NGHIEN cuu, HOC TAP WTUUNB, BAO BOC HO CHi MINH
VAN DUNG QUAN DIEM HO CHI MINH VE Tir PHE BiNH VA PHE BINH TRONG CONG TAC
XAY DUNG DANG GIAI DOAN HIEN NAY
Q
uan diem Hd Chi Minh ve tff phe binh va phe binh trong cong tac xay dffng Oang* Ke thtta, phat trien ly luan chfl nghia Mac - tfinin trong dieu kifin Ijch sfl mfli. Ho Chi Minh cho rang: "Tu phfi binh va phe binh" vffa Ifi quy luat phat tridn Ding, vffa la nguyen tac trong sinh heat Ding. Trong nhieu tie pham, bai viS't cua minh, van de nay dupe Ngufli thd hien d hai quan diem:
- Ngufli nhan manh Iff phfi binh va phe binh, xem day nhff vu khi sfic ben de Oing thuflng xuyen trfl nen trong sach, vttng manh.
• Cfl khi, Ngfffli dat "phfi binh" trudc "tff phfi binh" nhffng nhieu hdn c i Ifi "tu phe binh" trudc
•phe binh" - dfiy khong phil Ifi ngau nhien, ma cfl dung y. Dung y thfi hifin trffflc hfit can xem trgng tu phfi binh, mufin ngufli khac phfi binh thi phil tu phfi binh minh tnrtc.
Oiem xuat phfit cfla Ho Chi Mlnh ve ttt phe binh va phe binh la dan chfl va nhan dao. Ban chat cfla nfl la xSy dung, vufln tfli sir hoan my, thflc da'y tifin bp, Ifi cfich mang va khpa hpc, la vi nhan dan, vi su doSn ket nhat tri trong Oang. Do dfl, ban chat efla tu phfi binh vS phfi binh la hffdng tfli cai dep,efil tdt
Phii thttc hien Iff phfi binh va phe binh, bfli:
Con ngfffli ai cOng co khuyet diem, thieu sdt, chi khac nhau fl mffc dp nang hay nhe, S trang thai bifi'u hien, "ngufli dfli khflng phil thanh than, khong al tranh khdl khuyfit diem""'. "Mdl con
* Ticn si. TrUdng Bai hac Nha Trang.
I - H6 Chi Mmh: Todn tap, Nxb. Chinh tri qugt: gia,
12
TRAN TRONG BAO *
ngffdi deu cfl thifin vfi ac fl trong Iflng. Ta phai bifit ISm cho phan tdt d trong mfli eon ngufli nay nfl nhff hoa mffa xufin va phan xau bj mat dan di, dd la thai dp cfla ngfffli each mang"". Ngucn cho rang: "Thang thudc hay nhat la thiet thuc phfi binh va ttt phfi binh"™, bdi nfiu khflng thuc hien difiu nfiy, cung nhff ngufli co bfinh neu giau gifim tat bfinh trong mlnh, khong dam ufl'ng thudc, dfi bfinh ngay cfing nang them, nguy den tinh mang.
Muc dieh lu phe binh vS phfi binh thee Hd Chl Mlnh khflng ddng nghta vfli trffng trj, phfi phan.
Hd Chi Minh chi rd: "Muc dich phfi binh cdt dfi giflp nhau sffa chtta, giup nhau tifi'n bp. Cdt dl sffa ddi each lam vific cho tot hdn, dung hdn. Cdt dofin ket va thdng nhat npl bp"'''', dd hanh dflng dflng hfln, ISm viec hieu q u i vfi chat lupng cao hfln. Do do, mdi can bp, ding vifin hang ngay phii kiem difi'm. Iff phfi binh, tff sfla chffa nhff rfla mat mfii ngay. Dffpe nhu the, treng Ding se luon khoe manh, khflng co bfinh tat
Ooi tffpng tnjc tiep cfla tff phe binh va phfi binh, theo Ngufli IS vific ehff khong phii ngfffli.
Quan die'm "phe binh viee ehff khfing pha binh ngfffli" lam cho con ngfffli khflng bj rfli vfio cai iai"
vj ky, thfl han, tranh gianh dffpe thua, ghen ghfit nhau. PhS binh viec IS sir got r i a "cai bfin ngoai' eon ngfffli, khflng cho nd ngam vao ben trong trS thanh b i n chat, iam "fl nhilm" con ngfffli. Tu phfi
HdNgi, 1995, 1.4, tr. 166.
2-Sdd, 1996. t.l2, tr.558.
3 - Sdd, 1996, t.5, tr. 262.
4 - Sdd, 1995, t.5, tr. 232.
TAP CHi GIAO DMC LY IUAN - SO 230 (6/2015)
NGHliN CUU. HOCTAPTUTUiNG, BAO BUC HO CHJMINH
binh vfi phe binh Iheo Hfl Chi Minh nhu dffng phe binh de tiep can va thitc hfinh ehan ly, ISm khan de got rffa cai nho ban bam con ngffdi, chff cho con ngfffli Iff nguyen don nhan tff phe binh vS khflng phii eat bo than thfi con ngffdi. phe binh nhff tifi'p nhan mpt cha't kich thieh de Tff phfi binh va phfi binh nhff udng thudc trj sinh trffflng, khflng phii nhff mpt thff rat dang ghe bfinh, udng rdi lai phii bdi be cho khoe manh. so, can de phflng; khflng thfi col la am muu, thfl Tam cao tn tue cua Ngufli the hifin fl nang cao doan d l ddi xfl, ken cua giffa nhffng ngufli ddng con ngttfli, IS phat huy tinh tfch cue, chfl dflng efla chi vdl nhau. Ttt phfi binh va phfi binh chi thttc sir con ngufli trong cflng viec va cuflc sdng. Ngufli dat kfit qua khi cd su lanh dao, chf dao dung cfla nfll: Can tu phfi binh IS chinh, phii phfi binh minh cap tren, ddng thfli dffflc cfi'p dufli vS dflng die trffde, phS binh ngufli sau, chi cd tit phfi binh quan chung nhan dan flng hfl, hudng ffng chSn minh thl ngudi mdl dam phfi binh mlnh, dac biet la thfinh vfli tinh than xay dimg. Lam dupc nhtt vay, ddi vfli can bfl lanh dao. se trSnh dupc viec ke xau "tfl ve thfim d l pha
Tu phe binh va phfi binh Hen quan true tiep hoal Dang" va thai dp cfla mflt sfi ding vien, can dfin doSn kfit trong nfll bfl Dang, vi vay, theo bp thpai hpa Id dung d l dat muc dich tu tu, ttt Ipi;
Ngttfli, muc dich cfla ttt phe binh va phfi binh la khac phuc dupc thai dp "ba phai", thfl tifiu dau nham tang cuflng sffc manh dcSn kfit trong Oing. tranh vS can benh chfl quan hay thai dp "dpi vd
"Mudn dpSn ket chat che la phai that tha tff phS nhffng ngffd cp khuyet diem va sai lam dd, nhu binh, thanh khan phS binh ddng chf va nhffng ddi vd hd mang, thudng ludng"'*'.
ngud xung quanh, phfi binh. Iff phfi binh d l cflng Ttt phe binh va phe binh phii ed "tinh chat xay nhau tien bd, de di den eang doSn k i t Doan ket, dung", "khflng mia mai, nfli xau", khflng tnJ dap phe binh, ttt phS binh that thS de di dfi'n doan ket ngttd phfi binh. Odl vd ngud phfi binh phai chi ra hon nffa"'*'. dupe cu thl nhttng ttu, nhupc diem cfla dong chi Thai dp ddi vd tu phS binh vS phe binh, theo ttt fld tim each giup dfl hp, ddng thfli phil ludn Hd Chi Minh la: "ly Ifi phfin minh, nghia tinh day chju trach nhiem ve nhttng Id nfll efla mlnh.
dfl", phii xua't phat tff "tinh dflng chi thttflng yfiu Trpng phe binh phai chfl y td thai dp dfin chfl, lln nhau", tham duflm "Iflng nhan ai", phii thanh phai de che ngttd khac dupe phat bilu, dttoc nfiu kha'n, kifin quyet va cfl van hoa. Tff phe binh va nhffng khuyet dilm cfla mlnh trong nhan thffc phfi binh "phii rao rifif, "trifit d l , that thS, khflng cung nhu hanh dpng. Nhifiu ngud phfit bleu se n l nang, khfing them bflt". Ph8 binh khflng phii la chi ra dupc day dfl uu, nhttflc dilm cfla minh, van Cfl hpi de soi moi nham "lat dd nhau", lam mat dfi sfi dttoc xem xfit mpt each day dfl vS loan mat nhau truflc tap thl. Phfi binh phai thuc hien difin, ttt dfl moi ngud tu hofin thien thflng qua sir eflng khai, nhff vay mdi trfinh dffoc thSi dfl "bffng giflp dd cua ngud khac va nd luc cfla bin thfin.
mat bat ehim", thai dp "giau bfinh sfl thudc". Trong phe binh phii binh tinh, khflng nfln Ky luat cfla Ding IS ky luat tu giac, nen su nflng, khflng hlnh thffc, "...Cfl gi cff binh tinh bio thanli khan trong tff phe binh va phfi binh IS dfli nhau, bSn vd nhau. Cang cau cang khd nghe.
hdi tien quyfit frong cflng tie xay dung Dang. Hfi Mudn dan chfl tdt, ky luat cao, can bfl phii guong Chi Minh lufin nhfin manh quan dilm: Neu khflng miu phfi binh va tu phfi binh. Vi du: Bac va cae kifin quyfit thuc hifin tu phfi binh vS phfi binh thi chu khai hpi vd nhau, Bac ttt phe binh trttflc thi gidng nhff cpn ngud cfl bfinh nhung khong udng cac chfl md dam phe binh. Cae chu co khuyet thude. dilm, Bac phe binh lai. Muc dich phfi binh vS tu Tinh yfiu thuong la yeu eau quan trpng trpng phfi binh la d l hpc cai hay, tranh cai dfl, chff
5 - Sdd, 1996, t.S, tr. 387. 0 - Sdd. 1995, t5, tr.264.
TAP CHi SIAO DIIC L* LUAN - S6 230 (6/2015) 1 3
khdng phii de nfli xau nhau"'^, khflng phii dap cho td bd.
Thuc hanh ttt phe binh va phfi binh can edng khai, tiiat sir dung cam. Phfi binh tff cap dud ien vfi cap trfin phai nfiu gffpng tff phfi binh d l cap dffd nd thep. Hd Chi Mlnh thffflng nhac nhd cac ddng chi cfla minh: "tfli ISm dieu xau, cac ddng ehi trflng thay..., lai lay cd "ne Cu" khflng nfli, la tfli mang nhp mai. Nhp S frfin tran thl khflng quan trpng, nhung nfiu ed vet nhp fl Irpng flc, fl tinh than, ma khflng ndi chp ngud ta sfla tttc IS hai ngffd"'".
Vfi Ding cam quyen, mfli cfin bp, ding vian phii gupng mau thuc hien Iff phe binh va phfi binh, "ding vien di tn/flc, lang nuflc theo sau". Odl vfli Oing, Bac cho rang: "mflt Oing ma giau gifim khuyfit dilm cfla minh la mpt Oang hong. Mpt Dang cfl gan thtta nhan khuyet dilm cfla minh, vach ro nhffng cai do, vl dfiu ma cfl khuyfit dilm da, xat ro hofin cinh sinh ra khuyfit dilm dfl, rdi tim kiem mpi each d l sffa chffa khuyet dilm dd.
Nhu the li mpt Ding tien bp, manh dan, chae chan, chfln chinh"'".
De thttc hien tdt ttt phe binh va phe binh, qua do gop phan xay dttng Dang ngay cang trong sach, vffng manh, lanh dao thttc hien thfing Ipi cong cupc CNH,HOH dat nttflc, can thttc hien tot mpt sd giai phap sau:
Thil nhat, Bfin hanh nghifim tffc va thffdng xuyfin ttt phfi binh va phfi binh theo dflng nghj quyet, chi Ihj va Dieu le Ding cua Oing, dac bifit la Nghj quyet Trung uong 4 khoa XI. Yfiu cau cfla Iff pha binh va pha binh phai "thang than, dan chfl, nghiam tuc, chan thfinh, gan vd thuc hien Quy djnh nhung difiu dang vifin khfing dupc lam, theo cttPng vj cflng tac"'"". Vific xem xfit nhffng sai lam, khuyet diem phai dttoc tien hfinh cong
7 - Sdd, 1996, tap 11, tr. 446 - 447.
8 - Sdd, 1995, tdp 5, tr. 224.
9 - Sdd, 1995, tap 5, tr. 261.
10 - l^dng Cgng sdn Viet Nam: Vdn kiin Hgi nghi Idn thli 4 Ban Chap hdnh Trung UOng Bdng khoa XI, Nxb. Chinh tri quae gia. Hd Ngi, 2012, tr. 30.
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tam va theo phttflng eham "trj bfinh effu ngufli".
Dan ISm chp mpi ding vifin thay rfl kfi't qui tu phe binh va phfi binh ngpfii viec frj benh effu ngufli, cfln CP tic dung "tfli luyen" pham chat nang luc lanh dao va td chffc thuc hifin chfl truong, duflng ldl cfla Ding. Odng thd, qua do giflp Dang lua chpn dttflc nhffng can bd dfl dffc, dfl tai d l ganh vac nhiem vu each mang.
Thl} hai. Iff pha binh va phfi binh phii nd day dfl hai mat: L/u va khuyfit d i m trong thuc hien nhifim vu ianh dao, quan ly, td chffc thirc hifin chO trffflng, dudng Idi cfla Ding, Nha nttflc; ve quan diem, lap truflng, ttt tttflng, chinh trj, dao dffc, Idi sdng va tic phong cong tac cfla can bfl, dang vian. Ddi vd khuyfit dilm phii ndi het nfli dting, khflng ne tranh, khflng n l nang, khflng dd 161 cho khaeh quan hoac cho ngttd khSc. Can trinh bay ro nguyfin nhan din den sai lam, khuyet diem.
Khi da dupe tap the Oing, quan ehflng gflp y phe binh phii bao cao day dfl, trung thuc len cap tren d l tuy thee mffc dfl xem xfit xff ly theo quy dinh Dieu la Ding, phap luat cfla Nha nude. Can co hinh thffc khen thffdng kjp thd nhffng can bo, ding vifin, tap thl cfl thfinh tich tfit trong cfing tSc.
Thil ba, ket hpp chat che giffa xay va chdng, lay xay la chinh, coi trpng gifip due, nang cao nhan thffe d l phat huy Uff dilm, ngan ngffa sal pham. Qua tu phfi binh vfi phfi binh, tttng can ba, dang vifin cfic cap can ttt xem xet minti cfln ii nang lire, pham ehat dap dffc, ttt each cfla mot can bp, ding vifln; neu khflng thi phii tu nguyfin rut khoi vj tri duong nhiem, chju hinh thffc ky luat tttflng xttng va xin ra khoi Oing de dim bao li chffc dang lufln trong sach, vffng manh. Vfi phia td chffc ding, can xem xfit cho thfii chffc vu, khong chfl het nhifim ky, hit tudi cdng tac dfii vfli nhffng can bp, ding vifin hai nam lien tin nhifim tha'p, khfing heSn thanh nhiem vu.
Thvr tir, viec thi hSnh ky luat ddi vd can b6, dang vifin can thpng bap cdng khai trffflc td chflc ding va nhan dfin. Vific ISm nSy la can thiet d^
quan chung nhan dan... (xem tiep trang (8J
TAP CHi GIAO o g c L* LUAN - SO 230 (6/2016)
NGHIEN ciu, HOC TAP TUTUillG, BAO Bie HO CHi MUM
tff nam 1953. Hd Chi Mlnh vSn nhat quan vd quan diem xay dung, phat frien va sfl dung nen kinh te nhieu thSnh phan trong thd ky qua dp Ifin CNXH fl nuflc ta. Ngud nfiu ro chinh sSch doi vd cac IhSnh phan kinh te Iffc nSy IS: Thff nha't, vd kinh te qudc deanh - hinh thffc sd hffu cfla toan dSn, lanh dao nen kinh Id qudc dan, can phii phat trien thanh phan kinh te qudc doanh d l tao nfin ting vat chat cho CNXH va thflc da'y vific cii tao XHCN; Nhfi nudc phai tao dieu kifin eho nfl phit trien. Hai IS, vd kinh tfi hpp tac xa - Ifi htnh thttc sfl hffu tap the cfla nhan dfin lao ddng; NhS nttflc can dac bISt khuyen khich, huflng dan va giflp dfl cho nfl phat triln. Hop tic hda nflng nghiep IS khSu chfnh thflc day cflng cupc cil tao XHCN 4 mien Bic. Can phat triln tffng bffdc vffng chic td ddi cflng vfi hctp tie xa. Ba la, vd kinh te ca the cfla nhttng ngud ISm nghd thfl cong va lao dflng rifing lfi khac, Nha nffdc bio hfl quyen sfl hffu vfi Iff lieu sin xuat cfla hp, ra sffc
hudng din vfi cii lien each ISm an, khuyen khich hp td chffc hpp tac xa theo nguyfin tie tu nguyen.
Bdn la, vd kinh tfi efla nhffng nha tu sin cfing thttdng, Nha nttdc khdng xfla bfl quyen sd hffu ve tu Hfiu san xuat va cfla cil khac cfla hp; ma ra sffc hudng dan hp nham lam ldi cho qudc kfi dfin sinh, phu hpp vd ke hoach kinh te cfla Nha nuflc.
Nam la, vd kinh tfi tu bin nha nttflc, NhS nttflc khuyfi'n khich vS giup dd cSc nhS tu ban di theo CNXH bang hinh ttiffc cflng tff hpp doanh vfi nhffng hinh thffc khac. Nhfi nffflc lanh dao hoal dflng kinh te thee mflt kfi hpach ttidng nhat
Cfl thl nfll. Iff tffdng Hd Chi Minh vfi kinh tfi dfi va dang sol dffdng ehp sir ngifip cfich mang S nffflc ta vS cffng vfli ehfl nghTa Mac - tfinin la tSi sin tinh than rat quan trpng, tp Ifln efla Dang vS dSn tflc ta. Nhan dan ta quyfit tSm xSy dung da't nffflc thee cpn duflng xa hdi chfl nghia tren nfin ting chfl nghTa Mac - tenin va ttt tttdng H6 ChlMlnh.H
VAN DUNG QUAN OIEM HO CHI MINH VE TUPHE BINH VA PHE BiNH...
(tiep trang 14}
...tha'y re sir nghiam minh cfla Oang va sff tan trpng cfla Oing ddi vdi quan chflng, bifit lang nghe y kidn cfla nhfin dan tff dd gdp phan tang cudng mdi quan he gin bd mau thjt giffa Oing vd dan.
Thil nam, phfit ddng phpng trap rpng rai, sfiu sie, lien tuc frong nhan dan bang cfic phuong Bfin thong tin dai chflng d l nfiu guong ngud tdt, viec tdt, Ifin Sn nhffng ding vifin, can bp vi pham ky luat Dang, phap luat efla Nhfi nuflc. Bat cff ai, d cffpng vi nfip cung phii tuan thee phap luat Cflng khai, minh bach Ifi each lam tdt nhat d l Ben hanh tu phfi binh va phfi binh.
ThCr siu, lam theo phttPng phap Hp Chi Mlnh: Lam Irong sach tff trong npi bd Dang vS trpng cfic co quan NhS nufle, bat dau tff tren
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d l lam guong va kilm tra, lanh dao bfin dttfll, de nhan dan tin vS tham gia phfi binh cfin ba, dang vifin; "Ban Chap hanh Trung uong, 86 Chfnh tri. Ban Bi thtt, cae ca'p fly ding, can bfl chfl chdt, nhat IS cap frung uong, ngud dflng dau ISm trttflc vS phii that su gttong miu"".
Phat huy val trfl, thirc hien tdt chffc nang "cam can niy mirc" cfla tffng ca'p fly vifin, bi thu trong Ihuc hien tu phfi binh va phfi binh, ddng thfli Ifim tdt cflng tic theo dfli, kiem tra viec tiep thu phfi binh, sffa chffa khuyet dilm cfla tffng dang vifin sau khi da Iff phfi binh va dffpe gop y kien phe binh cfla chi bd Oing.13
11 - Bang Cgng sdn Viet Nam: Vdn kien Hgi nghi tdn thu: 4 Ban Chap hdnh Trung ttdng Ddng khoa XI, Sdd, tr 27.
TAP CHi GIAO DUC Lt LUAN - SO 230 (6/2015)
