, cdn san hd vd bdi ngdm"
thudc "quan dao" Hodng Sa vd Trudng Sa chi mang tfnh tucmg ddi, khdng theo nghia eua Cdng udc Lugt biln md theo thdi quen ngdn ngii thdng thudng.
Theo quy dinh cua Cdng udc Ludt bien, ehi nhiing "vting ddt" thupc qudn ddo Hodng Sa vd Trudng Sa khdng bi ngap dudi muc nude bidn mdi cd hieu lyc ttong hoach dinh cdc vting bien. Ndu dd Id bai cgn liic ndi luc chim thi cd the dupe su dyng dl xdc dinh dudng ca sd khi chiing d cdch mdt hdn ddo khodng cdch khdng vuot qud chilu r§ng cua lanh hdi. Ddi vdi nhirng "vung dat" cao hem mat bien ngay ca khi thuy triiu len cao, chiing cd tiie dupe budng quy che cua dao ho|ic dao da khi khdng dii dilu kien cho ngudi din d hay khdng cd ddi sdng kinh tl ridng. Tuy nhidn, chua tai lieu nao xdc dinh dupe cu die
48 TAP CHi LUAT H O C S 6 9/2015
vd chinh xdc cae "viing ddt" nhd cao ban mat bien cua hai qudn dao Hodng Sa va Tradng Sa. Theo Van Dyke vd Dale Bennett, qudn ddo Tmdng Sa cd 33 "vung ddt" ludn noi ttdn mdt nude;**' gido su Prescott xdc dinh cd 26 ddo vd 7 dd dupe bilt din nhung ttdn thue tl mdt vai dia diem ma dng ndu ten khdng phdi liic ndo cdng cao ban muc nude bien;*'^* Cyc tinh bao Hoa Ky dua ra con sd 191 nhung khdng rd chung cd hodn toan ndi tten mgt nude hay khdng; theo y kidn ciia gido su Joseph Wiedel vd ea quan bdn dd Maryland, cd 26 bai hoan todn ndi ttdn mat nude.*'"
Hai qudn dao Hoang Sa va Tradng Sa hau nhu bao gdm cdc ddo, dd nam d khu vyc tmng tdm Bidn Ddng, mdi dao cd dien tich rat nhd (ddo Ba Binh ciing chi rdng khoang 0,5km^, ddo Phu Lam rpng khodng 1,5km^), cdn coi, thdi tiet khac nghiet, bao td nhieu, khdng thfch hop cho con ngudi den d vd cho ddi sdng kinh te rieng nen xung quanh cac dao nay chi cd the cd ndi thuy vd Idnh hdi, khdng cd vting dgc quydn kinh te vd them Iyc dia nhu quy dinh tgi khoan 3 Dilu 121 Cdng udc Lugt bien. Theo cd van phap If cua Bd ngogi giao Philippines, "qutm ddo Trudng Sa dang cd tranh chdp hodn loan Id dd san h6 vd no chi cd cdc cdy trdm, cdy bvi vd thuc vgt cdn cdi mgc thua th&t. Khu vuc ndy hodn todn khdng thi dap dng cho con nguai din o^';*'"^' mdt hpc gid Trang Qudc ket luan, nhiing dao nay "rd rang Id qud be di cho phep su dung lau ddi"-^^^ Daniel Dzurek gpi chung la cdc ddo "nho li tC* vd "/idu nhu khong cd gid trj vi kinh /£";*'•*' Gerardo M.C. Valero cho rdng: "Nhirng ddo tgo nen qudn ddo Tru&ng Sa, & do. mgt mat la qud
nho vd cdn coi di co thi ddc Igp hd trg cho con ngudi din a lau ddi vd mat khdc lgi khdng cho thdy cd bdt cie mgt tdi nguyen thien nhiin trin bd ddng ki ndo cd";
Michael Bennett ciing dua ra kdt ludn tuong ty: "Cdc ddo trong qudn ddo Trudng Sa khdng cd ngudi cu trii Idu ddi vd qud ithd di duy tri viic sinh sdng thudng xuyin vd dgc lap". Marius Gjetnes ciing eho rang edc dao ciia Trudng Sa khdng du ldn dd dgt dupe cdc tieu cbl theo khoan 3 Didu 121. Cdc dao d Trudng Sa rat nhd, chi phii hpp de gpi la da.
Jan Mayen dupe coi la thuc tien thudng duoc vien dan den nhu quy chudn de xem xet mdt thuc thd ed phdi Id "ddo" hay khdng, ddo ndy cd dien tich 373km^, ttong khi do, thue the ldn nhat cua Trudng Sa la Itu Aba chi cd dien tfch khodng O.Skm^. Khdng thuc the nao eua Trudng Sa nhd len khdi mdt nude qua 6 - 8m. ttong khi dd, diem cao nhdt cua Jan Mayen Id 2.277m. Vi vgy, khdng the lap ludn rdng cdc ddo thu$c Tradng Sa cd hieu lyc mong tu nhu Jan Mayen, bau nhu chdng chi dap ung dupe khodn 1 Dieu 121 de cd viing Idnh hdi 12 hdi li, mdt sd ft ed the thod mdn mdt ttong hai tieu chudn cua khodn 3 Didu 121 dd tgo ra cac vting bien rpng Idn.*'^' Mac du Cdng udc khdng quy dinh cu thi ve tidu chf "thfch hpp cho con ngudi den d"
vd "ddi sdng kinh te ridng", thue tien qudc te ciing cdn nhidu quan diem xung quanh van de nay. Tuy vgy, cd mdt vdi chi dan huu fch cd the dya vdo dl ddnh gid sy "tiifch hpp cho con ngudi den d" nhu: ngudn nude ngpt, cdc phdn ddt cho phep canh tac, ttdng ttpt hay tin tai ngudn tai nguyen sinh vat va khodng sdn.
Day la nhung yeu td quan ttpng, co bdn nhat
TAP CHi LUAT HOC S 6 9/2015
NGHIEN ciru - TRAO DOI
de dam bdo cupc sdng con ngudi vd cd the cho phep dua ra ldi gidi thich hop If, dd chap nhdn. Nhung ^eu nay ciing ed the chiing td khd ndng ddc lap cua ddo dd ttong vide ddm bdo cupc sdng dinh cu ciia con ngudi, khdng phy tiiudc vdo sy vidn tta ttr phfa ddt lien (yen td thudng dupe coi Id can thiet de chung minh eho sy thfch hpp ciia cupc sdng con ngudi).
Dii vdi tieu chudn "thfch hpp eho eon ngudi den d", viec eung cdp ngudn nude Id ydu to quan ttpng nhdt, bdi sy hien didn cua ngudn nude ngpt la chi dan quan ttpng cho thay ddi sdng eon ngudi cd the dupe dn dinh. Tiep do, vdi sy tin tai cua ngudn nude ngpt, ddo cd the cung c ^ thuc phdm nhu rau vd hoa qud.
Theo cde bao cdo, ed hai ddo eua qudn ddo Tradng Sa cd the cung cap dupe ngudn nude ngpt thudng xuydn Id Itu Aba - dang ndm dudi sy kiem sodt cua Ddi Loan vd dao Pagasa - dd bi chiem ddng bdi Philippines.
Khodn 3 Dieu 121 khdng dua ra chi din ve tidu chf thich hpp "cho mdt ddi sdng kinh te ridng" vd didu ndy cho phep duoc hieu rang de thod man dupe tieu chf ndy, cdc ddo phdi cd khd ndng ddm bdo ddi sing kinh tl cho chfnh bdn thdn, cd nghia mang tfnh ddc ldp tucmg ddi. Sy ddc lap mang ddi nay cho phdp cdc ddo dupe quyen nhan su ttp giup ttr bdn ngodi, ddc biet hi lanh thd ddt bin. Tuy nhidn, quoc gia sd hihi ddo khdng dupe xay dung ddi sdng kinh te nhdn tgo, hodn todn dya vdo ngudn luc cua luc dia dl thay till khd nang cila ddo da bdi dieu ndy khdng till cho phep dao cd ddi sdng kinh td dn dinh. Thuc tien ciing khdng dinh, sy hien dien cdc cdng trinh dan le nhu ttam khf tupng thuy van, den biln hay cdc cdng ttinh bdng bdi mong tu ttdn ddo
khdng duac coi Id didu kipn quan trpng dl xdc dinh ddi sdng kdnh te ciia dao do. Vl tieu chuan cd "ddi sdng kinh te rieng", lieu vi?c thdm dd, khai thac cac nguon tdi nguydn cd vd ddu khf ttong khu vuc nude xung quanh ddo cd dupe coi la ydu cau day du de mdt ddo thoa man khodn 3 Dieu 121 Cdng udc? Neu theo tmdng hpp nay, cdc thod thugn thdm dd dia chan d Bidn Ddng, gdn khu vyc qudn ddo Tradng Sa se khidn cho cdc ddo ndy dudng nhu cd khd nang de tgo ra vung dgc quyin kinh tl vd thim lyc dja. Hai thod thudn nhu v$y da dupe kf kit ndm 2004 vd 2005, thod thudn ddu tidn duoc ki gitta Philippines vd Tmng Qudc ngdy 01/9/2004, tiiod tiiudn tiiii bai dupe kf giiia Phihppines, Trung Qudc vd Viet Nam ngdy 14/3/2005 - thod tfiudn nay dupe biet den vdi ten gpi "Thod tiiudn chung ba ben ve tiiam dd dja chin trong khu vyc thod thuan d Bidn Ddng". Khu vyc thod thugn nay cd dien tich 142.886km^ va dupe tiiuc hipn ttong giai dogn 3 ndm, edc ben kf ket thod thudn la cdc cdng ti ddu khf dai dien qudc gia. Trai vdi quan diem nay, neu cdc hogt ddng dia chdt bay hogt ddng nghe cd quanh khu vyc ddo, h^i dd dilu kien dl cd dupe "ddi sdng kinh tl", tdt cd cdc ddo nhd (islets) cd the vupt qua dupe sy phan loai bat lpi de hi coi la dd. Ddy dd timg Id thuc te '$
dinh eua du thdo Dieu 121 Cdng udc.
Nhu vgy, edc ddo dd d^ng hai qudn dao Hodng Sa va Trudng Sa diu cd didn tich rat nhd, edn edi, thdi tilt khdc nghipt, bdo tl nhidu, khdng thfch hpp cho con ngudi den d vd cho ddi sdng kinh tl rieng ndn xung quanh cac dao ndy chi cd thd ed ndi thuy va Idnh hai rpng 12 hdi ll, khdng cd vung ddc quyin kinh
TAP CHi LUAT Hpc S6 9/2015
NGHIEN c a u - TRAO BOI
td vd tiiem luc dia (dieo khodn 3 Dieu 121 Cdng udc Ludt biln). Ddy ciing la quan diem cua chfnh thuc eua Viet Nam vd quy che cdc dao ttong bai qudn ddo Hodng Sa, Tradng Sa.
- Quy che cdc bai da ngdm, bdi cgn liic ndi luc chim:
Bai can liic ndi luc chim khdng the bi chiem hiiu, trir trudng hop chung nam ttong khu vuc lanh hdi cua quoc gia ven biln vd khdng dupe xem Id lanh thd ddt liln. Do do, cdc bai cgn Itic ndi luc chim khdng cd vung lanh hdi rieng khi chung ndm ngodi gidi bgn cua Idnh hdi cua mpt ddo hodc lyc dia.*'^'
- Quy che cdc ddo nhdn tgo. cdng trinh, thiet hi trdn bien:
Hien tai, ed 3 loai ddo, cdng trinh vd thiet bj nhdn tgo d ttong va xung quanh qudn ddo Tradng Sa vd cdc vimg lan can la: 1) Cdc thilt bi nhan tao nii tam thdi nhu gidn khoan dau (khi chdng khdng cdn hogt ddng, cdc gidn khoan ndy se dupe thdo dd vd logi bd); 2) Cac cdng trinh, thiet bi nhan tgo gdn kdt lam thdi hodc vTnh vien vdi ddo tu nhidn nhu dudng bdng san bay; 3) Cdc ddo nhdn tgo dupe xay dung ttdn cdc logi dd tu nhidn vd cdc rgn san hd vinh cuu.
Doi vdi nhilu ddo. do cd cac thiet hi nhan tgo nen rdt khd dd phan biet cdi ndo la ty nhien, cdi nao Id nhan tao. Quy dinh cua Cdng udc Lugt bien dp dyng vdi hai logi ddu tidn Id kha phu hpp nhung logi thd ba rat khd xdc dinh theo Cdng udc ndi ridng vd cac quy phgm phap lugt qudc te ndi chung. Neu coi Id tu nhien thi nd lgi xen ldn cdc cdng trinh, tiiilt bi nhan tao, neu coi la nhdn tgo thi nd lgi dupe con ngudi gdn ket co dinh vdi ddy biln tren nen tu nhien nhu ran san hd. Hien
nay, chua cd dieu khoan ndo dilu chinh loai kit hop tu nhidn va nhdn tao nhu vay. Cdc quy dinh hien hdnh khdng dii dl dieu chinh cdc van dd phat sinh lidn quan din loai thd ba ndy vd ddi hdi dupe bd sung dl phii hpp vdi sy phdt tridn cua cdc boat ddng ttdn bien.
Trong thyc tien, nhilu qudc gia da xdy dung cdc ddo, cdng trinh, thilt bi nhdn tao, tir dd md rpng cdc vting bien thudc quyen chu quydn vd quydn tdi phdn cita minh. Vf du nhu dao san hd Okinotorishima cua Nhgt Bdn (Rgn san hd Douglas) nam d cyc Nam lanh tiid Nhgt Ban. Do bi nude bien ldm xdi mdn, bl mdt cua ran san hd ndy trdn mat nude khi thuy tridn len da ddn bi rut xudng va ha thdp di. Khi thuy trieu len chi ed thd thdy 16cm eiia hdn Bdc (Kitakojima) vd 6cm eiia hdn Ddng (Higashikojima) - hai bdi dd cda rgn san hd ndy noi ttdn mat nude. Dudi tac dpng cua tu nhien, ran san hd nay se hi nude bien nudt hodn todn. Do dd, ke ttr ndm 1987, Nhdt Bdn da ddu m khodng 300 ttieu USD de ciing ed va boi dap eac ran san hd lam CO sd dd ddi hdi thdm cdc viing nude thupc chii quyen, quyen chu quyen vd quydn tai phdn. Nhgt Ban da xay dyng buc tudng xung quanh bao hpc rgn san hd dd bdo ve chung khdng bi bien mdt dudi tdc dpng cua ty nhien. Nhdt Ban dang nghidm tdc n5 lye xay dyng Okinotorishima thdnh dao nhdn tgo ldn. Theo bdo cdo, ndu tiidnh cdng, Nhgt Ban cd the ddi hdi vting ddc quyen kinh te rdng khodng 400.000km^ vd thim luc dia rdng khoang 740.000km^ xung quanh ran san hd.
Cac cdng trinh cai tgo ciia Viet Nam, Phihppines vd Malaysia deu bat diu tmdc khi cd Bd quy tdc ung xd d Biln Ddng (DOC
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2002) vd dupe tiln hdnh trdn cac ddo, dd ndi tten m|it nude nhdm chdng xdi mdn vd cai thien ddi sdng sinh boat, dac biet khdng la cdn cii qudn sy ldn de dpa eac quie gia khac.
Cdc ddo da ddn dupe ddn sy hod va bdt ddu dupe khai thac du lich. Trong khi do, Trang Qudc da thyc hien cdc hogt ddng xdy ddp bdt ddu tu ndm 1988 vd ngdy cang mgnh me hon tii thdi diim thdng 5/2014 vdi su ddnh lgc hudng du ludn bdng boat ddng eua gidn khoan HD-981 ttong vung dae quyen kinh te cua Viet Nam. Tdc dp bdi ddp cua Tmng Qudc Id rdt nhanh vd vdi quy md ldn. Cde hinh dnh ve tinh eho thay Trang Qudc dd tdng didn tfch cdi tao dit tii 20 din 810ha.*'^' Chi rieng Dd Chii Thdp, tu mot hdn dd nhd eao khoang Im, sau 3 tiidng Trang Qudc dd biln thdnh dao nhdn tgo vdi dien tfch ttdn 2,65km^, gap 3 lan ddo Ba Binh - dao tu nhien ldn nhdt d Tradng Sa. Tai Da Subi, tdc dp ldn bien tu tiidng 5/2015 din tiidng 6/2015 la 8ha/ngay, bien bai ngam nay thdnh can cii ndi, den nay cd dien tich 3,87km^, du dl tiiilt lap dudng bdng hon 3km.*^^' Trang Qudc su dung cdc tau hdt nao vet ldn nhdt the gidi, ldm tdn hai vd phd buy ban 300ha rgn san hd biln de liy nguydn lieu, gay tdn that ban ddu ban 100 trieu USD mdi ndm*' ' cho cac qudc gia xung quanh Bidn Ddng vd nhiing tin tiidt khdng thd bti dap dupe cho mdi tradng bidn, vi phgm nghiem ttpng cdc cdng udc qudc te ve bao ve mdi tradng. Cdc binh dnh ve tinh den tiidng 6/2015 cho thdy Trung Quoc dd va dang bdi ddp ddo nhdn tgo tai cac thyc the sau: Da Ggc Ma. Da Chu Thdp, Da Tu NghTa, Dd Chdu Vidn, Da Gaven, Dd Vdnh Khdn, Dd Subi. Cdc cdng trinh xdy dung tten cac bdi
ndy dupe Trung QuIc eho Id phuc vy bdo v6 mdi tradng bien, nghien cuu khoa hpc, tim kilm cdu ngn nhimg lgi dupe ttang bi vii khf hgng ndng, san bay, bin cdng... Rd rdng, cdc can cit ndy Id nai xuat phat eua eac lye lupng chdp phdp tren biln Tmng Qudc, xua dudi, bdn, cudp tdu cd ngu ddn Viet Nam, Phihppines, Malaysia. Cae cdn cu ndy rd i ^ g mang tinh tdn cdng, de dog din hod binh, dn dinh cua khu vuc, budc cae quoc gia khu vuc Bidn Ddng, My, 07 vd nhieu nude khdc phdi len tieng.*^*'*
Cd nhieu quan diem cho ring, viec ciing cd vd bdi dap cdc dd tu nhidn hay cdc ran san bd ttong khu vyc quan ddo Trudng Sa se ed nhiing loi fch nhdt dinh cho quyen tdi phdn ciia qudc gia dang kiem sodt can tnic dd.
Dieu ndy da gdy ra nhieu ttanh cai nhung do khdng cd quy dinh phdp lugt qudc te ndo cam nen van khdng bi coi Id vi phgm. BSn cgnh dd, vdi su phdt tridn cda khoa hpc cdng nghe, dao nhdn tao cd the tao ra cae dieu kidn sdng thudn lpi cho con ngudi, do d6, vide thay ddi dia vi phdp If cua cac ddo ndy ttong tuang lai Id dilu hodn todn cd the xdy ra. Trong cdc tdi lieu cii, dao nhdn tao dupe coi Id ddo hpp phdp vd dinh nghia ddu tien ve "ddo" bao hdm ca ddo nhdn tao. Vi du, ttong Dgo luat cudi cung cua Hdi nghi phdp dien hod cua Hpi qudc lidn nam 1930, ddo dupe dinh nghia la "mdt vung ddt thudng xuydn nam tten myc nude cao" (an area of land, which is permanently above high water mark). Mpt thdi gian sau do, ddo nhan tgo da hi loai tru khdi dinh nghia "dao" khi cym tii
"hinh thdnh ty nhien" dupe bd sung. Lieu sau nay, khdi niem "dao" cd thi thay ddi vd bao hdm cd ddo nhdn tao, ddc biet id nhiing
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ddo ed phdn nhdn tgo gdn kit chdt che vdi phdn ty nhien hay khdng?
Thu nhdt. viec dp dung nguyen tdc (tieu chO ve tfnh hpp li. Vdo nhihig ndm 60 cita thd ki trudc, mdt sd hpc gid nii tilng vl lugt bien cua Hoa Ky da chi ra rdng "tiiu chf chinh di thdm djnh tfnh hgp li cua mgt yeu sdch phdn dinh lanh hdi. ngi thuy tie mgt viing ddt nhdn tgo co nude bao quanh Id lieu nd cd dugc xdy dung de su dvng trong thuc ti hay chi la mgt co gang nguy tgo di md rgng Idnh hdi hodc ngi thuy md khong lien quan din cdc lgi ich kMc cua viing ddt
^d".* Hp ciing chi ra rang "viec cho phep mgt qudc gia md rgng lanh hdi hogc ngi thuy chi don gidn bdng cdch do dd xuong biin tdi mgt muc nhdt djnh di ddm bdo cdc cdng trinh nhdn tgo ludn ndi trin mat nude ro rdng Id dieu khong he dugc mong mudn. Muc dich cua cdc nude doi hoi chd quyin khi my.dung ddo nhdn tgo d khu vuc Trudng Sa cdng rdt ro rdng, la duy tri vd ciing cd cdc yeu sdch lanh thd, vung d Biin Ddng. Mgt sd it cong trinh nhdn tgo dugc xay dung dan thudn vi muc dich kinh ti (nhu du Ijch) vd khoa hgc (quan sdt khi tugng) lgi bi cdc nude lien quan cdo bugc. Li4u cdc muc dich bj cdo bugc ndy CO phdi Id nguy trang cho mvc dfch that su a trin vd nhOng muc dich dy cd "hgp li"r
Thu hai, viec xdy dung dao nhan tao phdi ttdn ca sd nguyen tdc "tdn ttpng hop If. Viee thuc thi quyin xdy dung dao nhdn tao cua mpt sd qudc gia khdng ndn ldm anh hudng bdt hop li den quyen vd lpi fch eiia ede qudc gia khdc ciing nhu cdng ddng qudc tl. Nguydn tdc ndy duac the hien ro ttong cdc dilu khodn lidn quan cua Cdng udc Lugt
bien. Theo dd, kbi mdt qudc gia ven biln thiet lap vung an todn xung quanh ddo nhan tgo, cdng trinh, thilt bi thi cdn dam bao rdng khu vyc ndy la hpp If vdi bdn chit vd chuc ndng cua dao nhdn tao, edng tnnh, thilt bi dd vd phdi thdng bao vl phgm vi eua vilng an todn. Hon nua, cac ddo nhdn tgo, edng trinh, thiet bi ciing vdi eac vung an todn bao quanh chung khdng dupe thidt lap niu chung anh hudng den vide su dung cac tuyen hang hdi dd dupe cdng nhgn Id thiet yeu vdi hdng hai qudc te. Nguyen tdc nay ciing dupe phan dnh tgi Didu 87 Cdng udc Luat biln vl thye thi cdc quyen tu do tren bien.
Thu ba. viec thdng bdo vd tham vdn ve xay dung dao, cdng trinh, thiet bi nhan tgo d Bien Ddng ed phdi la nghTa vy hay khdng?
Vi dv, Cdng udc vd Lugt bidn sir dyng cdc kdnh rach nhdn tgo qu6e te vdi myc dfch phi hdng hai ndm 1977 cung dd phdn dnh nghia vu ndy. Cdng udc ddt ra cho cdc nude cd kenh rgch nghia vu thdng bdo ve bat cii ke hogch, hanh dpng ndo cd the dnh hudng din mdi tradng cua ede kdnh rach qudc td. NghTa vu ndy nen dupe dp dung cho viec xdy dyng ddo nhdn tao d Bien Ddng bdi can cd y kien tham khao cua cdc ben kien quan trade khi xdy dung, ngay ca khi viec xdy dyng dupe tien hdnh Qxmg lanh hdi.
Thu tu, ddo nhdn tao cd the dp dyng Dieu 121(3) Cdng udc Ludt bien hay khdng? Hien nay, cdc quoc gia d Bien Ddng vd tten toan thd gidi deu hi dnh hudng bdi dieu khodn ndy ttong qud trinh xdy dyng cac ddo nhan tao nhdm md rdng khdng gian bidn ciia minh va dang nd luc bien cdc "bai dd" thdnh cac "ddo"
ddp ung cdc dilu kien thfch hop cho con
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ngudi den d vd cd ddi sdng kinh te rieng. Ddo san hd Okinotorishima Id mdt vf du. Quan diim cua Trang Quoc cho rdng xdy dyng cac cau tnic tten ran san hd "se khdng thay ddi tinh ttang phdp If ciia nd" nhung ddy chi Id quan diem ddi vdi Okinotorishima. John Van Dyke cho rdng ddo nhdn tgo khdng dupe cd vting ddc quyin kinh td hay them lyc dia va lien he vdi cdc rgn san hd Subi. Johnson Soutii (Tmng Qudc chiem ddng), ran san hd Dallas (Malaysia), Vanguard vd Price of Wales Banks (cua Viet Nam) ciing se gidng nhu ddo san hd Okinotorishima cua Nhat Ban. Mpt thdm phdn ttong vu tranh chap lien quan din phan dinh bien va lanh thd giiia Qatar vd Bahrain nam 2001 cung neu quan diem rdng: "Theo quy djnh cua Cong u&c Ludt biin, nhiing nd luc bj cdo bugc cua cd hai ben de thay ddi mgt cdch nhdn tgo phdn phfa tren bi mat ciia Qit'at Jaradah khdng cho phep kit ludn nd cd lu cdch phdp li cua mdt hdn ddo".^^^^ Hodc cung cd the hidu theo Cdng udc Ludt bien, nhiing ran san hd dd dupe CO ban chuyen ddi thdnh cdc dao nhan tgo d Bien Ddng se mat tu each phdp li nhu Id cdc rgn san hd ty nhidn vd dupe coi la ddo nhdn tao. Tuy nhien, vdi can nhdc den sy xdi mdn cua ddo tu nhien thi cd cac cdch xdc dinh khdc nhau. Neu ddo ndo da sd huu vung dac quyen Idnh te bode them lyc dia rieng trade khi cd bdt ki sy can thiep nhdn tao dang kl ndo nhung do dnh hudng cua cac ydu td tu nhien ma can tien hdnh xdy dyng nhan tgo de ngdn ngua viee mdt di tinh trgng phdp If trade do till hdnh dpng nay can dupe phap ludt qudc td chdp nhdn, bdi tinh trang ndng len toan cdu vd myc nude bien ddng cao dang de dpa
nhieu ddo, qudc dao; hon niia, phap lugt qudc te ciing khdng cam cdc qudc gia gift chii quyen cua minh bdng viec su dung ede kiln thidt vd cau true nhdn tgo. Ngupc lgi, neu mdt qudc gia ven bien chi dan thuan cd gdng md rdng khdng gian bien eiia minh bdng vipc xdy dung cac cdng trinh, thidt bi nhdn tao thi tinh trgng phdp li can dupe xem xet. Cd tiie nhihig no lyc bien mdt ran san bd thdnh ddo ed viing bien rdng ldn dudng nhu dang di ngupc lgi nguydn tdc "tdn ttpng hpp If' vd xdm pham den quyen lpi cua edc qudc gia khdc.
Trang Qudc hien dang phdn ddi manh me yeu sach cua Nhdt Bdn ttong vy Okinotorishima nhung Trung Qudc dang ddy mgnh xdy dung mdt sd dao dang ke d Bien Ddng. Chung ta van ndn quan nggi vdi quan diem cda Tmng Qudc trong vide thyc hien mdt "tieu chudn kep" nhdm ydu sach viing ddc quydn kinh te vd them lyc dia tu cdc ran san hd d Bien Ddng.
Nhimg van dd ndy se edn tiep tye dupe cdn nhdc, ttanh lugn ttong thdi gian ddi. Tuy nhien. tai thdi didm bien tai, vdi nhiing quy dinh cua phdp ludt qudc te, cd the khdng dinh, edc ddo, thiet bi vd cdng trinh nhdn tao khdng cd quy che ciia dao. Chiing khdng cd lanh hdi rieng vd sy hien dien cda chung khdng dnh hudng den vide phan dinh lanh hdi, vting ddc quydn kinh td vd them lyc dia. Cdc ddo nhan tgo khdng tgo ra bdt ki viing bien nao, tuy nhidn, ede qudc gia ven bien dupe phep thiet lap viing an todn xung quanh chung. Khu vyc an todn nay khdng dupe vupt qua 500m tinh tu mdi diem cua ria ngodi cua chiing, trtr khi cac diem dd dupe cdng nhdn theo cac tieu chudn qudc te hogc khuyen cdo cua cdc
54 TAP CHi LUAT HpC S6 9/2015
td chuc qudc te ed thdm quyin.
Trdn co sd tim hieu cde quy dinh va thyc lien phdp li qudc tl, cd the thiy rdng Trang Qudc khdng phai Id qudc gia qudn dao de vgch dudng ca sd thdng bao quanh "qudn ddo Hoang Sa" hogc tham vpng cd dupe
"cdc vung nude phu can" ddnh cho qudn ddo Tradng Sa, ddc biet Id khi hai qudn ddo nay thudc chit quydn thyc su vd hpp phdp cua Viet Nam. Do vay, bdt ki viing biln nao md Trang Qudc tuyen bd bao quanh vting biln cua cdc mdm dd. bai san bd ndy ve mdt kT thudt deu ttdi vdi cdc quy dinh cua Cdng udc Ludt bien. Cdc ddo, dd thudc hai qudn ddo Hoang Sa va Tmdng Sa chi cd the cd ndi thuy vd lanh hdi, khdng cd vting ddc quyen kinh te vd them luc dia nhu quy dinh tai khodn 3 Didu 121 Cdng udc Lugt bien. Ddi vdi cdc ddo nhdn tgo. cdng tnnh, thiet bi tren bien, cdc hanh vi cdi tgo, xdy dung cac ddo nhan tgo tten Bien Ddng cua Trung Qudc khdng cd gid tri phdp If tao ndn cdc vung bien rdng ldn xung quanh chdng.
D I giai quylt dupe nhung quan diem khdc biet cua cdc ben ve quy che phap If cua hai quan ddo Hodng Sa, Tradng Sa. Viet Nam cd thi dp dyng da dgng vd linh hogt cdc gidi phap ddm phdn, thuong lupng. trang gian, hod giai va su dyng cdc thidt che tdi phdn qudc tl. Khi tiln hanh cdc gidi phdp tten. chiing ta cung can luu y den edc dieu kien ddm bao cho viec thue hien gidi phdp nhu: tdng cudng quyet tdm chfnh trj va y thiic lam chu bidn ddo; hodn thien he thdng CO sd phdp Ii qudc tl vd phdp ludt qudc gia;
dao tao ngudn nhdn lyc; nang eao tiem luc kinh tl. CO sd bg ting, tiem lye khoa hpe
cdng nghe bien; ciing cd tiem lyc qudc phdng, an ninh ttdn bidn; tang cudng ca che phdi hpp ttong nude nhdm bdo ve toi da chu quyen, lpi ich cda Viet Nam; tdng cudng hpp tac qudc te ve bien, ddo./.
(l).Xem: Nhom True Nam SOTI, "De ddo xa thdnh gan". Tgp chi nghiin ciiu vd phdt triin, S6 chuygn de va bian, dao Viat Nam, s6 3(101)/2013.
(2).Xem them: Mark.J.Valencia, John M.Vandyke vd Nobel A.Ludwig, Chia se tdi nguyin a Bien Nam Trung Hoa, 1997, Ban djch ciia Ban bien gidi - BO ngoai giao.
(3).Xem tham: Symmons C. R.. The Maritime Zones odd Islands in International, Nijhoff. 1979.
(4).Xem them: Nguyen H6ng Thao, Lugt qudc ti vd chu quyen tren hai qudn ddo Hodng Sa vd Trudng Sa, Dai hpc Paris I (Pantheon - Sorbonne), 2000.
(5). Quan dao Tnrong Sa bao gom khoang 150 th\rc tha trgn mpt khu vuc rpng ldn phfa nam Bien Dong, moi ih^c the ciin dugc nghien cihi mpt cdch dpc lap da tCr 66 xdc djnh kha ndng tao ra cdc vCing bien. Xem:
Marius Gjetnes, The legal Regime of Islands in the South China Sea, Masters Thesis of Law, Department of Public and International Law University of Oslo, 2000.
(6). Thuat ngQ "cdc viing nu&c phg cgn" cua Trudng Sa cung da dugc Trung Quoc da c^p trong Cong hdm phan d6i bao cdo ranh gidi ngodi them lyc dia cua Viet Nam. Vi$t Nam va Malaysia ndm 2009 (CML17/2009 ngdy 7/5/2009) vd Cong hdm ndm 2011 (CML8/201i ngdy 14/4/2011) phan ddi Cong ham sd 000228 ngdy 5/4/2011 ciia Philippines. Trong do, Trung Quoc khdng djnh: "Trung Quoc cd chu quyen khdng the tranh cdi ddi vcri cdc ddo a Biin Dong vd cdc vUng nirdc phu can, cd quyin chd quyen vd quyen tdi phdn ddi vdi cdc vUng nude lien quan ciing nhu ddy bien vd ldng ddi dudi ddy biin..."
(Cong ham CML17/2009 ngdy 7/5/2009). Trong Cong ham CML8/20I1 ngdy 14/4/2011 Trung Qudc mpi ldn nQa khdng djnh lgi dieu ndy dong thdi tuyen bd ro: "Theo cdc quy djnh cd lien quan ciia Cong udc Lugt bien 1982. cSng nhtr Ludt vUng Idnh hdi vd vUng tiep gidp cda nude Cgng hoa nhdn ddn Trung Hoa ndm 1992 vd Ludt vi vUng ddc quyen kinh ti vd thim l\ic dfa cua nude Cgng hod nhdn ddn Trung Hoa ndm
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1998, quan ddo Nam Sa cua Trung Qudc hodn loan dugc phep cd vUng Idnh hdi, vung ddc quyen kinh ti vd them luc dja".
(7).Xem: Nguyen Hong Thao, Vietnam and the Code of Conduct for the South China Sea, Ocean Development
& International Law, vol.32. wiMe2,2001, p. 109.
(8). Theo Bdo cdo chung Vi?t Nam - Malaysia ve ranh gidi ngodi thSm lyc dja ndm 2009, cd Viet Nam vd Malaysia deu cho rdng cac dao md hp tuy^n bd chu quy^n dSu khdng cd vilng ddc quyen kinh te vd th^m lyc dja.
(9).Xem: Van Dyke J.M. & Bennett D.L., Ddo vd viic hogch djnh cdc viing bien a hiin Bdng", Nien gidm bien, 1993.tr. 58.
(10).Xem: Prescott J.R V., Cdc dudng biin gioi chtnh trj tren thi giai, London, Methuen, tr. 218 - 222, 1985; Claget B.M., Nhiing yeu sdch ddi khdng cua Viit Nam vd Trung Quoc a khu vuc bdt ngdm Tu Chfnh vd Thanh Long trong biin Ddng, Hd Ndi, Nxb.
Chfnh trj quoc gia. Hd Ndi, 1996, tr. 13.
(11). Bao gom dao An Bang, bai An Nhon, ddo Ba Binh, dao BSn L^c, ddo Binh Nguyan, dd Hoa Lau, dd Hodi An (trong cum ddo Thi Tii), dao Loai Ta, dd Lu- xi-a (hai diem), dao Nam Yet, dao Phan Vinh (ba di^m), dd Sdc L6t, ddo Sinh T6n, dao Song Tu Dong vd Song Tii Tdy (trong cym ddo Song Til), dao Son Ca (Uong cym ddo Nam Yet), da Suoi Ngpc, ddo Thj Tii, bai Thuyen Chdi, dao Trudng Sa, cum ddo Trudng Sa (m§t diem gkn da Tay) vd ddo VTnh Viln, Ndm 1995, My hao trp cdng bo mpt bdn do tu nhdn, trong dd bo sung 18 vi trf n6i trgn m$t nude trong qu^n ddo Trudng Sa: dd An Binh, da Chiu Vien, bai da Chit Th^p, dd Cd Lin. dd Cdng Do, dd Ddng (trong cym dao Trudng Sa), dd En Ca, dd En Ddt, dd Ga Ven (Bdc), dd Gac Ma, da KJ Vdn, dd Li Vdc. dd Ldn, bai Phii My, bai Thdm HiSm, dd Tign Ntt, bai Trdng KhuySt vd ddo Trudng Sa Ddng (trong cym ddo Trudng Sa).
(12).Xem: Coquia J.R., "Nhihig vdn d^ ranh gidi bien cr biln Ddng", Tgp chi ludt. Trudng dgi hpc British - Colombia, 1990, tr. 117 - 120.
(13).Xem: Tao cheng, 'Tranh chap ve cdc qudn ddo d biln Ddng", Tgp chi ludt qudc ti. 1975, tr. 267.
(14).Xem: Dzurek D., Cdc cugc tranh chdp vi biin gidi vd tdi nguyen a biin Dong, Nien gidm biln, 1985, tr. 2 5 4 - 2 7 L
(I5).Xem: Marius Gjemes, "The legal regime of
islands in the South China Sea". Masters Thesis of Law. Department of Public and International Law University of Oslo, p.75 - 76.2000.
(16).Xem: Sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia v Singapore). 2008 ICJ Rep 12. cdc do&n 291-9. Trong dd ICJ phin biet Middle Rocks vdi South Ledge, South Ledge dupe phdn logi Id bai cgn liic chim Idc ndi; trich din di kfem vdi thdo luan chfnh thiic tgi Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v Bahrain). 2001 ICJ Rep 40. cdc dogn 205-6.
(17).Xem: America and China are at odds over the South China Sea, ngu6n: http://www.economist.cora/
news/asia/21652510-america-and-china-are-oddsH3ver- south-china-sea-trouble-shangri-la, truy c$p ngdy 31/5/2015; " B ^ trudng Carter cho bilt Trung Qu6c da cdi tgo hon 2.000 mau Anh (tuorng duong 810 ha), m$t dien tfch ldn hem tdt cd cdc bgn tranh chdp cdng lgi vd ldn nhdt trong lich sii khu vyc... chi trong 18 thdng, mpt khodng thdi gian r^t ngdn".
(18).Xem: Victor Robert Lee, China Rapidly Expanding Subi Reef Land Fill, ngudn: https://niedium.coin/@Victor RobertLee/china-rqjidly-expanding-subi-reef-Iand-fill- c7eee36blf84, truy cgp ngdy 15/6/2015.
(19).Xem: DFA statement on China's reclamation activities and the impact on the region's marine environment, ngu6n: http://www.gov.ph/2015/04/13/
dfa-statement-on-K:hinas-recIamation-activities-and- the-impact-on-the-regions-marine-environment/, truy cgp ngdy 13/4/2015.
(20).Xem: 07 to express concern over East, South China Sea: newspaper, nguon: http"y/www.reuters. com/
article/2015/06/06/us-g7-summit-southchinasea-idUS KBNO OM05D20150606, tray cap ngdy 06/6/2015.
(21).Xem: Myres S. McDougal vd William T. Burke, Public Order of the Oceans, 1962, p . 387 - 388.
(22).Xem: John M. Macdonald, "Artificial Reef Debate: Habitat Enhancement or Waste Disposal?", Ocean Development and International Law, t§p 25.
1994, p. 388.
(23).Xem: Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v.
Bahrain), ngudn: http7/www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.
php?pl=3&p2=3&case=87&code=qb&p3=4, truy cap ngdy 31/5/2015.
56 T^P CHi LUAT HOC S6 9/2015
