UAN HOA GIAO TIEP UfNG KlK OUA NGU(fl GIAO UIEN T R O N G TRLTCDTJG M A M N O N
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ioo tiep ling x i i cd vdn hod Id mdt bleu hien cuo vdn hod hqe dudng. Do d d , tim hieu ve giao tiep cd vdn hod, ren luyen cdc phuong thiic vd ki ndng gioo tiep iing x i i phu hqp vdi yeu cdu cuo mdi trudng su phqm, gdp phdn ndng coo hieu qud gido dye Id rdt cdn thiet. Ode biet, trong mdi trudng su phqm cuo trudng mdm non, vdn hod gioo tiep cdng trd nen quon trqng. Vi ddi vdi tre mdm non, cd gido chinh Id khudn mdu, Id chudn myc de tre bdt chudc. Oieu dd, ddi hdi ngudi gido vien mdm non cdn cd nhiing kT ndng giao tiep theo nhiing nguyen tde vd phuong thiie iing xii phu hqp vdi yeu cdu gido dye tre. Oe xdy dyng mdi trudng vdn hod d mdt trudng mdm non, tqo mdi trudng su phqm thdn thien hdp ddn tre thi vdn hod gioo tiep iing x i i ciia ngudi gido vien cdng duqc coi trqng. The ndo duqc coi Id gioo tiep ting xii cd vdn hod, cdn ed nhung ki ndng gi vd thyc hien giao tie'p ting x i i nhu the ndo?1. Cdc nguyen tdc g i o o tiep i i n g x u Nguyen tdc iing xti duqc hieu Id nhiing quon diem nhdn sinh, djnh hudng chi dqo nhung hdnh vi tiep XIJC Clio cd gido vdi tre d cdc tinh hudng khde nhau trong trudng mdm non. Trong gioo tiep ling x i i giiia cd vd tre quon diem nhdn sinh duqc de coo nhu sou:
- Yeu thuang tre nhu con em cua minh. O trudng mdm non, cd gido Id ngudi thoy the me chdm sdc gido dye vd thod mdn nhung nhu cdu CO bdn cho tre. Ody viio Id niem vinh d y , vuo Id nghTo vy vd cCing Idn lao ciio gido vien mdm non dd'i vdi gio dinh vd xd hdi. Dieu d d , ddi hdi cd phdi Id ngudi me thii hai ciio tre vdi hoi diic tinh quy bdu Id: nhqy cdm vd sdn sdng. NhCrng hdnh vi tiep xuc ciia cd nhdm myc dich thod mdn hqp li nhiing nhu cdu cuo tre. Id dieu kien tien quye't ddm bdo cho su phdt trien binh thudng ciio mdi diia tre, khdng de tre ndo bj thiet thdi, thieu sy quan tdm chdm sdc ciio cd. Yeu thuang tre nhu con em ciio minh, ddi hdi su tdn tuy vd kheo leo.
Tap ehi Giao due so 2 2 4 (ki 2 -10/2009)
dju ddng cuo cd trong viec chdm sdc vd gido dye. Ben cqnh viec the hien tinh thuong yeu rieng cho tiing diio tre, ed eung cdn chu y td ehtic bdu khdng khi Idp hqe dm eung, thdn tinh nhu trong mqt gio dinh. Trong y tudng ciia cd ludn thudng tryc y nghi, thdi do thdnh tdm nhu ngudi me hien dich thye dd'i vdi tre, tu dnh mdt ny cudi, hdnh vi ling x i i phu hqp vdi khudn mdu iing xii cuo ngudi me ddi vdi diia con cua chinh minh.
- Thod mdn hgp li nhi/ng nhu cdu eo bdn eho tre. Ddy ehinh Id mdt trong nhung dieu kien tien quye't ddm bdo sy phdt trien the chd't, tinh edm, tri tue theo myc tieu ddo tqo cuo ngdnh gido dye mdm non. Nhung nhu edu co bdn ciio tre Id nhu cdu dinh dudng, nhdn thiic, gioo tie'p, on todn, cdm xuc vdn ddng. Nhiing nhu cdu ndy phdn phd'i khdng ddng deu trong ngdy, mdi nhu cdu cd vol trd to Idn kich thich sy phdt trien the chd't, tinh cdm, tri tue vd nhiing dde trung xd hdi cua tre. Chinh vi the, md ngudi gido vien mdm non phdi ludn hieu fre de thod mdn nhu cdu cua fre nhung d mire dp hgp li. Cd nghla Id thod mdn nhu cdu cuo tre mdt cdch dieu do, ndi dung hqp li ve ddi tuqng, phuong thiic vd thdi gian. Ne'u kem hode gidi hqn su thod mdn, tre de sinh ro sy md't cdn bdng ve tdm li se ddn de'n khdng dn djnh ve net tinh cdch sou ndy, de phdt sinh benh tdt. Ne'u nuong chieu tre qud se tqo nen nhung net tinh cdch vd hdnh vi khdng dn djnh, mdt cdn bdng trong ting x i i vdi mqi ngudi. Ne'u khdng thod mdn nhu cdu cho tre thi dnh hudng de'n sy phdt trien cua tre. Viec thod mdn mdt cdch hqp li nhung nhu cdu co bdn cho tre chi ed the thyc hien tdt nhdt d trudng mdm non. Vi ed gido Id ngudi
«me dudng" se thod mdn cdc nhu cdu ciio tre khdch quon hon ngudi «me sinh" ra tre. Vd d mdi trudng trudng mdm non se cd dieu kien kiem tro, tqo dieu kien ddm bdo nudi dqy tre mqt cdch khoa hoc.
* Tnrdng mam non Sao liAai 12 • Quan 4, TP Ho Chi IHinli
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- Giao tiep ung xu vdi tre bdng nhi/ng hdnh 2 . Cdc phuong thuc vd kT ndng gioo tiep vi cu chi diu hien, nhe nhdng, cdi md, vui tuai. ung x u
Xud't phdt tti quan diem gido dye bdng tinh cdm - Phuong thuc irng xu - cd gido nhu me hien.
thdn thuong cuo cd, nguyen tdc ndy nhdn mqnh Cd khdng phdi Id me dich thue sinh ro tre. Nhung nghe thudt gioo tiep ting x i i cua cd ddi vdi tre, vdi chiic ndng Id ngudi me thii hoi thi ed cung cd ddi hdi cd phdi ludn biit Idng nghe tre ndi vd quyen vd trdch nhiem bieu Id tinh cdm cuo ngudi phdi biit ndi eho tre nghe. Ddc diem tdm li boo me trong hdnh vi iing xti theo phuong thtic me - trum Clio tre d do tudi mdm non Id xiie edm phdt eon. Ngudi gido vien tiep xuc vdi tre mqt cdch trien rdt mqnh, mqi phdn ting, hdnh vi cua tre tryc tiep bdng bdng be, xoa ndn, vd ve, dp u...
deu do cdm xiic ngy trj, «cudi d d - khde d d " . ddy ehinh Id nen tdng cuo mqi xuc cdm, tinh edm Thdn kinh cuo tre de hung phdn, vdn sdng, kinh tieh cue cua con ngudi. Thdng quo hdnh vi, ciich?
nghiem cuo tre cdn hqn che, chuo dii de hieu cuo cd de dqy tre nhieu dieu vd quon trqng hon Id nhung Idi dqy gido dieu, phiie tqp, chua du khd de tre d i ddng chdp nhdn cdch dqy ndy hon Id ndng de hieu, de nhd vd vdn dyng vdo hdnh vi. nhiing cdu ndi menh lenh hoqc Idi gidi thich sudng:
Do d d , gido vien mdm non phdi ludn tqo cho tre phdi nhu the ndy, phdi nhu the klo ciia cd gido.
mdt cdm gidc on todn, binh yen, dS chju khi d Ngudi gido vien quon tdm thdt su de'n tre vdi tdm ben cd. Nguyen tdc ndy ludn nhde nhd ed Id'y long ngudi me mdi cd duqc nhung thdng tin ddy xuc cdm chdn thuc ciio chinh minh de'n vdi tre. du ve sy phdt trien co the vd tdm li ciio tre; mdi Xuc cdm chdn thyc, nhung thien ve tinh thuong, ddp ting nhung nhu cdu co bdn dung luc; mdi su nhe nhdng vd vui tuoi, cdi md phii hqp vdi khich le ddng vien tre kjp thdi; mdi ddnh gid dung tdm sinh li ciio tre se gieo vdo tre nhiing sdc thdi «tung thdnh tieh, tiing viec ldm" cua tre; giup tre ty cdm xue tich cyc ctia con ngudi. tin vdo minh vd eung ldm cho tre thich tie'p xuc
- Nguyen tde dgy - do. Cd gido mdm non tryc tie'p vdi cd, duqe trd chuyen ciing cd.
vtio che chd, bdo vi, nudi dudng vi/a dgy tre - Phuang thuc ung xu - cd Id co gido. Cd ldm ngudi cd ich cho xd hdi. Nguyen tdc ndy gido mdm non ludn ludn ldy myc tieu «hinh thdnh edn phdi duqc ddc biet quon tdm trong qud trinh cho tre nhung co sd ban ddu cuo nhdn cdch con ehdm sdc, gido dye tre. Trong y thtic ciia cd, hdnh ngudi m d i " de djnh hudng cho mqi hdnh dqng, vi ling x i i ludn thudng tryc viec gido dye tre noqt ddng ciio minh thdng quo viec thyc hien nhung hdnh vi ting xti dting ddn vdi tu nhien, vdi chuong trinh chdm sdc gido dye tre. Chinh cd Id xd hdi, vdi con ngudi vd vdi ehinh dtio tre. Cd ngudi thdy ddu tien vdn dyng nhiing kien thiic su gido cd the dqy tre iing x i i bdng nhieu cdch: dqy phqm de td chiic, hudng ddn tre phdt trien theo theo mdu ciio cd; dqy theo mdu cua bqn ciing "luc tieu gido dye d d vqch ro. Ddi vdi tre, cd Idp; dqy theo mdu hdnh vi ciio cdc nhdn vdt trong ludn Id tdm guong mdu muc ve nhdn cdch de tre truyen ke, phim hoqt hinh. Nhung mdu hdnh vi ^9^ tap, noi theo. Do d d , cd cdn chu y the hien ndy se dqy tre ddn hinh thdnh thdi quen iing x i i ^^dnh v i , cti chi, ngdn ngC; dung chudn myc trong
cd
udng.:d vdn hod trong td't ed cdc tinh hudng: khi dn 9 ' ° ° ^'ep vdi tre vd vdi mqi ngudi xung quonh.
ldng, luc vui choi, trong iing x i i vdi dng bd, cha Phdi bie't vdn dyng kie'n thiic vd kT ndng su phqm me, thdy cd gido, khi cd khdch de'n choi... Ddng ^ ^ td ehtic mqi hoqt ddng chdm sdc gido dye tre thdi, viec dqy tre mdm non khdng the tdch rdi vdi ^ o ' ^^^^ 9 " ° coo nhd't. Mud'n duqc nhu the, ngudi
«dd ddnh". Dd tre ed nhieu ndi dung: dd cho tre 9'do vien mdm non phdi ndm vung ddc diem nin bdng cdch thoy the dd'i tuqng thod mdn nhu ^^"^ ^ ' " 1 ^ j ' cua tre, phdi thudng xuyen gioo tiep cdu de tre khdng khde nua; dd ddnh de tre ldm ^O'' '""^ <^e ed nhung nhqn xet, ddnh gid dung ve theo mdu ciio cd, ciia bqn; do de tdp eho tre mdt ^''^- Tu d d , cd nhung tdc ddng gido dye phu hop thdi quen hdnh vi td't ndo d d ; dd tre Id de ndng ^^i ^ " 9 c^1du. Ddng thdi, bie't cdch xii li tinh hudng niu, chdm sdc bdng cdch dm dp, vd ve cho tre. ^'"°"9 9 ' ° ° tie'p iing x i i cuo tre vdi mqi ngudi Ddy ehinh Id nguyen tdc ddc thu ciio ngdnh mdm ^ " " 9 quonh vdi tu cdch Id nhd su phqm.
non. Nguyen tdc ndy ddi hdi ngudi gido vien phdi ^°^ phuong thiic ting x i i ndi tren ludn don sti dyng nhieu bien phdp thuyet phye tre, phdi bie't ^®"' ^°° quyen vdi nhou trong mdt hdnh vi iing too ca hpi cho tre tu gidc hgp tdc cung cP, cirng ^^ ^^° ngudi vien trong trudng mdm non. Bdi vi, fcqn trong cdc hoqt dqng d trudng mdm non. .; (Xem tiep trang 37)
Tap ehi Giao due s6 2 2 4 (ki 2 • 10/2009)
nhqn tdn cdng xudng phio N a m , chiem vung ed nhieu luong thye vd ddu md, md trqng diem Id thdnh phd Xtalingrdt (3). L/u the ban ddu thude ve qudn Otic, nhung tii 1 1 / 1 9 4 2 de'n 2 / 1 9 4 3 , Hdng qudn ehuyen sang phdn edng, bao vdy, tieu diet vd bdt sd'ng todn bd 33 vqn qudn Diie do Thd'ng ehe Phdn Poolut cdm ddu. Sou chiln thdng ndy, Hdng qudn Lien Xd vd lye luqng Ddng minh chuyen sang phdn cdng tren khdp ede mqt trdn. Vdi qudn ddi Hitler, Xtalingrdt Id that bqi Idn nhd't vd nude Diic Qud'c Xd dd treo ed tong sou thdt bqi dy.
2) Npi dung ehu yiu. Luqe dd the hien nhiing net ehinh ve d i i n bien cuo trdn Xtalingrdt.
3) Ggi y cdch su dyng: - Td mdu xanh dqe theo hoi eon sdng cho nd'i rd ndi dung ehinh;
- Xdc djnh vj tri thdnh phd Xtalingrdt (ndm ben b d sdng Vdngo, d khu vuc hep nhd't giCro sdng Ddng vd sdng Vdngo); - Nhung dien bien chien su edn chii y trinh bdy nhu sou: + Ldn thu nhdt:
Bdn mui ten mdu den, thdng hdng (17/7 -> 3 0 / 7 - ^ 3 0 / 8 -^ 1 2 / 9 -^) the hien qudn Diic tii ngodi tien vdo thdnh phd, Hdng qudn edm cy, hinh thdnh dudng mdt trdn ngdy 1 8 / 1 1 / 1 9 4 2 ; + i d n thu hai: Bo cym mui ten mdu trdng the hien cdc Phuong dien qudn Xd viet do cdc tudng Volutin, Rdedxd'pxki, Eremened chi huy tii 19 - 2 3 / 1 1 / 1 9 4 2 dd boo vdy lyc luqng co bdn ciio Cym tdp dodn qudn Diic do Thdng ehe Paolut chi huy, ddng thdi tiep tye truy quel djeh, hinh thdnh dudng mdt trdn mdi 3 0 / 1 1 / 1 9 4 2 . Tii mdt trdn ndy, Hdng qudn dd ddnh ton dqo qudn tdng vien cuo Otic do Thdng ehe Monxtoino ch? huy ( 1 2 / 12), tqo d i l u kien thit ehdt hon vdng vdy d Xtalingrdt; + Ldn thu ba: Hdng qudn heu diet qudn Diic trong vdng vdy, gidnh thdng Iqi hodn todn.
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Tren ddy Id nhiing gqi y ve cdch sii dyng mdt so luqe 66. Tiiy theo trinh do HS vd dieu kien ey the md GV sii dyng soo eho phu hqp, gdp phdn tich eye vdo viee nghien ciiu, trao ddi, hqc tdp kinh nghiem Idn nhou... 1^
(1) Phan Ngoc Lien (t6ng chii bien). Lich su 11 (nang cao). NXB Gido due. H. 2008.
(2) Ngoai Capcada la qud'c gia Lien bang. Nam 1936, Lien bang nay tach ra thanh 3 nudc CHXV la: Grudia, Acmenia va Azecbaidan.
(3) Nay la thanh phd'Vdngagrat.
Tap ehi Giao due s6 2 2 4 (ki 2.10/2009)
Van hoa giao tiep iing xir...
(Tie'p theo trang 26)
ch? cd hnh thuang md thieu tri thiie khoo hqe se tqo ro Idp ngudi thieu sdng tqo, edn ch? ed tri thtic khoa hqe md thieu hnh thuang cuo ed se tqo ro nhiing «ngudi mdy" khd Iqnh.
Ben cqnh viee ndm viing ki ndng giao hep ling x i i , gido vien cdn ed nhung ki ndng gioo h i p phu hqp. Nhiing ki ndng gioo tiep cd vol trd quon trqng trong hoqt dqng ciio gido vien. Chiing eho phep thiet ldp mdi quon he quo Iqi hqp li vdi tiing dtio tre, vdi ed nhdm tre, vdi phy huynh, vdi bqn be ddng nghiep vd vdi cdc ed'p Idnh dqo.
Nhiing ki ndng ndy duqe bieu hien trong viec xdc ldp nhanh mdi quon he, fim ra heng ndi chung vd dung ddn dd'i vdi mqi ngudi trong tiing hodn ednh khde nhau. Nhieu ki ndng gioo tiep cd the trd thdnh nghe thudt gioo tiep su phqm. Ngdn ngii khi giao hep phdi rd rdng mqch Iqc, sinh ddng, dien edm, vtio siie ddi vdi tre. Ngdn ngii Clio gido vien mdm non gidng nhu Id mdt phuang tien tdc ddng tdi tre, giup ngdn ngu tre phdt trien.
Do vdy, gido vien edn phdi: - Ludn gdn gui vd biet edeh trd ehuyen vdi tre; - Cd ki ndng d i l n dqt tu tudng cuo minh bdng phuong hen ngdn ngu mdt cdch dung ddn, chinh xdc vd d i l n cdm;
- Cd kT ndng thiet ldp nhanh chdng vd de ddng sy gioo tiep ddi vdi nhdm tre vd dieu chinh duqe mdi quon he trong nhdm tre; - Cd kT ndng sii dyng trd choi gioo tiep vdi tre...
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Viee gioo hep, vdn hod iing xti ciio ngudi gido vien mdm non ddng vol trd rd't quon trqng ddi vdi viec hinh thdnh vd phdt trien xue edm, hinh thdnh nhiing phd'm ehdt nhdn edeh eho tre, vi mqi phdm ehdt nhdn edeh ciio tre ehi duqc hinh thdnh trong gioo hep vdi mqi ngudi xung quonh. Khi cd gido mdm non biet gioo hep iing xti cd vdn hod se tqo nen mdt mdi trudng hdp ddn tre, ldm eho tre thich den trudng ddng thdi tqo mdi trudng su phqm gido dye tre nhung phdm ehdt cdn thiet cua con ngudi sd'ng cd vdn hod.G
