KINH DOANH - PHAP LUAT
Quy Chuan ky thuat
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Co phai la van ban quy pham phap luat?
» TS. N G U Y I N ANH SON
» TS. LE TH! THU THUY LTS: Hien nay, Quy chuan ky thuat (QC) co liic, co nofi xay dufng, ban hanh dufdfi dang van ban quy pham phap luat (VBQPPL); nhUng co liic, CO ntfi ban hanh dxXdi dang van ban ca biet. Vay tren ccf sd nao ma lai CO nhffng y kien, suy nghT khac nhau nhff vay? Hay co sff bat cap giifa he thong phap luat ban hanh VBQPPL va he thong phap luat ve QC?
Chiing toi gidfi thieu bai viet sau day ciia TS. Nguyen Anh Stfn va TS. Le Thi Thu Thuy de ban doc tham khao.
Quy chuan ky thuat (QC) va Viin ban quy p h a m pheip luat (VBQPPL) dang tdn tai hai quan nien khac nhau, dim tiri sy chdng cheo khi ban hiinh QC va VBQPPL trong cac bd, ccr quan ngang be), Ccic tinh, thanh phd trye thudc trung uong. Hai quan niem dd nliu sau:
1. Quan niem thuf nh^t, cho rang:
QClaVBQPPL
Quan niem nay dya tren ba luan cir sau:
n) QC vd VBQPPL cd mot sddieui khd tirang dong vd mang tinh diic trimg, cii the:
- Chii the cd tham quyen xay dung, ban hcinh QC (QC qudc gia va QC va VBQPPL ddu do co quan nha nude cd tham quyen xay d y n g va ban hanh. Vi dy, QCVN do Bd trucrng, Thii trucrng ccr quan ngang bd xiiv dyng, ban hanh; QCDP do Uy ban nhan dcin Ccip tinh Xciy dung, ban h a n h .
Nhimg chii the cd theim qu\'en ban hcinh VBQPPL lai rcing hon chu thd ban hcinh QC. Theo Lueit Ban hanh van bcin quy p h a m pheip
luat nam 2008 va Luat ve viec Ban hcinh viin bcin qu^' p h a m p h a p luat cua Hdi ddng nhcin dein, Uy ban nhcin dcin, thi Bd truerng, Thu trudng CO quan ngang Bd va Uy ban nhein dein cap tinh, cung cd theim quyen ban hiinh VBQPPL.
Theo quy dinh Lucit Ban himh villi ban quy pham p h a p luat va Luat Tieu chuan va Quy chuein ky thuat thi ca QC va VBQPPL deu ducrc ban hanh duiid d a n g van ban cd ndi dung quy dinh chung cho Ccic ddi tucmg ap dung. Trong dd ca QC va VBQPPL ddu cd tinh hieu lyc bat bucic chung. Trong dd, QCVN, cung n h u VBQPPL do Bd trucrng, Thii trucrng ccr quan ngang Bd ban himh cd hieu lyc trong phcim vi ca nude; cdn QCDP ciing n h u VBQPPL do Uy ban nhan rinh, thanh phd true thucic trung ucmg ban hanh cd bieu lye trong p h a m vi quein \y ciia Uy ban nhan tinh, thcinh phd trye thudc trung uong ban hcinh QC bay VBQPPL dd.
Ngoai ra, QCVN Vei VBQPPL cua Bci, ccr quan ngang bci cdn cd mot nguyen tiic c o b a n lii tinh cdng
khai trong qua trinh xay dyng, ban hanh thdng qua viec td chiic lay y kien rdng rai, cdng khai ve dy thao trong thcri gian it nhat sau mucri ngay (ngoai trir trong trudng hpp can thiet khi QCVN lien quan den sue khoe, an toan, mdi trudng)...
h) Vdi viec quy dinh tai khoan 1 Dieu 8 Luat Ban hanh van ban quy p h a m phiip luat nam 2008: "Van ban quy p h a m p h a p luat phai dupe quy dinh cu the de khi van ban dd cd hieu lye thi thi hanh dupe ngay;
trucmg he,rp trong van ban cd dieu, khoan ma ndi dung lien quan den quy trinh, quy chuan ky thuat, nhirng van de chua cd tinh dn dinh cao thi ngay tai dieu, khoan dd cd the giao cho ca quan nhii nude cd thiim quyen quy dinh chi tiet. Co quan dupe giao ban hanh van ban quy dinh chi tiet khdng dupe liy quyen tiep", Qudc hdi da gian tiep cdng nhcin QC ki VBQPPL;
c) Luat Bau hanh van ban quy pliniii plidp liidt udin 2008 true tiep klidng diiih QC Id VBQPPL:
"Thdng tu ciia Bd truerng, Thii trudng CO quan ngang Bd dupe ban
5 2 c6NCNCHl|;P>>Ky 1, thang 7/2009 Website: •www.tapchicongnghiep.vn •irv.moit.gov.vn
hanh de quy dinh \'e quy trinh, quy chuan ky thuat, dinh muc kinh te - ky tliuat ciia nganh, linh vyc do minh phu trach". N h u vay, ndi dung ciia \'an ban chinh de ap dung, thye thi trong cudc sdng dupe ban hanh kem theo thdng tu hien nhien la van ban quy pham phap luat.
2. Quan niem thuf Hal, cho rang: QC khOng phai la VBQPPL
Cac y kien ciia cac luat gia cho rang QC khdng phai lii VBQPPL dya tren 2 luan cu: xudi chieu va ngupe chieu ve Hnh tuan thu trinh ty, thii tuc, hinh thirc ban hanh ciia VBQPPL
a) Luan cu xudi chieu
Ngay tai dieu khoan dau tien, ccr quan nha nude da quy dinh khdng coi QC la VBQPPL, vdi ndi dung:
"Van ban quy pham phap luat lii van ban do ccr quan nhci nude ban hanh hoac phdi hpp ban himh theo tham quyen, hinh thuc, trinh ty, thii tuc ducrc quy dinh trong Luat nay hoac trong Luat ban hanh van ban quy pham phap luat cua Hdi ddng nhan dan, Uy ban nhan dan..."
Tuy nhien, tren thye te va eiing theo quy dinh ciia phap luat, thi QC dupe ban hanh theo miit trinh ty, thu tuc dueid hinh thire hoan toim khac vcii VBQPPL dupe quy dinh tai Luat Tieu chuan va Quy ehuein ky thucit
\'a cac \'an ban hudng dcin thi hiinli (Nghi dinh sd 127/2007/ND-CP ciia Chinh phu ngciy 01 thcing 8 ncim 2007 va Thdng tu sd 23/lT-BKHCN ciia Bci Khoa hpc va Cdng nghe ngay 28 thang 9 neim 2007). Nhirng dicfm khac biet co ban d day phai ke den:
+ Ddi vcri QC yeu cau can phai cd quy hocich, cdn VBQPPL thi khdng;
+ Ve dcrn vi, ccr quan thiim dinh QC va VBQPPL:
ddi vdi QCVN thi co quan th§m dinli la Bd Klioa hpc va Cdng nghe, ddi vcri Thdng tu ciia Bci trucrng, Thii trudng eo quan ngang Bd la td chirc p h a p che bd, co quan ngang bd; Ddi viri VBQPPL ciia Uy ban nhein dcin cap tinh, trudc khi ban hanh Sd Tu p h a p se dupe giao trpng trach tham dinh, cdn ddi viri QCDP thi Uy ban nhan dan cap tinh se ban heinh QCDP trong thdi hcin ba mucri ngay ke tir nga)' cd y kie^n ddng y ciia Bd trucrng, Thii truiing ca quan ngang Bd phu trach ngeinh, linh \'yc thudc pham vi qucin ly cua quy chuan;
+ Viec cip dung hinh thirc de ban hiinh QC ciing cd van de. Theo Luat Tieu chucin \'a Qu\' chuiin ky thuat thi QC dupe ban hanh ducri hinb thirc quyet dinli (...ra quyet dinh ban hanh), duiri hinb thuc nay, Bci trucing, 1 hii trucrng co quan ngang Bd khdng dupe ban hanh VBQPPL. Theo quy dinh tcii khocin 2 Dieu 16 Luat Ban hanh vSn ban quy pham pheip liicit ncim 2008 thi Bo
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trudng, Thil trucrng c o q u a n ngang Bd ban himh thdng tu de quy dinh ve QC, dieu nciy kii trcii \'cri hinh thuc de ban himh QC dupe quy dinh tai Luat Tieu chuan \'a Qu)' chuan ky thuat.
Ngoai ra QC va VBQPPL do Bd truong, Thu trucing CO quan ngang Bd vii Uy ban nhan dan cap tinh ban hanh cdn khac nhau ve can cii, co sd de xav dung, khac nhau ve thcri gian tham dinh, ncii dung tham dinh v.\'...
/)) Luan cii nguac chieu
N h u phan tich d tren, chiing ta theiy QC vci VBQP- PL do Bp truerng, Thii trueimg co quan ngang Bd \'a Uy ban nhan dan cap tinh duerc Xciv dung, theim dinh, ban hanh theo cac quy dinh khac nhau, thudc hai he thdng van ban quy pham phap luat khcic nhau, khdng ducrc trich dan, lien thdng den nhau. Nhirng ngudi cho rang, QC khdng phai ki VBQPPL cdn ciin cu tren ccr sd quv dinh ciia chinh Luat Ban hanh van bein qu\' pham phap luiit: "Vein ban do co quan nha nuire ban heinh hoac phdi hcrp ban hanh khdng diing theim quven, hinh thuc, trinh ty, thu tuc dupe quv dinli trong Lueit iiciy hoac trong Luat ban himh \'an ban quy phcim pheip lueit ciia Hdi ddng nhcin dein, Uv ban nhein ckin thi khdng pheii la viin bcin quv phcim pheip liicit" .
c) Nhuiig ludn cir bd snug
Hai luan cu tren cho chung ta thiiy, QC vii VBQPPL do Bd trucrng, Thii trucrng ccr quan ngang Bd \'ei Uy ban nhcin dan cap tinh dupe Xeiy dyng, thiim dinh, ban heinh theo cac quv dinh cr Ceic Vein bcin khcic nhau, viri Ceic ndi dung vc trinh ty, thu tuc hoiin toiin khcic nhau.
De cd ccr scr pheip Iv chcic chein Inrn, kheing dinh sy khcic biet giiia hai \'cin ban neu tren, nhung ngudi theo y kien thu hai cdn dua ra mcit sd tieu chi de so Scinh ve sy khcic nhau giira hai Vein bcin nay, cu the:
Tieu chi QC VBQPPL Tieu chi
Hieu lire llii hanli
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VBQPPL !
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I Xcin tiep trnng 27) Ky 1, thanK 7/2l)09<<CbNC NCHIEP 5 3
la mdt qua h-inh ddi hdi sy chuyen tam va hinh dp chuyen mdn cao. Nd la mdt trong nliiing veu td quyet dinh sy thanh cdng ciia td chuc cung nhu sy nghiep cua nha quan tri dd.
+ Ky nang lam \'iec theo nhdm: Nha quan tri la ngudi dieu hanh mdt td chuc nen kha nang lam viec theo nhdm la mdt ky nang bat budc ddi vdi ho. Mot nha quan tri thanh cdng khdng clii nhd nang lye cua ban than ma p h i n Idn la nhd sy hpp tac ciia nhan vien.
+ Tai xoay sd Tai xoay sded the ndi la biet tai ciia nha qucin tii, tiong cdng tac quan ly. Sy nlianh nhen, linh boat khi xir Iv tinh hudng qucin ly se giup cho sy van heinli td ehiie tdt hon.
+ Ky n.ing giao tiep: Giao tiep la mdt nghe thuat, nd the hien sy chinh phuc khdi de va trai tim. Dimg bao gid danh gia thap sue manh ciia viec lya len phii htrp. Do
\'ay, Idi ndi khi giao tiep phai khang dinh, quyet doan va cd treicb nliiem, de bay td sy hirp tcic cung nhu dem lai long tin cho ddi tac. De thye hien sy thav ddi thanh cdng, nhci quan tri phai ludn chii 'v nang cao kv neing giao tiep ciia minli.
Trong td chuc thi chii tiie quan Iv chinh la nguiri tien phong di dau de chuan bi mpi dieu kien cho qua trinh thye hien su thay ddi cua td chuc dd. Mdt td chirc mudn
thanh cdng phai cd nhirng chu thd qucin Iv su tha\' ddi tuyet \iM, cd ti-cich nhiem \'iii the he hien tai \ci the he tuang lai.
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Quy chuan ky thuat...
(Tiep theo trang .'^3) d) Ngin/i'ii tdc irii tieu - dp dung plidp hint chiiyeu ngd nil
Thye te, khi cd cac qu)' dinh kh.ic nhau giira cac lutit, thi cic nha quein ly, ngudi api d u n g phap luat Cling nhu co quan tu phap se Ccin cir \'ao phap luat chuyen nganh lam can cir chcic chan hon de khang dinh khi x.i\' dyng, soan thao, theim dinh, ban hanh, thdng bao, quy dinh thtri diem ed bieu lye \'a danh gia sy phii hpp \'di QC \'a VBQPPL.
Qua phein tich d tren ta thci\, su qu\' dinh khdng rd rang, chdng cheo \'ei khdng gcin ket \'oi nhau giira hai he thdng pheip luat (chung \'ei chuven nganh) lam cho cac luat gia - nliimg ngiriri am hieu \'c liuit nhat cimg cd nhirng Lip luan va each giai thich khac nhau. Chiing tdi mong mudn, Qudc hdi khi xav dimg luat men, cimg nhu siia hai dao lucit: Luat Ban hcinh \'cin ban quy phcim phap luat, Luat Lieu chuan \ei Qu\' chuan, can soat xet ky ban de, nhirng dao luat khdng mau thuan, khdng triet tieu quv dinh cua nhau, cd tinh kha thi cao trong cudc sdng. Dieu mong mudn sau cimg la, Uy ban Thuimg \'u Qudc hdi thye hien chuc trach ciia minh ciing can cd giai thich cho rd QC cd phai la VBQPPL trong thdi gian sdm nhat. •>
1 Khoan 1 DiSu 34 Luat Tieu chuan va Tieu chuan ky thuat
2 Khoan 1 Dieu 78 Luat Ban hanh van ban quy pham phap luat nam 2008
•^ Diem a Khoan 1 Dieu 36 Luat Tieu chuan va Tieu chuan ky thuat 4 Khoan 2 DiSu 78 Luat Ban hanh van ban quy pham phap luat nam 2008 5 Dieu 47. Didu 48 Luat Tieu chuan va Tieu chuan ky thuat
6 Thong tu so 23/2007/TT-BKHCN ngay 28 thang 9 nam 2007 cua Bo Khoa hoc va Cong nghe huong dan xay dung, tham dinh va ban hanh Quy chuan ky thuat
7 Thong tu lien tich s6 55/2005/TTLT-BNV-VPCP ngay 06 thang 5 nam 2005 giCra BQ NOI VU va Van phong Chlnh phu hudng dan v4 the thuc va ky thuat trinh bay van ban
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