KHOA HOC - KIEN THliTC KINH TE
rVoi clung p h a n t i c h b a o e a o tai c h i n h d o a n h n g h i e p
PGS.TS. NGUYEN NANG PHUC Dai hpc Kinh te Qudc ddn
Van de phan tich bao cao t i l chinh doanh nghiep la mdt van de rat quan trong vi cd y nghia thiet thuc ddi vdi mgi ddi tugng sijf dung thdng tin, dac biet ddi vdi cac doanh nghiep da niem yet tren thj trudng chiing khoan.
Song, ndi dung phan tich bao cao t i l chinh doanh nghiep gdm nhiing van dd' gi? Tic gia xin de xuat hai ndi dung co ban khi tien hinh phan tich bao cio til chinh doanh nghiep, dd i i phan tich cac chi tieu tren tung bao cao til chinh vi phan tich mdi lien he giiia cic chi tieu tren cac bao cio t i i chinh doanh nghiep.
B
ao cao tdi chinh la mdt trong hai loai bao cao ciia he thdng bao cao kd' loan doanh nghidp. Bao cao tai chinh dupe lap theo nhfrng ehudn muc va chd dp ke loan hidn hanh. Bao cao tai chinh phan anh cac chi tidu kinh le - Tai chinh chii ydii ciia doanh nghidp, nd phan anh cac thdng tin long hpp nhai vd tlnh hinh tai san, ngudn vd'n chii sd bun, cdng np, tlnh hinh luu chuydn tidn Id cung nhu tlnh hinh lai chinh, kdi qua kinh doanh eiia doanh nghidp trong mdt ky kinh doanh nhdt dinh.Theo quydi dinh so 15/200(i QD/BTC iigiiy 20 thang 03 nam 2006 eiia Bd trirdng Bd tai chinli vd ban hanh die dp ke loan doanh nghidp, he thdng bao cao lai chinli ciia doanh nghiep, bao gdm 4 loai bao eao sau day: (1) Bang can ddi ke loan. Ma sd BOI - DN; (2) Bao cao kdi qua boat ddng kinh doanh.
Masd B02 - DN; (3) Bao cao luu chuyen lien Id, Ma .so B03 - DN;
(4) Tliuyei minh bao eao tai chinh.
Ma sd B09 - DN.
Phan tich bao cao tai chinh doanh nghiep khdng phai chi cung cdp nhfrng thdng tin cho cac nli.i
quan tri doanh nghiep nham giiip hp danh gia khach quan vd siic manh tai chinh ciia doanh nghidp.
kha nang sinh loi va trien vpng phdt tridn san xudt kinh doanh eiia doanh nghiep, ma cdn cung cap cho ciic dd'i tupng sir dung thdng tin ngoai doanh nghiep. nliir: eiic nha ddu tu. cac iiliii cho vay. eac nha cung cap. cac chii np, cac ed ddng hidn tai vii tuong lai, eac khach hang, cac nha quan ly ciip tren, eac nha biio hieni, ngudi lao ddng va cd cac nha nghien ciru, cac siiih \ien kinh Ic Dac biet. ddi
vdi cac doanh nghiep da nidm ydi trdn thi trudng chung khoan thi vide cung cdp nhihig thdng tin vd tlnh hinh tai chinh mdt each chinh xac va ddy dii cho cac nha dau tu lii mdt vdn de cd y nghia cue ky quan trpng, giiip hp lira chpn vii ra cac quydi dinh ddu tu cd hidu qua nhdt.
Qua qua trlnh nghien ciru vd giang day, chiing Idi ed tham khao nhidu cdng trlnh vidi vd van dd phan tich bao cao tdi chinh doanh nghiep. Trong sd eac cdng trinh viei \e phan tich bao ciio tai chinh ma cluing tdi tham khao dupe ed the chia thiuih hai loai:
Loai thd nhdt: Cac cdng trlnh viei ve phan tich bao ciio lai chinh ma ndi dung chii yeu la phan lich cac chi lieu tren timg bao eao tai chinh doanh nghidp.
Muc lieu eiia phan tich bao eao liii chinli l.'i nliani ciiii'j ciji HIIUIIL;
Kinh (^ \ a UU b^o So 10/2009 39
KHOA HOC - KIEN THLTC KINH TE
thdng tin, giiip cho eac ddi tupng sir dung thdng tin danh gid tlnh hinh tai chinh eiia doanh nghidp.
Ndu chi di sau phan tich trdn tirng bao eao tai chinh thi chua dii ma cdn phan tich mdi lidn be giira eac chi tidu trdn tirng bao cao tai chinh va giira eac bao cao lai chinh. Cd nhu vay, mdi ed thd cung cap ddy dii nhirng thdng lin, giiip cho cac dd'i tupng sir dung thdng tin danh gia mdt each loan didn va sau sdc thue trang tlnh hinh tai chinh ciia doanh nghiep.
Loai thir hai: Cac cdng trlnh viei ve phan tich bdo cao tai chinh ma ndi dung chii ydu la pbiui tich mdi lidn he gifra cac chi tidu Kinh tc - Tdi chinh trdn cac bao eao lai chinh doanh nghidp. Tir dd, nit ra cdc kdi luan danh gia thuc trang Ilnh hinh lai chinh eiia doanh nghiep.
Vide phan tich mdi lien he gifra eac bao cao tai chinh nham nit ra cac kdi luan vd thuc trang tlnh hinh tai chinh ciia doanh nghiep la rdt cdn thidi. Song, neu chi dirng lai d miic dp phan tich nay Ihl thirc sir la chua dii ma phai di sau phan tich eac chi tidu tren tirng bao eao lai chinh. Cd nhu vay, mdi ed thd cung cap day dii nhfrng thdng tin, giiip cho eac ddi tupng sir dung thdng tin danh gia ddy dii va sau sac mpi boat ddng tai chinh ciia doanh nghidp. Hon iiiifa, chi cd the phan tich chi tiei va cu thd tirng chi tidu trdn tirng bao cao tai ehiiih mdi cd the giiip cdc ddi tupng sir dung thdng tin xac dinh rd nhirng nguydn nhan hoan Ihanh hay khdng hoan thanh cac chi lieu Kinh Id - Tai chinh trong su tac ddng lan nhau gifra chiing, tir dd cd nhirng giai phap thici thuc nham tang cucrng siic manh tai chinh ciia doanh nghidp trong cac ky san xudt kinh doanh tiep theo.
Hem nira, mpi boat ddng kinh te ddu cd sir tdc ddng lidn hoan vdi nhau, chi ed the dua vao sir phan
tich mdt each ty my va chi tidi mdi cd thd tao ra nhirng thdng tin cd can cii xac thuc va nhu vay, quan tri doanh nghidp mdi cd nhan dinh dung vd thuc trang tai chinh eiia doanh nghidp.
Xudt phat tir nhirng suy nghi trdn, chiing tdi cho rdng: Ndi dung phan tich bao eao tdi chinh doanh nghidp phai bao gdm nbii'ng van dd CO ban sau day:
1. Phdn tich tren tirng bdo cdo tdi chinh
Vide phan tich trdn timg bao eao lai chinh. bao gdm cac ndi dung CO ban sau day: (1) Phan tich iigang tren tirng bao cao tai chinh dd thiiy rd sir bien ddng vd quy md CLia tirng chi tidu, kd ea sd tuydt ddi va sd tuong dd'i. (2) So sanh dpc tren tirng bao eao tai chinh (dac biet bang can ddi ke loan) de' thay rd sir bidii ddng \e coeiiu ciia tirng chi tidu tren timg bao cao tai chinh.
(3) Phan tich mdi lien he giira cac chi tidu tren tirng bao eao tai chinh nham danh gia so bd vd tlnh hinh tai chinh ciia doanh nghiep.
Vide phan tich chi tidi tren timg bao cao tai chinli cho phep cac dd'i tupng sir dung thdng tin danh gia cii the sir bidn ddng ciia timg chi tidu Kinh Id - Tai chinh. Trdn co sd dd, cd cac giai phap cu the dd ddy manh cac boat ddng tai chinh, thiie ddy qua trlnh san xudt kinh doanh ciia doanh nghidp phdt tridn ben viing.
2. Phdn tich mdi lien he giira cdc chi tieu tren cdc bdo cdo tdi chinh ciia doanh nghiep
Vice phan lich mdi lidn he giOa cdc chi tieu trdn cac bao cao tai chinh doanh nghidp la mot ndi dung rdt can ban ciia phan tich bao cao tai chinh, nham cung cdp nhirng thdng tin danh gia thuc trang tai chinh eiia doanh nghidp ma ndi dung ciia no bao gdm nhfrng van dd sau day: (i) Danh gia khai qudt tlnh hinh tai chinh ciia
doanh nghidp. (ii) Phan tich tinh hinh dam bao ngudn vd'n ngdn ban cho vide du trir tai san ngdn ban ciia doanh nghidp. (iii) Phan tich kha nang huy ddng vd'n cho san xudt kinh doanh ciia doanh nghidp. (iv) Phan tich tlnh hinh va kha nang thanh todn ciia doanh nghiep. (v) Phan tich tlnh hinh rui ro tai chinh ciia doanh nghidp. (vi) Phan tich hidu qua san xudt kinh doanh ciia doanh nghidp. (vii) Phan tich gia tri doanh nghidp.
Trdn day la nhfrng ndi dung co ban ciia phan tich bao cao tai chinh doanh nghidp. Khi phan tich bao eao tai chinh doanh nghidp cdn tidn hanh theo hai ndi dung nhung dd chinh la hai mat ciia mdt vdn dd va chi cd thd tidn hanh phan tich ddy dii nhfmg ndi dung trdn mdi cung cap ddy dii thdng tin nhdt cho cdc ddi lupng sir dung thdng tin, giiip hp am hidu mdt each thdu dao va sau sac mpi boat ddng tdi chinh ciia doanh nghidp - khau trung tam
ciia mpi boat ddng. • ,
Titi lieu tham khao
/ Chii hien PGS.TS Nguyen Ndng Phuc. Gido trinh phdn tich hda cdo tdi chinh, N)(B Tnrdng Dai hoc Kinh te Qudc ddn. Hd N()i, thdng 05 ndm 200H.
2. Th.S Ngiiyc'ii Cong Binh vd Ddng Kim Cuang. Phdn tich hdo cdo tdi chinli (ly tliuyet hdi lap vd hdi gidi) NXB Giao thdng van tdi Tp.HCM. nam 200H.
.^. Chu hien Phan Quang Niem.
Gido trinh phdn tidi liocit ddng kinh doanh ciia Vien Dai hoc Md Hd N(>i, NXB Thdng Ke, Hd Ntd thdng 05 nam 2007.
4. Tap chi Kinh levd Phdt trien so I3H thdng 12 ndm 200H.
5. PGS.TS Nguyen Ndng Phiic, phdn tich Hoal ddng Ddu tir Tdi chinh ilia doanh nghiep. N)(B Tdi chinh. Hd Ndi thdng 01 ndm 2005.
So 10/2009
40 Kinh t^ v a DU b a o
