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129 Operational Challenges towards Deployment of Renewable Energy
Introduction
So the alternative and renewable energy will be the most important energy sources in the near future. Thus, the growing energy demand in the world will be met by means of the clean power generation.
Overall distribution of energy resources
However, there will be a close relationship between energy use and the environment in the future. According to the data given in Table 6, renewable energies will have the fastest growth in the electricity sector, providing 29.4% of electricity demand in 2023, up from 23.9%.
Energy and sustainable development
Government policies need to be carefully planned for energy production, exchange, transport, distribution and use. As expected, the use of coal should be limited to fight pollution and reduce CO2 emissions.
Energy security, sustainability challenges and expectations
Geothermal power plants are sustainable and emit low emissions compared to conventional fossil fuel power plants. The environmental impact of wind energy when compared to the environmental impacts of fossil fuels is relatively small.
Barriers to renewable energy
Therefore, cooled geothermal fluids are injected back into the earth, and the environmental risk is reduced. Bioenergy is produced from biomass, which is a clean energy source in relation to the type of biomass and conversion technology used.
Strategies, policies and measures of renewable energy developments In implementing sustainable strategies, renewable energy has become a critical
So, depending on policy support, renewable energy market share should be increased. It is a fact that the cost of renewable energy development is high to some extent.
Global future trends in renewable energy
The development of renewable energy sources is based on technological innovation and the improvement of a new high technological level that belongs to industrialization and commercialization. Due to current energy and environmental problems, it is necessary to encourage the development and trends of renewable energy sources [11].
Enabling technologies and applications
Creating advanced materials for the use of energy efficiency (e.g. light weight), renewable energy generation and energy storage (e.g. battery components) or smart functionalities that respond to stimulants (e.g. self-healing). For example, the applications related to the smart renewable energy support for distributed renewable energy generation and consumption.
Some aspects on marketing renewable energy
Governments, having an interest in renewable energy and its benefits, ensure various support schemes such as tax credits and subsidies. On the other hand, to make renewable energy more attractive, subsidies for fossil fuels are reduced [23].
Conclusions
This chapter examines the role of renewable energy in shaping energy security against the backdrop of global geopolitical, socio-economic and technological uncertainties. Recently, a strong interest has emerged in the integration of renewable energy into the energy mix as a priority measure to address energy security and climate change [10].
Energy security and renewable energy
The presence of energy security and renewable energy sources in Google searches is an approximation of their relative importance in global (online) discourse. Because of these trends, renewable energy has received more Google search interest than energy security since 2015.
Defining energy security
- Dimensions and components of energy security
- Metrics of energy security
- Synthesizing an energy security index
- Other energy security indexes
Energy security is a contested and complex term [24], which encapsulates concepts such as security of supply, reliability of infrastructures, affordability and environmental friendliness [25]. The US Energy Security Risk Index [69] is a complex composite indicator obtained based on 83 individual indicators that assess geopolitical indicators, economic development, environmental concerns and reliability [66].
Perspectives on renewable energy and energy security
The link between energy security and renewable energy is strengthened by the spread of renewable energy [10]. Denmark is undoubtedly one of the most environmentally friendly energy producers in Europe and in 2017 reached a share of 71% of renewable energy in electricity production.
Conclusions
Energy Security and Climate Change Concerns: Triggering Energy Policy Change in the United States. The Role of Renewable Energy in China's Energy Security and Climate Change Mitigation: An Index Decomposition Analysis.
Household energy sources and utilisation in Limpopo Province The energy sector is central to South Africa’s economy due to its reliance on
In Limpopo province, the energy carriers do not change as the province's energy satisfaction comes from coal and oil. Limpopo Province, like many other provinces in South Africa, has seen limited growth in the deployment of biogas technology due to awareness and perception of the technology.
Research methodology 1 Description of the study area
- Data collection and sampling methods
- Data analysis
The use of renewable energy, such as solar power, was reported by one-tenth of electrified and non-electrified households. Cooking is one of the most energy-intensive applications in the households of the Limpopo province.
Adoption challenges faced by biogas technology
- Dissemination of biogas technology
- Biogas technology awareness
- Biogas technology perceptions
- Availability of water and feedstock
- Dearth of private sector participation
- Lack of technical assistance and availability
- Cost associated with installing biogas digester
The majority of technology users and non-users are in the monthly income bracket of. This implies that the income earned by households in the province affects technology adoption.
Conclusion
The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) describes four categories of policy instruments used to promote renewable electricity generation, namely fiscal incentives; public finance, regulations; and access policies [2]. Later in 2018, the target of generating 10% of renewable energy in the national energy mix was extended to 2030.
Background
- Overview of Ghana’s energy sector
- Review of policies and strategies on renewable energy deployment in Ghana Policies facilitate the extent to which renewable energy technologies are adopted
- Barriers to renewable energy development
In contrast, the goal of the Strategic National Energy Plan was to boost the market for renewable energy. The Renewable Energy Act (832) was enacted and enacted to provide for the development, management, utilization, sustainability and adequate supply of renewable energy for the generation of heat and power, and to provide an enabling environment to attract investors in renewable energy sector [20] .
Methodology
- Renewable energy indicators
Therefore, a solution that reduces the obstacles to the production and consumption of renewable energy must be a country's priority. Morocco has the largest solar power plants in the world and has made improvements in their renewable energy sector.
Results and discussion
- Summary response on policy implementation issues identified by the stakeholders
- Policies on renewable energy incentives in Ghana
- Barriers identified by the stakeholders
- Comparative analysis: renewable energy policies in South Africa, Morocco, and Ghana
The findings of this chapter identified two major problems encountered in Ghana's renewable energy sector. In addition to the political instrument, measures and activities were outlined to achieve the policy's goal of increasing the development of renewable energy technologies in the country.
Methodology
- Data
- Model specification
- Model estimation
Short-term demand forecasting is important for the economic cooperation and reliability of the electricity systems using linear models [14]. In this chapter, a linear regression analysis is used to investigate the causal relationship between the variables under investigation.
Results and discussions
- Descriptive statistical analysis
- Anderson-Darling normality test
- Stationarity test
The Anderson-Darling test was performed to test for the normality of the data variables. The null hypothesis of the unit root test is non-stationary against the alternative of stationarity.
Conclusion and policy implications
A study of the relationship between electricity consumption and GDP growth in Hainan international tourism island China. The most important factor for qualitative and quantitative analysis of the development of renewable energy sources in these countries is their similar geographical location (climate, common mountain system, geographical zone, etc.).
Analysis of results and discussion
- Solar photovoltaics
- Thermoelectricity
- Biofuel energy
Studies on the properties of TiO2 [14, 15] and ZnO [16, 17] and heterojunctions based on them are also most often cited under the label "solar photovoltaics". The most cited articles by researchers from Ukraine deal with new classes of materials that are in line with global trends – the search for new, environmentally friendly and inexpensive materials.
Types of RE sources
- Solar energy
- Wind energy
- Hydropower
- Biomass energy
- Geothermal energy
- Ocean energy
Large hydroelectric plants or mega dams are often considered part of the RE source. The Earth's core is thought to be as hot as the Sun's surface due to the slow decay of radioactive particles into rocks at the center of the planet.
RE resources with the Indian prospective
The disadvantage of the tidal power plants is apparent from the initial investment, because high civil infrastructure has to be built. Solar energy is being realized as one of the fastest growing clean energy sectors in India.
Dream energy project of India
Steps have also been taken towards renewable generation obligations for new thermal and lignite power plants, and so on. Competitive Advantage: India is blessed with plenty of sunlight all year round, huge potential for hydropower, several locations for wind power generation, and so on.
Challenges in the deployment of RE
- Nontechnical challenges .1 Initial investment
- Technical challenges
One of the reasons for the increase in demand for electricity in India is the growing population. At the same time, investors and stakeholders are facing a problem due to the sudden repeal of the RES policy by the government.
Recommendations to eliminate the proposed challenges
This shows a great possibility of RE from this region, which can be utilized to the other parts of the nation. Clear policies and legal procedures are required for the RE market to increase the interests of the investors.
Conclusion
Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_India#cite_note-nmreAnnualRpt2016-13 [Accessed: 21 August 2019]. Existence of Barriers and Proposed Recommendations for Renewable Energy Development in Indian Perspective.
Nanocomposites from renewable resources
This emerging concept will definitely help in reducing environmental damage due to petrochemical dependency. Although various researches involving recent available data on nanobiocomposites have been explained above, the production of nano-based biocomposites is still in the development stage.
Development of nanocomposite materials
- Wet processing
- Dry processing
Organic reinforcement of starch and cellulose whiskers has become a sustainable replacement for other inorganic fillers; for example, corn starch nanocrystals have been used as nanoreinforcement in glycerol plasticized corn starch [31, 32]. Improvement in mechanical properties was also observed with the use of sodium carboxymethylcellulose whiskers synthesized from cotton linter pulp when used as a reinforcement [33].
Nanobiocomposites in healthcare sector
Other biopolymers, for example chitosan [47], PLA [48], silk fibroin [49] and alginate [50] have also been studied in combination with HAp for the development of a suitable framework for bone regeneration. Nanobiocomposites also have a range of different applications, for example drug delivery systems [55] due to smaller size and biocompatibility (Figure 6).
Summary and future perspectives
Efforts are underway to develop HAP-based nanocomposites for bone engineering purposes. But because of the limited supply of fossil fuels and because of the harmful effects of burning these resources on the environment, the automotive industry stakeholders have chosen to develop efficient and powerful replacements for these types of engines.
Road transportation: energy and environmental challenges
- World population, vehicle fleet, and mobility
- Energy resources
In order to understand the development of the vehicle market, it is necessary to compare the increase in the world population. Currently, more than 55% of the world's oil (about 53 million barrels per day) will be consumed in the transport sector [9].
Impact of transport on the environment
- Climate change and air pollution
- Local pollution
The global warming potential of a gas quantifies the radiative forcing (i.e. the force that sends radiative greenhouse gas back to the ground) accumulated over a period of 100 years (this is how we increase the greenhouse effect when it releases one kilogram of the gas). By definition, 1 kg of CO2 contains 0.2727 kg of carbon equivalent, i.e. the weight of carbon only in the carbon dioxide compound.
Regulatory and technological aspects
- Regulatory aspects
- Technological aspects: alternative to the internal combustion engine The scarcity of oil coupled with increasing demand (primarily bound to the
- GNV/GNL
For information, the Tier-2 standard adopted in 1999 in the United States does not distinguish between fuels, while the Japanese standard takes into account the condition (hot or cold) of the vehicle. If it is gaseous at ambient conditions, LPG is usually stored in liquid form at a pressure of 10 bar [52].
