QUAN TRI TRI THLTC VA K H A NANG LTNG DUNG TRONG THU" VIEN CAC TRU'ONG DAI HOC
PGS.TS. Doan Phan Tan TrUdng Dai hoc Van hoa Ha Npi
Tom tat:
Quan tn tn th&c la mot Ifnh vde khoa hoc da nganh du'dc hinh thanh dWa tren y tu'dng va phu'dng phap cua mot so Idn cae Ifnh vde khoa hoc. Bai vi^ d§ cap den nhfjhg van de ly luan ed ban lien quan tdi khai niem bi tfiut va quan bi tri thdc, dong thdi neu ra nhOng kha nang va then vong uhg dung quan bi hi th&c trong thi/ vien eae tn/dng dai hoc.
Tu"khoA: Quan tri tri thUc, thUvien dai hpc, Ung dung.
Knowledge management is a multidiseiplinary scientific field that Is baxd on the ideas and methods of a big number of scientific fields. The article presents some basic arguments about die notion of knowledge and knowledge management, at the same time, it outlines the possibilities and prospects for application of knowledge management in academic libraries.
Key words: Knowledge management, academic libraries, application.
D $ t vdin d e
Chung ta dang sdng trong mdt thdi dai ma nen kinh te the gidi dang chuyen bien tU mdt nen kinh te chii yeu dUa vao nguon tai nguyen han hep cua thien nhien sang mdt nen kinh te cua thdng tin va tri tue. Cac tai nguyen thien nhien bj gat ra ngoai chUdng trinh eanh tjanh, chi duy nhat cd tn thUe va ky nang la cac nguon lUe tao ra Idi the canh tranh ben vtihg.
Nam 1995, Peter Drucker, mot chuyen gia hang dau the gidi ve tU van quan tri, tae gia eua cuon saeh ndi tieng "Nhiihg thach thUe ciia quan ly trong the ky XXI" da nhan dinh: "Chung ta dang di vao xa hdi tri thUc, trong dd nguon lUc kinh te cd ban khdng phai la von ma la tri thUe" va "Tri thUc da va dang la mdt nguon lUe kinh te ehii yeu va la mot ngudn lUe thdng tn ciia Idl the canh tranh" [1].
Nhu vay, tU nhiihg nim cuoi ciia the ky trudc, tri thUe da dUdc thUa nhan la nhan to chinh trong tang trUdng kinh te va tao nen Idi the canh tranh.
Vai tro ciia quan tri tri thUc noi len va trd thanh
xu hudng toan eau.
Vay quan trj tri thUc la gi va quan trj tri thUc cd y nghTa the nao trong hoat ddng ciia thU vien eac trUdng dai hoc hien nay? Od la eau hdi ma bai viet nay mong muon gdp phan giai dap.
Tri thu'c va quan trj thi thuTc Tri thu'c (Knowledge) la mot sd nhan thUe hay sU hieu bi€t ciia eon ngudi ve mot cai gi do, chang ban nhu nhutig sU kien, thdng tin, nhiihg md ta, hoac ky nang, chiing cd dUde thdng qua trai nghiem hoac giao dye, bang nhan thUc, kham pha va hoc hdi.
Theo Tff dien Oxford, "Tri thUc la nhtihg sU kien, thdng tin va ky ning ma eon ngUdi cd dUdc qua trai nghiem hoac giao dye; la sU hieu biet ly thuyet hay thUe tien ve mot chii de" [3].
SU hinh thanh tri thUc lien quan den eac qua trinh nhan thUe phUc tap: tri giac, truyen dat, lien he va suy luan. Tri thUe cd the coi la nang lUc hieu biet trong moi eon ngUdi.
Ve mat cap bae, tri thii'e d vj tri cao nhat trong
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ehuoi khai niem dff lieu - thdng tin - tri thUc. Dff lieu la mot tap hdp eac sU kien, sU viee khach quan, rdi rac dUde trinh bay ma khdng cd sU phan quyet hoac khdng gan vdi bdi eanh. Dff lieu cd the ton tei dUdi dang vin tian, hinh anh, hoac am thanh. Dff lieu khi qua xU ly, tUe la qua phan loai, phan tfch, tong hdp, dat vao mot boi eanh va trd nen cd y nghTa ddi vdi ngUdi nhan thi trd thanh thdng tin. Cd the ndi thdng tin ta dff lieu ed y nghTa sau khi da qua xU ly. Thdng tin trd thanh tri thUc khi nd dUdc nhan thUe va khang djnh gia tri qua su tiep nhan ed phe phan eiia tU duy. Cd the ndi tri thUc la thdng tin hull fch dddc nhan thUe bdi tri tiie cua con ngUdi.
Tri thUe ton tai trong moi ea nhan va dddc coi la tri thUe an tang (tacit knowledge). Tri thUe an tang thUdng bao gom: niem tin, gia tri, kinh nghiem, bf quyet, ky ning ,. Thach thUe cd htili vdi tri thUc an tang la lam the nao de nhan ra, tao lap, chia se va quan ly nd. Khi tri thUc an tang dUde ghi ra dUdi mot hinh thUc nao dd nhU chff viet, am thanh, hinh anh thi chung trd thanh tri thUc tUdng minh (explicit knowledge). Day la nhuhg tri thUe da dUde the hien ra ngoai va de dang ehuyen giao, thudng dUdc tiep nhan qua he thdng giao dye va dao tao.
Trong moi quan he gliJa hai khai niem, thdng tin va tri thUc ehi la nhiihg cap do khac nhau eua sU hieu biet: biet cai gi (know - what) la thdng tin;
biet tai sao (know - why) la tri thUe khoa hoc; biet the nao (know - how) la tri thUe ve cdng nghe.
Cd the ndi tri thUc la kho tang cua sU hieu biet va eae ky nang dUdc tao ra tU trf tue eiia eon ngUdi. Tri thUe cd nhffng die trUng sau day:
• Viec sU dyng tri thUe khdng lam giam di gia tri eiia chung.
• SU chuyen giao tn thUe khdng lam tri thUe mat dl.
• Tri thUe rat phong phu nhuhg kha nang sU dung lai rat ban che.
NOI ve vai trd ciia tri thUe, Sheeja (2012) cho rang: "Tri thUc la yeu td bat budc ddi vdi sU phat trien; mpi viee chiing ta lam deu phy thupc vao tri thUe" [2]. Ngay tU thdi eo dai eon ngUdi da
biet "Tn IhUc la sUe manh". Trong nen kinh te tri thUe ngay nay, tri thUc dang trUc tiep tao ra quyen lUe, tien bae va sUc eanh tranh. Tri thUc dUde xem la hang hoa ed gia trj nhiing trong eac san pham, dac biet la cae san pham chat lUdng cao.
Viee nam bat, sang tao va phd bien tri thUe hdn bao gid het trd thanh yeu td quan trong nhat trong viee tao ra nang lUc eanh tranh. Quan trj tri thUc la mdt trong nhtihg ehii de ndng hien nay trong ca gidi cdng nghiep va gidi nghien euh.
Quan tn tri thu'c (Knowledge Management - KM) la mdt khai niem va mdt thuat ngu' mdi xuat hien vao khoang dau nhiihg nam 1990.
Mae dii cd nhieu ly thuyet ve quan trj tri thUc, nhutig hien khdng ed mdt dinh nghTa nao ve quan trj tri thUe dUde tat ea mpi ngUdi chap nhan.
Trong cudn sach "People-Focused Knowledge Management", Kari M. Wiig djnh nghia; Quan trj tri thUc la qua trinh sang tao, phat trien va uhg dyng tri thUe mdt each ed he thdng va minh bach nham tdi da hoa hieu qua hoat ddng lien quan den tri thUc va gia tri doanh nghiep tUtri thUc va tai san tri tue san cd [1].
Theo Kimiz Dalkir (2005) - mdt ehuyen gia hang dau ve quan tri tri thUc dinh nghTa: Quan tri tri thUe dUde xae djnh ban dau nhU la mot qua trinh ap dyng phUdng phap tiep can he thong nham nam bat cau true, quan ly va pho bien tri thUc thdng qua mdt to chii'c nham nang cao nang suat lao ddng, tai sU dyng eac thUc hanh tot nhat, va giam cac viec phai lam lai gay ton kem [1].
Cd the ndi, quan tri tri thUc la sU phdi hdp cd ehii dich va cd he thdng eiia con ngUdi vdi cdng nghe va nhtihg quy trinh quan ly nham thue day viec nam bat, sang tao, lull giff, chia se va sUdyng cd hieu qua cac tn thUc ca nhan eting nhu tri thUe cua to ehUe, nham nang cao hieu qua quyet dinh, hieu qua thUc thi va kha ning thfch Ung ciia td chUe.
Cae djnh nghTa ve quan trj tri thUe the hien noi bat eac die tfnh sau:
• Quan trj tri thUc la mdt ITnh vUc cd hen quan chat che vdi ly luan, thUe tien va la mdt ITnh vUc
mang tinh da nganh.
• Quan tri tri thUe khdng la cdng nghe thong tin, cdng nghe thdng tin ehi la yeu td ho trd, nhutig lai ddng vai trd rat quan trpng trong quan tri tri thUc.
• Quan trj tri thUc lay yeu to con ngUdi lam trung tam va ba chUe nang cd ban ciia ho tren eae thdng tin la lull trff, xff ly va truyen thdng ludn cd vai trd quan trpng trong quan ly hieu qua tri thUe ciia ca nhan va to ehUc.
Ruggles va Holtshouse (1999) da xae djnh nhtihg chUc nang sau day ciia quan tri tri thUc:
• Tao ra tri thUe mdi.
• Tiep can eac tri thUe gia trj tU nguon ben
• SU dung tri thUe ed the tiep can de ra quyet djnh.
• Nhung tn thUc vao eac qua trinh, san pham va djch vy.
• Trinh bay tri thUe trong tai lieu, trong cae ed sd dff lieu, cd sd tri thUc.
• Tao thuan Idi eho tri thUc phat trien thdng qua v i n hoa va khuyen khich.
• Chuyen tri thUc da ed vao cac bd phan khac nhau ciia to ehUc.
• Do lUdng gia tri eiia tai san tri thUe va tac ddng eua quan trj tri thUe [1].
Quan tri tri thUe dUdc thUe hien thdng qua eae ehu trinh quan tri tn thUe (KM Cycle). Od la mdt qua trinh ehuyen doi thdng tin thanh tri thUe trong mot td chUc. Nd gial tiiich tri tiiUe dUde nam bat, che bien va phan phoi trong mdt td chUe nhU the nao. Cae pha chinh tham gia trong ehu trinh quan trj tri thUc bao gom: nam b3t tri thUc, tao ra tri thUe mdi, hdp thUe hoa tri thUe, chia se tri thUe, tiep can tri thUe, ap dyng va sU dung lai tri thii'e trong td chUc va giti^ eac to chUc.
Cd nhieu each tiep can chu trinh quan tri tri thUc. Mot so each tiep can pho bien la: ehu trinh quan trj tri thUc ciia Wlig (1993), chu trinh quan tri tri thUe Meyer va Zack (1996), chu trinh quan
ti-i tri thUc McElroy (1999), chu trinh quan tri tii thUc Bukowitz va Williams (2003) [1].
Dda tren viec phan ti'ch cac chu trinh quan tri tri thUe tren day, Kimiz Dalkir (2005) da gidi thieu mot chu trinh quan tri ti-i thUc tfch hdp, gom 3 budc chfnh:
• Nam bat va/ hoac sang tao tri thUe.
• Chia se va phd bien tri thUe.
• Bo sung va su' dung tri thUe [1].
De thanh cdng, quan tri tri thUe phai cd mot cd sd ly thuyet manh. Nhtihg hoat ddng md ta trong cae ehu trinh quan ly tri thUc ddi hdi phai ed mdt khudn kho khai niem van hanh d ben trong;
neu khdng, eac hoat ddng khdng the phdi hdp vdi nhau va eting se khdng tao ra nhffng Idi feh ma quan trj tri thUc dem lai. Dd chinh la cac md hinh quan trj tri thUe (KM Model).
Co the ke mot sd md hinh quan tri tri thUc tieu bieu: Md hinh Von Krogh va Roos (1995); Md hinh dUdng xoan de tri thii'e cua Nonaka va Takeuchi (1995); Md hinh quan trj tri thUe Choo (1998);
Md hinh xay dyhg va sUdung tri thUc Wiig (1993) [1].
Tat ca cae md hinh quan ly tri thUc tren day deu la nhuhg md hinh khai mem, trinh bay nhiihg quan diem khac nhau tren nhiihg yeu td khai niem cot yeu, tao thanh ed sd ha tang eiia quan tri tri thUc. Cae mo hinh tren it nhieu da dude thUe hien va the nghiem vdi dp tin cay va gia trj dang ghi nhan.
Viec thUc hien quan trj tri thUe ddi hdi mdt loat eac cdng cu kha da dang tham gia vao tat ca cac cdng doan eiia chu trinh quan tri tri thUc. Cong nghe thong tin eung cap mot loat cae edng cu de tao dieu kien giao tiep, hdp tae va quan ly noi dung sao eho nSm bat, sang tao, ehia se, pho bien va uhg dyng tri thUe dUde tot nhat. Nhieu cdng eu quan trj tri thUe da dUdc gidi thieu, nhieu edng eu mdi dang dUdc phat trien vdi mot tdc dd nhanh chdng.
Kha nang va trien vong i h i g dung quan tri t r i thu'c trong thu' vien cac tru'dng d^i hpc
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Ra ddi va phat trien cung vdi nen kinh te tri thUe, quan tri tri thUe la van de eiia cae to chUe, doanh nghiep va trd thanh mdi quan tam hang dau eua eac t d chUc, doanh nghiep. Tuy nhien d nUde ta, quan tri tri thUc con kha mdi me doi vdi eae thU vien ndi chung va thU vi^n eac trUdng dai hpc ndi rieng.
Chiing ta da biet, trong nhtihg nim cuoi eua the ky trUde, de kh3e phyc nhtitig trd ngai do biing nd thdng tin gay ra va trUdc ddi hdi eua cupc each mang khoa hoe va cdng nghe, eac thU vien dai hpc da iihg dung phUdng phap ciia thdng tin hoe, md rpng hoat ddng ciia minh sang cac hoat ddng thdng tin. Cac thU vien dai hoc khdng edn la ndi giff sach va cho mUdn sach mot each thy dong ma trd thanh ndi ehii ddng eung cap thdng tin phuc vu eho edng tac dao tao va nghien eUu khoa hpc cua nha trUdng. Tff dd hinh thanh khai niem boat ddng tiiUvien - tiiong tin va nhieu tiiUvien cae taidng dai hoc da phat trien trd thanh cae Trung tam Thdng tin - ThU vien. Song song vdi qua trinh
"thdng tin hoa hoat ddng thU vien", nhtihg nam cuoi the ky XX va dau the ky XXI con chUng kien qua trinh "tin hoc hoa hoat dong thU vien" d thU vien eac trUdng dai hpc. Nhieu thU vien dai hpc trd thanh thU vien tU ddng hoa d cac mUc dp khac nhau ma dinh cao la sU ra ddi eiia cac thU vien dien tff/ thu vien sd.
Ngay nay, trUde sU ra ddi va phat trien cua quan tri tri thUe, ciing vdi sU ho trd manh me ciia eac edng nghe mdi do cupc each mang cdng nghiep 4.0 dem lai, cac thU vien dai hoc nUde ta hdn luc nao het dang dOfng trUde cd hpi vUdn tdi cae hoat ddng quan ly va pho bien tri thUe. Theo thdng tin tii IFLA Publication 173 [2], Ung dung quan tri tri thUc de md rdng hoat ddng eua minh dang la xu the trong cac thU vien ehuyen nganh va ca thU vien cdng cdng d nhlBu nude tren the gidi.
Trong he thong thU vien d nUdc ta hien nay, thUvien dai hpc la thUvien ed nhieu kha nang va thuan Idi trong Ung dung quan trj tri thUc. Cd the ly giai dieu dd tU eae can cU sau day:
1) ThUvien dai hoc la tiiUvien han lam (Academic Library), von tai lieu eiia thUvien bao gom nhtihg tai lieu ehuyen sau ve cae nganh khoa hpc va ky
thuat, cd ham lUdng tri thii'e cao. ThU vien dai hpc eung la ndi quan ly nguon tn thUe dUdc tao ra tU boat dong dao tao va nghien ciili ciia nha trUdng. Dd la cae cdng trinh nghien culi khoa hpc ciia giang vien, sinh vien, eae luan van, luan an eiia hpc vien cao hoc, nghien ciili sinh. Nhieu ket qua khao sat da khang dinh rang tri thUc dUdc san sinh ra thdng qua cac hoat ddng nghien culj d cac trUdng dai hoc ehiem mot phan Idn trong ed sd tri thUe eiia moi qudc gia [2]. Cd the ndi moi thu vien dai hpc la mdt ndi sd htili nguon tai nguyen tn thUe rat ed gia tri, Quan ly va sU dyng cd hieu qua nguon tai nguyen nay dang la van de trUc tiep dat ra ddi vdi thU vien eac trUdng dai hoc.
2) Thu vien dai hoc khdng chi la ndi eung cap va phd bien thong tin/ tri thUe ma edn la ndi gap gd, trao ddi va ehia se thdng tin/ tri thUe gida cac nha nghien ciili, eae nha ehuyen mdn, eae giang vien, nghien ciili sinh, sinh vien. Cd the ndi, thU vien dai hoc la moi trUdng ly tUdng eho nhtihg hoat ddng giao lUu, chia se thdng tin/ tri thUe eiia nhffng ngUdi cd trinh do hoc van cao.
3) Thu vien dai hoe ed ngudn nhan lUc chat lUdng. Ngudi lam thU vien lam viec tai thU vien dai hoc la nhtihg ngUdi dUde dao tao, ed trinh dp chuyen mdn va ky nang tot, cd dieu kien tiep xuc vdi tri thUe mdi va edng nghe mdi ed tU mdi trUdng dao tao eiia nha trUdng. Quan tri tri thUc lay yeu td eon ngUdi lam trung tam, cho nen day la cd sd thuan Idi de thU vien dai hoe tiep can cac cdng cu cua quan tri tri thUc va utig dyng quan tn tri thUe.
4) Thu vien dai hoc thUdng dddc Uu tien dau t u nhieu trang thiet bi edng nghe thdng tin va truyen thdng hien dai, bao gom ea cac thiet bj phan cUng va eac phan mem Ung dung. Day la thuan Idi rat quan trpng vi sU van hanh ciia cac ehu trinh quan tri tri thUe chii yeu di/a vao sU ho trd bdi eac cdng cu ciia cdng nghe thong tin va truyen thdng, die biet la cac phan mem uhg dung trong sang tao, quan ly va pho bien tri thu'c.
De cac thU vien dai hpc cd the tham gia vao qua trinh nay, trUde het can trang bj cho ngUdi lam thu vien kien thUc ve quan tri tri thUc, de ed
nhOhg hieu biet ve eae chu trinh quan trj tri thUc, eac md hinh quan tri tn thUe, dac biet la eac hieu biet ve cae cong cy quan tri tri thUe.
Quan trj tri thu'c la mot ITnh vue khoa hoc da nganh dUde hinh tiianh du^ ti-en y tUdng va phUdng phap ciia mdt sd Idn cae ITnh vUe khoa hoc, nhU:
khoa hpc td chUe (Organizational Science), edng nghe thdng tin va truyen thdng (Information and Communication Technology), khoa hoc thdng tin va thU vien (Information and Library Science), trf tue nhan tao (Artificial Litelligenoe), he chuyen gia (Expert System), he thdng ho trd quyet djnh (Decision Support System), xuat ban cTien tff (Hedronic Publishing), cdng nghe cd sd dff lieu (Database Technologies)...
Trong quan trj tri thUe, cdng nghe thdng tin cd vai trd dac biet quan trpng. Chinh cdng nghe thong tin eung cap cho quan tri tri thdc nhieu cdng ey ho trd manh de thUc hien eac khau trong chu trinh quan trj tri thUc.
Cd cae edng cy ho trd eho viee sang tao noi dung tri thut, nhU: cae he quan ly npi dung (Content Management Systems - CMS), edng ey ehu thfch (Annotation Tools), phan mem khai thac dff lieu va kham pha tn thUe (Data mining and Knowledge Discovery - DKD)
Vdi cac cdng cu ho trd cho vi§c bd sung va iihg dyng tri thUe thi ed: hoc trUc tuyen (E-learn- ing), trUe quan dff lieu (Data Visualization), ban do tri thUe (Knowledge Maps), tri tue nhan tao (Artificial Intelligence - AI), he thdng ho trd quyet djnh (Deeission Support System - DSS), he chuyen gia (Expert: System - ES).
Cac cdng ey ho trd cho viec chia se va pho bi^n tri thUe gom: phSn mem nhdm va cdng cu hdp tae (Groupware and Collaboration tools), Wikis, cdng nghe mang (Networking Technologies), cong til thUc (Knov\iedge Portals), Ipe thdng tin (Infomiation Filtering).
Khi nam bat dUdc cac cong cu nay, ngUdi lam thu vien cd the van dung vao hoat ddng ciia thU vien. Cac cdng viee chinh ed the thUc hien la:
• SU dyng cae cdng cu sang tao ndi dung tri thUc de nang cao chat lUdng npi dung cae ed sd
dff lieu eua thUvien, tang ham lUdng tri tiiffe tiding eae ed sd dff lieu nay.
• Sd dung cae cdng cu ciia quan trj tri thffe de xay duhg nhtihg cd sd fri thut (Knowledge Base) quan ly ngudn tri thUc tUdng minh ndi sinh dUdc tao ra tU qua trinh dao tao, nghien ciili cua eac trUdng dai hoc va cae nguon tri thUe cd dude tU ben ngoai nha trUdng.
• Hdp tae v ^ eac to chUc, cac doanh nghiep trong trien khai cac ldp hoe true tuyen (E-learn- Ing) cap nhat kien thUc va ky ning eho ngudi lao ddng, vdi tU each la ndi cung cap nguon hoe lieu ed ham ludng tri tue cao.
• Tich hdp cong tri thiit (Knowledge Portal) vao trang web eiia thU vien, tao ra khdng gian lam viee tUdng tac, d do ngudi sU dyng khdng chi ddng gdp va chia se ndi dung ma c6n tiep nhan va ap dung nhiihg tri thii'e ed gia trj.
• SU dung cac cdng ey pho bien va chia se tri thffe eua quan tri tn thUe trong cae djch vu eua thu vien de thdng tin/ tri thffe dUde phd bien va chia se tot hdn...
Vdi nhiihg hoat ddng nhU vay, thU vien khdng chi la ndi bao quan va cung cap tai li^u, thdng tin ma con la ndi bao quan va cung cap tri thUc, ho trd cho hoat ddng ciia cae nha nghien culi, cac nha ehuyen mdn, eac td chut va doanh nghiep.
Trong nhtihg nim qua, thU vien cac trudng dai hoc d Viet Nam da thanh cdng trong md rpng cac boat ddng thu vien sang eac hoat dong thong tin de trd thanh cac Trung tam Thdng tin - ThU vien. Nhieu thU vien dai hpc eung da thanh cong trong iihg dyng cdng nghe thdng tin de trd thanh eac thU vien tU ddng hoa. Nhieu trUdng dai hoc da thanh cdng trong xay duhg thu vien dien tii' de quan ly va khai thac nguon thdng tin npi sinh toan vSn ciia trudng. Trong thdi gian tdi, vdi nhieu dieu kien tiiuan Idi ve cdng nghe do cupc each mang edng nghiep 4.0 dem lai, vdi nhiet t i m va trinh dfi ehuyen mdn ciia ngudi lam thu wen, ehung ta tin rang cae thU vien dai hoc ciing se thanh edng trong uhg dung quan tri tri thffe de nang tam Xem tiep trang 23
