KINH TE - PHAP LUAT CHAU AU
H€ THONG THU€ QURN VR PHI THUC QURN CUR LI€N MINH CHRU HU
EU gdm 27 qudc gia. Id mdt thi trudng thdng nhdt vdi mgt chinh sdch thuong mgi chung dugc dp diing cho tdt cd cdc nude ngodi khu vuc. Tuy nhien, cdc nhdm nude cd Irinh do phdt trien khdc nhau, ddc biet la nhimg nudc dang phdt trien dugc ddi xir, dugc hudng nhiiu iru ddi khong gidng nhau.
Do vgy, nghien ciru he thdng thue quan vd cdc bien phdp phi quan thue quan ciia EU Id cdn thiet de tren ca sd do tim ra nhimg bien phdp nhdm gia tdng xudt khdu hdng hod vdo thi trudng cd sire lieu thu lim nhdt the giai ndy.
1. Tinh hinh kinh te
Lien minh Chau Au la nen kinh te Idn nhit thi gidi. Nam 2008, GDP eiia EU la 18,4 ngan ty USD so vdi My la 14,3 ngan ty USD, Nhat Ban - 4,9 ngan ty USD'. GDP binh quan dau ngudi cho ca khu vuc, tinh theo gia trj thj trudng, nam 2008 la 37.200 euro. Tuy nhien, khoang each ve thu nhap gifla cac nude thanh vien la rat Idn, muc cao nhat la Luxembourg vdi 71.600 euro, thap nhit la Bungari, 4.800USD/ngud'i. Toe do tang trudng kinh te trung binh giai doan
TS. Ngo Duy Ngo Hgc vien Ngoai giao
2006-2007 khdng cao, du'ng d muc 3%, nam 2008 do tac ddng cua khung hoang tai chinh toan cau, GDP chi dat 1%^. Cac chi sd tuong ung cua khu vuc ddng Euro thap hon so vdi EU-27, nam 2007 la 2,7%, nam 2008 giam xudng mu'c 0,9% du kien trong nam 2010 GDP se giam 4,4%^
La mdt khu vuc phat trien, do vay, djch vu van la xuong sdng cua nen kinh te, chiem khoang 71,9% GDP. Tuy nhien, ty trgng cua khu vuc kinh te nay khdng gidng nhau d mdi qudc gia thanh vien, mirc thap nhat 56% tai Rumania va cao nhat 85% tai Luxembourg.
Ty trgng cua nganh cdng nghiep che bien bao gdm ca xay dung cua 27 nudc thanh vien la 26,4% va dao ddng tu' 15% tai Luxembourg den 38% tai Cgng hoa Sec.
Phan cdn lai 1,7%"* thugc ITnh vuc ndng nghiep bao gdm chan nudi, san ban, lam nghiep va danh bat ca. Tuy nhien, ddi vdi mgt sd cac nudc thanh vien mdi nhu Bungari va Rumani, ty trgng ndng nghiep trong GDP cao hon so vdi muc trung binh ciia ca 27 qudc gia thanh vien.
World economic outlook database, April 2009.
International Monetary Fund. Retrieved on 20/04/2009.
^ Eurostat (2008), Yearbook 2008: Europe in figures, Brussels.
^ World Economic Outlook, IMF, Washington April 2009, tr. 64.
" EU Trade Policy Review. WTO, Geneva, 2008.
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NGHIEN CCfU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°8 (107).2009Trong ITnh vuc trao ddi hang hda, EU chilm 17% ve gia trj thuong mai the gidi, trong dd xuat khau nam 2007 chiem vj tri thii' nhit, dat 1.240 ty euro, nhap khau la 1.436 ty euro. Dieu dac biet la EU ludn trong Unh trang nhap sieu: 153.4 ty euro nam 2007 va
141 ty euro nam 2008.
Su phat trien kinh te va dae biet la cac nganh cd gia trj gia tang cao da tac ddng rat ldn den trao ddi hang boa djch vu ngi khdi cung nhu vdi phan cdn lai cua the gidi. Khac vdi thuong mai hang boa, xuat sieu trong ITnh vuc djch vu tang tu 50,6 ty euro nam 2005 len tdi 88 ty nam 2007^ va hien nay trao ddi djch vu cua EU ludn ludn dan dau trong cac nen kinh te phat trien, chiem 27,3% gia trj xuat khau va 24% gia trj nhap khau djch vu toan cau.
Ve tinh hinh tai chinh, chinh sach tai khoa, chi tieu edng cd y nghTa bet sire quan trgng ddi vdi su dn djnh va phat trien kinh te, nhung do nhfl'ng quy djnh chat che mang tinh phap ly ve tieu chi ddi vdi mdi qudc gia trong chinh sach chi tieu, tai ehinh cdng cua EU-27 tuong ddi lanh manh, ty le ng chinh phii so vdi GDP giam tu 63,4% nam 2005, 61,3% nam 2006 xudng muc 58,7% nam 2007. Rieng trong khu vuc ddng Euro, ty le tren cdn tuong ddi cao: 66,1%) nam 2007, dac biet d Italia, Bi, Phap, Due, Hy Lap, Hungari, Malta va Ba Lan cao hon muc tren.
2. Chinh sach thuffng mai
Chinh sach thuong mai cua mdt qudc gia la tdng the cac bien phap kinh te, hanh chinh thdng qua cae cdng cu thue quan va phi thue quan nham dieu tiet cac hoat ddng xuat nhap khau hang boa va djch vu. Ddi vdi cac nude EU, theo Hiep djnh Nice nam 2001, ehinh sach thuong mai nham thuc day viec loai bd nhflng ban che va cat giam rao can thue quan ddi vdi luu thdng hang hoa va djch vu. Chinh sach nay dugc thuc hien trong khudn khd hgp tac da phuong, song phuong va don phuong. Trong khudn khd da phuong, EU nhan manh den vai trd cua cae vdng dam phan, vi du vdng Doha, nhu mdt dinh hudng tdt nhat nham ngan chan xu hu'dng bao hd mau djch, dae biet trong bdi canh suy thoai cua nen kinh te the gidi.
Trong quan he kinh te, thuong mai song phuong vdi mdi qudc gia, EU nhan manh den viec thao luan, dam phan, ky ket cac hiep djnh uu dai ve thuong mai (Prefereeial Trade Agreements - PTAs) va xem dd nhu mdt bien phap thuc day va md rgng qua trinh tu do hoa trao ddi hang hoa, dich vu, tuy nhien cd gang nay mdi ehi ap dung ddi vdi cac san pham phi ndng nghiep va mdt phan rat nhd thudc ITnh vuc djch vu. Cac cugc dam phan, thao luan song phuong hien nay dang dugc xuc tien vdi cac td chire kinh te khu vuc nhu Cgng ddng cac nudc khu vuc Andean (Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, va Peru), Hiep hgi cac Qudc gia Ddng Nam A (ASEAN), Thj trudng chung Nam My (MERCOUSUR), cac nude vung Dja Trung Hai, An Do, Han Qudc va Ucraina.
Eurostat (2008), Yearbook 2008: Europe in figures, Brussels.
"SC^e thdmj. thue quan.
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Nhung uu dai don phuong bao gdm cac loai thue suat ddi vdi hang nhap khau rat thap, hoac thue suat 0% dugc danh cho cac nude cham hoac dang phat trien d cac nude chau A, chau Phi, My Latinh ma hg khdng yeu cau nudc thu hudng phai cd nhflng uu dai tuong tu.
fl. Cff cdu thue nhap khau
Co cau thue MEN cua EU hiu nhu khdng thay ddi, nhung tuong ddi phirc tap, bdi thuc chat thue uu dai nay cflng da qua thap (trung binh 6,7%) va sd lugng cac ddi tac thuong mai dugc EU danh MEN khdng nhieu. Nguyen nhan cua thuc te nay la do EU da ky ket hiep djnh uu dai ve thuong mai, hiep dinh ve ddi tac kinh te (Economic Partnership Agreement - EPA) vdi rat nhieu nudc khac nhau, hon nua He thdng uu dai thue quan phd cap (GSP - Generalissed System of Preferences) da dugc EU danh cho nhieu nudc dang phat trien, do vay EU hien nay ehi cdn ap dung MEN trong thuong mai vdi 9 nin kinh te do la: Canada, Dai Loan, Han Qudc, Hdng Kdng, New Zealand, Nhat Ban, Singapore, My va Uc. Cac qudc gia nay chilm 27,5% tdng gia trj thuong mai hang boa va djch vu cua EU.
Thue quan uu dai (thue tdi hue qudc MFN) cua EU ddi vdi hang hoa nhap khau dugc ap dung theo ba phuong thue khae nhau: ap thue theo gia trj hang boa, theo don vj va thue hdn hop (danh theo gia trj va danh theo don vj). Thue nhap khau dugc xac djnh dua tren gia trj hang hoa cua EU chiem 89,9%, thue suat khdng dua tren gia trj chiem khoang 10,1% tdng sd cac ddng thue,
trong do thue danh theo don vj la 7,2%, thue danh hdn hgp la 2,9%'\ Thue suat danh theo do'n vj chu yeu dugc ap dung ddi vdi cac san pham ndng nghiep.
Mac du cae san pham ndng nghiep cua EU dugc bao hd rat chat che thdng qua thue quan (trung binh 17,8% nam 2008), va cho den nay phan ldn cac loai hang hoa chju thue nhap khau vdi thue suat tren 100% chu yeu la cac san pham ndng nghiep, nhung phai thua nhan la muc do tu do hoa thuong mai, ndi mdt each khac do la do md nen kinh te cua khu vuc nay rat ldn, dugc the hien qua cac sd lieu thdng ke sau: thue suat 0% dugc ap dung cho 25,3% tdng sd cac ddng thue va chi cd 4,8% ddng thue chju ban ngach; thue suat trung binh ddi vdi cac san pham phi ndng nghiep la 4,1%'. Nhu vay, thue suat trung binh ciia Lien minh Chau Au ddi vdi hang hoa nhap khau thap hon so vdi thue suat cua cac nudc phat trien khae.
h. He thdng uu ddi thue quan pho cap (GSP)
He thdng uu dai thue quan phd cap la nhfl'ng uu dai ciia cac nudc phat trien danh cho cac nudc kem phat trien, dang phat trien trong thuong mai tren co sd khdng cd di cd lai. Dieu do cd nghTa la cac nudc dang phat trien khdng cd nghTa vu phai danh nhfl'ng uu dai tuong tu eho cac nudc phat trien. Uu dai thugc he thdng GSP bao gdm thue suat 0%
ddi vdi nhieu loai hang boa, hoac thue suat
^ nt tr.46.
' WTO Secretariat estimates, based on OJ L 286, 3 1 October 2007, bao gom go tron. giay. bot giay, do go.
kim loai, khoang san.
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NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°8 (107).2009thap hon nhieu so vdi thue uu dai MFN trong khudn khd WTO, hoac khdng bj gidi ban bdi ban ngach. Hang hoa cua eac nudc dugc budng GSP se cd nhieu Igi the canh tranh vdi hang hoa cung loai cua cac nude khac.
Nham muc dich xoa ddi giam ngheo, thuc day phat trien ben vtrng va quan trj tdt, EU da quyet djnh keo dai thdi gian ap dung GSP cho giai doan 2006-2008 din 2011. Lgi ich cua GSP ddi vdi cae nudc ngheo rat Idn va cd y nghTa ca ve kinh te, chinh tri va xa hdi. Gia trj nhap khau hang boa thudc ddi tugng thu hudng GSP nam 2007 la 57 ty USD, tang 12% so vdi 51 ty USD^ nam 2006.
GSP cua EU bao gdm 3 mirc do uu dai khac nhau. Thir nhdt, tat ca cac qudc gia trong dien hudng uu dai dugc thu hudng nhflng uu dai chung; Thir hai, nhfl'ng uu dai va khuyen khich dac biet (uu dai cdng GSP+) danh cho cac qudc gia thuc hien tdt nhfl'ng tieu chuan qudc te ve phat triln bin vung va quan trj qudc gia tdt; Thu ba, uu dai danh cho hang boa cua cac nude cham phat trien khi tiep can thi trudng khdng phai tra thue quan va khdng bj gidi ban bdi quy djnh ve ban ngach, tru' cac loai vfl khi thilt bj quan su.
"Muc uu dai cgng GSP+" thudng danh eho cae nude dl bj tdn thuong, do la cac quoc gia: Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Georgia, Guatemala, Honduras, Sri Lanka, Moldova, Mdng Cd, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, El Salvador va Venezuela.
' EU Trade Policy Review. WTO, Geneva 2008; tr.57.
Ngoai ra, nhtrng nude dugc hudng GSP+
phai la cac qudc gia da phe chuan va thue hien cac cdng udc qudc te, vi du nhu Cdng udc ve quyen Dan su va quyen Chinh trj;
Cdng udc Qudc te ve quyen Kinh te, Xa hgi va van boa; Cdng udc Qudc te ve tu' bd tat ca cac hinh thuc Phan biet ddi xir ddi vdi Phu nfl'; Cdng udc ve Quyen cua tre em...
Ddi vdi nen kinh te eua EU, phan Idn cac san pham ndng nghiep thudc danh muc nhay cam, tuy nhien, nhflng san pham nay cd xuat XU' til' cac nudc ngheo van dugc hudng muc thue uu dai GSP thap hon thue MFN la 3,5% tinh theo gia trj va 30%o nlu la thul danh theo don vj. Cae mat hang thudc nhdm khdng nhay cam phan Idn la san phim phi ndng nghiep va se khdng chju thul quan, vi du nhu det may, quan ao, tham, giay dep.
Trong trudng hgp mat hang chju ca hai loai sac thue (danh theo gia trj va don vj) thi thul suat danh theo don vj khdng duoc miln giam. Tuy nhien mgt qudc gia cd thi se khdng dugc hudng GSP nlu nhu la nudc cd ihu nhap tinh theo diu ngudi cao theo phan loai ciia WB, hoac la qudc gia da ky kit vdi EU Hiep djnh uu dai Thuong mai (PTA), bdi vi Hiep djnh nay da bao gdm nhfl'ng ngi dung uu dai GSP.
c. Cdc bien phdp phi thui quan (Non- tairiff Measures)
Cae bien phap phi thul quan hien nay rat da dang va dugc ap dung phd biln trong thuong mai qudc tl, dd cd thi la cac bien phap hanh chinh, giiy phep xuit nhap khiu, bien phap ky thuat, an toan ve sinh thuc pham, trg cap, ban pha gia, mdi trudng...
'3f)e thomf thue'quan...
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Khac vdi thue quan, bien phap phi thul quan khi da bi lam dung nham phuc vu muc dich canh tranh khdng lanh manh thi rit khd cd the xac djnh mdt each nhanh chdng, hon nu'a trong rat nhieu trudng hgp, de ban che nhap khau mdt hang boa nao do bang each nang muc thue suat la khdng the, vi cac qudc gia khi gia nhap WTO deu da cam ket cit giam thue quan. Nhung trong thue tiin thuong mai qudc te, eac bien phap phi thue quan van dugc SU' dung vi muc dich canh tranh khdng lanh manh, trudng hgp tranh chap giua cac nha san xuat ca ba sa cua Viet Nam vdi cac nha san xuat My la mdt dien hinh.
Ddi vdi eac nudc EU, de dieu tiet lugng hang nhap khau, cac bien phap phi thue quan van dugc ap dung tuong ddi phd bien, vi du nhu trg cap, cac tieu chuan ky thuat, an toan ve sinh thuc pham, kiem djch ddng thuc vat va bao ve mdi trudng, giay phep nhap khau van dugc ap dung ddi vdi cac san pham la ddi tugng ban che ve sd lugng; ban ngach thue quan, hoac cac san pham luong dung - cd the SU' dung trong ITnh vuc dan su va quan su. Mgt sd san pham khdng thudc ITnh vuc ndng nghiep, vi du: det may la ddi tugng bj han che ve sd lugng trong mdt thdi diem nhat dinh. Cho den nay, EU van la nen kinh te SU' dung eac bien phap mang tinh dot xuat, bat thudng nham xu ly dnh the, nhung trudc khi thuc hien eac bien phap tren deu dugc thdng bao cho Ban Thu ky cua WTO.
Trg cap ndng nghiep hien nay la trd ngai ehinh trong Vdng dam phan Doha do mau thuan giiia EU, My va cac nude dang phat trien. Mire do trg cap ndng nghiep cua
EU rat cao vdi tdng chi phi len tdi 32,4 ty Euro' nam 2007. Tuy nhien, la nen kinh te cd vai trd quan trgng trong Vdng dam phan Doha, EU cam ket se cat giam 80%'° ve gia trj cac hinh thuc trg cap cd anh hudng den thuong mai qudc te, loai bd trg cap xuat khau vdn la trd ngai chinh trong cac vdng dam phan thuong mai da phuong vao nam 2013 va se dep tuc cat giam thue quan trung binh ddi vdi cac san pham ndng nghiep.
Tuy nhien, can phai nhin nhan cac van de phi thue quan mdt eac cdng bang, bdi vi khdng phai bat ky bien phap phi thue quan nao cung nham phuc vu cho canh tranh khdng lanh manh. Bien phap bao dam an toan ve sinh thuc pham la mdt vi du, khdng mdt ngu'di tieu diing nao lai cd the su dung sua cd chua chat melamine, hoac my pham cd ddc td gay ung thu, hoac su dung san pham da qua han... Trong nhung trudng hgp nhu vay, bat ky mgt qudc gia nao deu cd the ap dung cac bien phap phi thue quan de bao ve ngudi tieu dung. Do vay, de dua hang hoa vao thj trudng cua cac qudc gia khac, cac nha san xuat va xuat khau khdng cd con dudng nao khac ngoai viec dap img nhung quy djnh ve chat lugng, do an toan cua cac san pham.
- Kiim dich dgng thuc vdt (Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures)
Cac van de lien quan den an toan ve sinh thuc pham bao gdm quy trinh ve sinh.
^ WT/TPRI2Uir.\x.
'" WTO document G/SCM/N/I55/EEC, 21 November 2007.
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NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°8 (107).2009cham sdc vat nudi cay trdng den che bien, gan nhan mac cho san pham. An toan thuc pham ciia cac nude chau Au dua tren 5 nguyen tac: i. Bao dam miic do an toan cao nhat trong tat ca cac cdng doan san xuat che bien, tii' nudi trdng, san xuat ban dau den ngudi tieu diing; ii. Phan tich nhflng rui ro (risk) nhu mdt nguyen tac yeu cau nhat djnh cua an toan ve sinh thuc pham; iii. Ngudi phan phdi san pham phai chju trach nhiem an toan ve sinh thue pham tii' nhap khau, san xuat, che bien, phan phdi dua ra thj trudng;
iv. Phai kiem tra, theo ddi toan bd cac cdng doan san xuat che bien san pham; v. Quyin cua ngudi tieu dung dugc co' quan cd thim quyen thdng tin day du, chinh xac vl san pham.
Cac quy djnh cua Co quan dam bao An toan ve sinh thue pham (the European Food Safety Authority EFSA) boat ddng nhu mdt CO quan ddc lap. He thdng canh bao nhanh ve an toan thue pham dugc tang cudng va md rdng den ca ITnh vuc san xuit thuc an cho gia siic va cay trdng. Theo he thdng canh bao ndi tren, cac nudc thanh vien cin thdng bao ngay ve nhflng bien phap (bien phap phan ung nhanh) nham ban chi phan phdi, hoac thu lai nhflng san pham khdng dap irng tieu chuan an toan ve sinh thuc phim, hoac hiiy bd nhflng san pham, ke ea cac loai thuc an khdng dam bao chit lugng dung cho chan nudi gia sue va cay trdng nhim dam bao sue khde cho con ngudi va gia sue.
- Tieu chudn vi ky thudt (Technical Barriers to Trade)
Trong thuong mai qudc te, khdng it nhung tru'dng hgp cac qudc gia dung len nhfl'ng rao can ve ky thuat nham ban che cae nhap khau cae hang boa cd kha nang canh tranh cao, bdi vay, Td chuc Thuong mai The gidi da dua ra nhung quy djnh ve ap dung cac tieu chuan ky thuat nham giam thieu kha nang lam dung cae tieu chuan dd trong thuong mai. Tieu chuan cua EU ve ky thuat rat ro rang, minh bach, chu yeu nham bao ve ngudi tieu dung va mdi trudng sinh thai. Vi du, hang det may can phai tuan thu cac quy djnh ve tieu chuan ky thuat lien quan den boa chat dugc phep su dung trong qua trinh san xuat, thanh phan sgi, cac tieu chuan ISO...
Ddi vdi nhdm do go, dd la lugng boa chat, ten hoa chat trong qua trinh san xuat; Ddi vdi nhdm san pham dien, dien tu la nhung thdng sd ve boa chat trong thanh phan ciia san pham. Nhfl'ng ddi hdi tren khd cd thi ndi la khdng hgp ly, la rao can trong thuong mai, bdi vi khdng mdt bac cha me nao cd thi mua do choi cho con tre, ma nhung dd choi dd, do choi Trung Quoc la mgt vi du, dugc san xuat tu' nhung vat lieu khdng dam bao an toan ddi vdi sue khoe.
- Han che vi sd lugng (Quantitative
Restrictions) , Chi cac mat hang khdng thude nhdm
hang ndng san la doi tugng bj han ehl vl sd lugng, diln hinh la hang det may cd xuit xir tir Trung Qudc vdi muc da dugc thoa thuan cua nam 2007".
Based on the Memorandum of Understanding with China, 10 June 2005, the EC maintained
'Ttjv thdn(j, thue'quan..
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Trong nhfl'ng trudng hgp dugc cho la cd gian Ian trong thuong mai, EU cd the ap dung cac bien phap kiem tra kep: giay phep xuat khau va giay phep nhap khau ddi vdi hang boa la ddi tugng bj nghi van. Nam 2008 - 2009, EU da ap dung bien phap tren ddi vdi 8 san pham cd xuat xu tu' Trung Qudc va mgt sd san pham thep cua Nga va Kazakhstan'^ nham ban che sd lugng nhap khau.
- Bien phdp chong hdn phd gid (Anti- Dumping Measures)
Chdng ban pha gia van la cdng cu phd bien eiia EU nham ngan can hang hoa nhap khau vao thj trudng EU. Thii tuc cung nhu thdng le quy djnh ciia EU cting tuong tu nhu ciia WTO, ben khdi kien phai la the nhan hoac la phap nhan, hoac hiep hgi nganh gui don cho Uy ban Tu van gdm dai dien ciia cac qudc gia thanh vien va dai dien ciia Uy ban Chau Au la chu tjch. Uy ban nay se tien hanh dieu tra trong vdng 45 ngay, ndi dung dieu tra bao gdm ea ban pha gia va thiet hai. Ket qua la co so de hoac la se cham dut qua trinh dieu tra, khdi kien, hoac la thdng qua giai phap cudi ciing cho phep ap dung cac bien phap tra dua. Mdt sd quy djnh dac biet ap dung de xac djnh gia trj binh thudng trong trudng hop nhap khau tir Viet Nam, Trung Qudc, Kazakhstan va cac nen kinh te phi thj tru'dng khac la thanh vien WTO. Gia trj binh thu'dng dua tren gia dugc ban tren thj trudng
agreed levels for the imports of ten product categories in 2005, 2006, and 2007).
'- WTO document G/LIC/N/3/EEC/\\,2 October 2008.
eiia nude do trong dieu kien thuong mai, mua ban binh thudng vdi cac dieu kien thj tru'dng boat ddng mgt each hoan hao....
Trong thdi gian tu 2006 din 2008, EU da tien hanh dieu tra ban pha gia ddi vdi 36 trudng hgp, va xem xet lai 60 trudng hgp, trong do ap dung bien phap chdng ban pha gia ddi vdi 45 trudng hgp eua Trung Qudc, 8 trudng hgp ciia Nga va An Do, 7 trudng hgp cua Thai Lan, 6 trudng hgp cua Dai Loan va Ucraina. Thue suat ddi vdi eac trudng hgp bj ap dat thue chdng ban pha gia ndi tren len tdi 77,6%'^. Vdi muc thue suat cao nhu vay, cac san pham ndi tren khdng the canh tranh vdi cac san pham ciing loai tren thj trudng EU.
Cac san pham nam trong danh muc ap thue chdng ban gia bao gdm: hoa chat, xe dap, dd da, den ban, dau tay, san pham thep, ngd nggt, may nen khi, rugu cd cdn, tiii xach tay, sgi Polyester, tu lanh, dau diesel sinh hoc.
Thue doi khdng (Countervailing duties)
Ap dung thue ddi khang chi khi nao hang boa nhap khau dugc phat hien la nd da dugc nudc san xuat trg cap. Trong trudng hgp nhu vay, thue ddi khang se dugc su dung nham triet tieu phan trg cap ndi tren de dam bao su canh tranh cdng bang. Quy trinh dieu tra trudc khi ap dat thue ddi khang cung tuong tu nhu chdng ban pha gia. Trong giai doan tir 2006 den bet nam 2008 cd 2 trudng hgp md'i bj EU ap dat thue ddi khang, va
WTO documents GMDP/N^I53/EEC. 20 March 2007; G / A D P / N / 1 5 8 / R F ; C . 29 August 2007.
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NGHIEN CCfU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°8 (107).2009xem xet lai 11 trudng hgp, trong 8 trudng hgp van dang cdn hieu luc thi 6 trudng hgp ap dung ddi vdi hang boa nhap khau tu An Do vdi thue suat len tdi 53%'"*. Cac san pham chju thue ddi khang la dugc pham, hoa chat, det may.
- Cdc biin phdp hdo hg (Safeguards) Quy djnh NO 3285/94 cua EU dua ra nhfl'ng nguyen tac chung ddi vdi cac bien phap bao hg va dugc ap dung cho tat ca cac san pham, nhung cd su khac biet ddi vdi tung qudc gia va ddi vdi cac san pham, vi du quy djnh 517/94 djnh ra nhfl'ng nguyen tic dac biet ddi vdi hang det may nhap khau tii' cac nudc khdng phai la thanh vien WTO va cac qudc gia ma trao ddi thuong mai khdng thugc ddi tugng cua cac hiep djnh thuong mai song phuo'ng. Cac bien phap bao ve dugc thuc hien dudi nhieu hinh thu'c khac nhau va thdi ban ap dung khoang 8 nam.
Cac bien phap bao bd dugc ap dung khi hang hda nhap khau tii' nirdc khac gay tdn hai hoac de doa gay tdn hai den san xuat trong nudc. Trong trudng hgp nhu vay, co' quan cd tham quyen phai xac djnh dugc nguyen nhan, muc do bj thiet hai... Cac bien phap bao hg cbi gidi ban trong khudn khd nhim khae phue nhung thiet hai do hang boa nhap khau gay nen.
Cac nudc dang phat triln khdng thugc ddi tugng bj ap dung cac bien phap bao ve, neu gia trj nhap khiu mdt loai hang boa khdng vugt qua 3% tdng gia trj xuit khiu
mat hang do cua cac nudc dang phat trien la thanh vien WTO, hoac khdng vugt qua 9%
gia trj nhap khau hang hoa ndi tren cua EU.
- Tieu chudn hda (Standardisation) O muc do cua ca Lien minh, cac tieu chuan dugc uy quyen cho cae Uy ban khac nhau. Tuy nhien cac co' quan chuyen trach ve tieu chuan boa (vi du nhu CEN, CENELEC va ETSl'^) cd quyen lua chgn chap nhan hoac phu quyet sir uy quyen ndi tren. Cac td chuc nay cd nhung quy djnh rieng ciia hg, do vay, mgt khi mdt tieu chuan dugc thdng qua se dugc thdng bao cdng khai. Hien nay EU cd hon 15.000 cac tieu chuan khac nhau, tuy nhien, nhflng tieu chuan trong ITnh vuc djch vu it so vdi ITnh vuc hang boa, nguyen nhan chu yeu do su phuc tap va thieu ddng nhat giua eac nudc thanh vien. Khoang 80% edng viec cua cae co quan phu trach van de tieu chuan boa dugc thuc hien do yeu cau cua cac nganh cdng nghiep va cac chu sd hu'u khac, phan cdn lai, khoang 20%) la do Uy ban Chau Au va EFTA yeu ciu.
3. Quan he thuong mai Viet Nam - EU
Mac du cd nhung tranh chap thuong mai ddi vdi mgt sd san pham, vi du nhu ap dat bien phap chdng ban pha gia ddi vdi giay mu da cua Viet Nam va vdi muc thul suit la 10%)'^ tuy nhien, thuong mai cua Viet Nam
"* WTO documents G/SCM/N/I53/EEC. ! March 2007; G/SCM/N/162/EEC, 4 September 2007.
European Committee for Standardization (CEN);
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC); and European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI).
Cue quan ly canh tranh - Bo Cong thuang.
'3f)e thSntf thue quan.
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vdi cac nude EU tiep tue gia tang vdi tdc do hang ke tu' sau khi hai ben ky ket Hiep djnh cao, dn djnh ca ve gia trj va khdi lugng mat khung nam 1995.
Bieu do 1. Thuong mai cua Viet Nam vdi EU
(dan vi ty Euro)
-4.2 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
D Xuat khau 0 Nhap K h i u D Tham hut Nguon: EUROSTAT (Comext, Statistical regime 4)
Mac dii day la thj trudng khd tinh, yeu cau ve chat lugng hang hoa va an toan ve sinh thuc pham bet sue cao va chat che, nhung gia trj xuat khau hang hoa ciia Viet Nam vao EU tang rat nhanh: nam 2007 la 7,8 ty Euro, nam 2008 la 8,3 ty Euro (tuong duong 12,2 ty USD so vdi I 1,8 ty USD vao thj trudng My), chiem 23%' xuat khau cua Viet Nam. Bieu do I cho thay, chi tinh tu' nam 2003 cho den 2007, xuat khau tang 165% ve gia trj, tuy nhien tren thuc te, chi chiem mdt ty trgng rat khdng dang ke, dao dgng trong khoang tii' 0,47% din 0,55%'*
tdng gia trj nhap khau hang nam cua EU.
Cac nganh xuat khau chinh cua Viet Nam sang EU la det may, da giay, do gd, san
Colm llalloran. Phdt bieu tai Hoi thdo do Du dn 116 tra thuang mgi da hien giai dogn III, 18/6/2009 tai HaNoi.
'V:urostal2008.
pham dien va dien tu', dd nhua, thiiy san, ndng san... Co' cau xuat khau sang EU ciia Viet Nam: 70% la san pham che tao phi luong thue, 23% la san pham luong thuc.
Khiing hoang kinh te the gidi tu nam 2007 da lam giam kha nang xuat khau mgt sd cac hang boa sang thj trudng EU, nhung cflng chinh khiing hoang da lam thay ddi xu hu'dng tieu dung ciia ngudi chau Au, d mdt muc do nao dd, tae ddng tich cue ddi vdi su gia tang xuat khau cua mdt sd san pham nhat djnh. Do bj anh hudng cua khung hoang kinh te, nhieu ngudi tieu diing da chuyen tii' mua sam hang boa dat tien sang hang hoa cd pham cap thap la nhflng san pham cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam dang san xuat. Trong 6 thang dau nam 2009, kim ngach det may eua Viet Nam sang thj trudng chau Au tang 3,5%
so vdi thd'i ky ciia nam 2008, dat 591 trieu
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NGHIEN CCfU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°8 (107).2009USD''''. Tieu thu hang thuy san tai thj trudng EU cd xu hudng tang cao, dac biet la do khu vuc nay dang thuc hien cac bien phap bao tdn tru lugng ca ngu' thdng qua quyet djnh riit ngan thdi vu danh bat, cat giam 27% ban ngach va giam sd lugng tau khai thac.
De duy tri dugc kha nang xuat khau sang EU trong bdi canh khung hoang kinh te, cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam can phai dap ung nhung yeu cau an toan ve sinh thuc pham, cac tieu chuan ve ky thuat ddi vdi cac san pham hang hda. Dieu nay cd y nghTa bet sue quan trgng, bdi vi chi rieng viec EU ap dat cac loai thue quan ddi vdi det may va giay da cflng da lam cho cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam bj thiet hai gan 190 trieu Euro.
Thuc te chirng minh rang viec tuan thu cac tieu chuan qudc te dan den xuat khau tang, giam that nghiep. Tren day chi la mdt sd van de quan trgng nhat cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam can bet sire luu y de cd the tang kha nang canh tranh tren thj trudng EU.
4. Ket luan
Mac dii nhfl'ng ddi hdi ve chat lugng, do an toan san pham rat cao, cac tieu chuan ky thuat bet sue khat khe, nhung la mdt thj trudng cd dung lugng tieu thu hang boa rat ldn ca ve sd dan cung nhu thu nhap tinh theo dau ngudi, vdi mdt chinh sach thuong mai, mdt he thdng thue quan va phi thue quan ve CO ban thdng nhat, minh bach, tren thue te EU vdi 27 thanh vien lai la mgt thj trudng xuat khau quan trgng ddi vdi cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam. Tang cudng nhap khau hang boa vao EU chi cd the thuc hien trong dieu kien cac doanh nghiep, cac hiep hdi nganh hang, cac nha xuat khau tuan thii nghiem tiic nhung quy djnh ve tieu chuan ky thuat TBT. Trong trudng hgp ngugc lai, doanh nghiep khdng the tiep can dugc thj trudng EU, dieu nay cung ddng nghTa vdi giam thu nhap tu' xuat khau, gia tang that nghiep trong cac nganh vdn dang su dung
nhieu lao ddng cua Viet Nam. .:
B6 Cong thuong thang 5/2009.
