NGHIEN C U U
R E S E a R C H KCHKARCH
Thijc trang va giai phap nang cao hi^u qua ddu tu tu ng£in sach nha nuoc
Phan Anh Hoc vi$n Ngan hang
Phan Huy Dutag Dai hoc Qud'c gia Ha Noi
Diu tu tir ngin sieh nha nude la linh vuc quan Upng Uong nhidm vu phit trien kinh td - xa hdi hing nim. Vi vay, tai Nghi quydt 01/NQ-CP ban hinh tit diu nim, Chinh phO ydu eiu eo eau lai dau tu, trpng tim l i diu tu edng; khoi thdng the chd dd ting cudng huy dpng vi sir dung cd hidu qua ngudn lue x i hdi; quan ly ch§t chd, trinh Uiit thoit, ling phi, nang eao hidu qua sir dung ngudn lue dau tu cdng, eoi diy la mdt trong nhiing giii phip cu thd trong nam 2019 nhim thuc hien quyet lidt c i c ddt phi chien lupc, co ciu lai ndn kinh te, ddi mdi md binh vi ning eao chit lupng ting trudng.
1. No iirc trong ca cau lai flau \u cong trong nhung nam qua
Qui trinh co ciu lai tdng thd ndn kinh td dupe thue hien sdm nhat vi ed hieu qui tire thdi nhat ehinh l i viee siet chat ky luat diu tu cdng vdi Chi thi so 1792/CT-TTg, cOa Thu tudng Chinh phu, ngay 15/10/2011. Song song vdi viec sidt chit ky cuong d i u tu cdng, Chinh phii thue hidn eie giai phip Idiic phuc nhung hiu qui eiia qua trinh diu tu cdng tran Ian trudc dd tao ra.
Qua trinh the ehe hda dau tu cdng eung d i dupe Uiuc hidn. Lin diu Uen boat ddng dau tu edng dupe phip dinh bang luat. Luat quin ly, sir dung vdn nha nude dau tu vao sin xuat, kinh doanh tai doanh nghidp Uidng qua ngay 26/11/2014 vi cd hieu lue ttr ngay 01/7/2015 d i tao eosd phap ly cao eho boat ddng dau tu vi quin ly vdn nhi nude diu tu vao doemh nghidp, phan dinh chiic ning, quyen han vi traeh nhiem ciia dai dien chu sd hiiu nhi nude, eo quan dai dien chu sd hiiu ciia doanh nghiep trong hoat ddng dau tu vi quin ly vdn nhi nude d i dau tu tai doanh nghiep.
Ngay 14/02/2015, Chinh phii ban hinh Nghj dinh sd 15/2015/ND-CP, Ve ddi tie edng tu, thay the cho Quyet dinh so 71/2010/QD-TTg va Nghi dinh sd 30/2015/ND- CP quy dinh chi tiet thi hanh mdt sd dieu ciia Luit D^u than ve Iga ehpn diu tu. Ca hai nghi dinh niy Ian lupt cd hidu luc tir ngay 10/4 va ngiy 05/5/2015. Nghi dinh sd 15/2015/ND-CP d i md rdng cinh cua thu hiit vdn d i u tu ciia khu vuc ngoii nhi nude va nude ngoii vao eae linh vue nut thit cua nen kinh te nude nhi nhu kdt cau ha tang, cung ling dich vu edng, khoa hoe - edng nghd, khi tuong - thuy van, khu cdng nghidp, khu cdng nghd cao...
1 6 K I N H Tt CHAu A - T H A . B I N H DUOTNE (THANQ 5 / 2D 1 91
Dd thidt lip mdt khudn khd Uidng nhit Udn tat ca eic giai doan ciia vide quin ly dau tu edng, Qude bdi d i thdng qua Luit Dau tu cdng n i m 2014. Theo dd, Luit Diu tu edng d i phin nio khde phuc dupe cic tdn tai, han ehe trpng quin ly dau tu cdng Uong giai doan hidn nay.
Diy li nhiing nd lire trong qui trinh co ciu lai dau tu cdng, tme tidp ngin chan va giam thieu hien tupng diu tu din trii, tran Ian vupt qui kha ning e i p vdn cua Nhi nude va gdp phin giim tdc dp ting np cdng ciia dit nude. Thuc trang diu tu edng d i ed nhung thay ddi, cu the trdn eic mit: Ve quy md va ddng gdp cua diu tu cdng vao tdng vdn diu tu eua toan x i hdi;
CO eau ngudn vdn dau tu edng; co ciu dau tu cdng theo nganh kinh td; ca eiu dau tu cdng phin bd tiieo c i p quin ly; hieu qua sii dung vdn.
Bdn canh dd, cdng tie thanh tra, kidm tra vide chap binh Luit Diu tu cdng duoc chii trpng Uidn khai. Trong 2 nim 2016 va 2017, cd 16 eude thanh tra, vdi ndi dung tip tmng lam rd viec tham dinh phd duyet chu tmang diu tu, quydt dinh diu tu vi'didu chinh tdng mue diu tu; qui trinh thue hien dir i n viec xir ly no dpng vdn xiy dung ca ban d nhidu tinii, dja phuang.
2. Thuc trang hieu qua ffau tv cong hien nay Nhdng nim gin diy, Unh trang chim giii ngan vdn diu tu cdng vin chua cd nhidu bien chuyen, NSNN c ' Udn nhung khdng Ueu dupe trong khi nhieu cdng trinh trpng diem lai phii ehd vdn. Sd lieu ciia Bd Ke hoaeh va Diu tu eip nhit ddn thing 1-2019 cho thiy, trong s"' 66 trong tdng sd 126 co quan d i giii b i o eio ve tinh hinh giii ngin diu tu cdng nim 2018, ehi ed chin c quan dat ty Id giii ngin uen 90% kd hoaeh nim R^
nhidu CO quan giii ngin chua dat 50% ke hoaeh, c i biet, ed dia phuong ca nim qua khdng giii ngin dupe ddng nio. Vdn diu tu cdng chidm ty trpng khdng nhd trong tdng ehi diu tu ciia x i hdi. Do dd, c h i m giii ngin vdn d i u tu cdng se tie ddng Udu cue ddn ting trudng GDP. Nhiing h^n chd Uong d i u tu cdng cd nhidu nguydn nhin. Trong dd, nguyen nhan chii quan ddn tir ydu td the che phap luit ve diu tu cdng chua thit su ddng bd, thdng nhit v i hoin thidn, ehua khie phue tridt dd Unh trang ehdng chdo. Vin edn lung tiing Uong tridn khai Luit Diu tu cdng vi cie van b i n hudng din thi hanh. Bdn eanh dd, vd phia c i e bd, nginh, dia phucmg, chit lupng chuin bi du an chua tdt, edng tic giai phdng mat bing gap nhidu trd ngai, vide chip hinh eic nguydn tac, tieu chi phin bd kd hoach vdn chua nghidm, chat lupng c i c locii quy hoach va tinh du b i o cdn han che, gay ling phi va kem hidu qui diu tu ddi vdi mdt sd du i n ha ting.
Nhin chung, trong giai doan 2011 - 2015 hidu q u i kinh td - x i hdi eiia diu tu ndi ehung va diu tu cdng ndi ridng da duac cai thidn. He sd suit dau tu (ICOR) eiia Vidt Nam da giim din trong timg giai doan. Neu so sanh vdi giai doan trudc, nhung nam d i u giai doan 2016 - 2020 hd sd ICOR cd xu hudng eao hon, cu the:
ICOR binh quan (tinh theo gia so sanh n i m 2010) n i m 2016 li 6,41, n i m 2017 giim nhe cdn 6,21, giai doan 2011 - 2015 dat 5,05, giai doan 2006 - 2010 la 5,18.
Tuy nhidn, hd sd ICOR thudng tinh theo khoang thdi gian hay theo tiing giai doan, cdn phu thudc vio cic ydu td nhu su thay ddi cdng nghd hay ty Id ket hpp giiia vdn va Iao ddng. Hidu qui d i u tu thd hien bang he sd ICOR dupe co quan tiidng kd Viet Nam tinh toan cho toin bd nen kinh td b i o gdm diu tu cdng, diu tu eiia doanh nghiep nhi nude, khu vue ngoii nha nude vi khu vue ed vdn diu tu nude ngoii. He sd ICOR khdng tinh theo thanh phin kinh te, do vdn dau tu cdng ehu ydu dupe diu tu cho ea sd ha ting, khdng mang lai Ipi nhuin tnic tiep ma giin tidp thuc day ting tmdng. Do viy khdng the dinh gii he sd ICOR ting vgt li do diu tu edng kem hidu qui. Tuy timg giai doan m i hd sd ICOR cd su tang giam theo dae tnmg cua ndn kinh td hay cic anh hudng trong pham vi qude gia vi inh hudng eua thuong m?i qude td. Trong thai gian qua, Chinh phii d i cd nhieu giai phap dd nang eao hidu qui sii dung vdn dau tu, trong dd cd diu tu cdng nhu ban hanh Luit Diu tu cdng, Luit Ngin sich nha nude, Luit Quin 1^ no cdng,... Chinh nhtrng nd luc niy d i gdp phin ban ehd diu tu din trai, nang eao hidu qui diu tu. Khdng chi cd khu vuc diu tu edng m i cae khu vuc khie nhu FDI, tu nhin,... Chinh phu cung dua ra nhidu giai phip de ning eao hidu qua sir dung vdn nhim ning eao hidu qua diu tu, tang nang suit tir dd giim hd sd ICOR. Do viy trong nhiing nam gin diy, ty Id vdn diu tu cdng chidm trong tdng vdn diu tu toan x i hdi dang ed xu hudng thip di, tang ty Id vdn diu tu tii khu vuc tu nhin vi khu vuc diu tu nude ngoai, d i u
tu cdng sd ddng vai trd la ngudn vdn mdi, din dit c i c thanh phin kinh te khie tham gia diu tu.
Nhimg tdn tai, ban ehe trong dau tu edng la do nguydn nhan khach quan va ehu quan. Nguyen nhan khaeh quan la do tic ddng inh hudng tir nhting bidn ddng xiu cua Unh hinh chinh tri, kinh te thd gidi, tinh hinh kinh td trong nude suy giim, long ciu ydu, d i n den viee huy ddng cac ngudn vdn dau tu ciia eie thinh phin kinh td khie phuc vu eho phit tiien hd thdng ket ciu ha ting kinh td xa hdi gap nhidu khd khan; Cic tdn tai, bit c i p ve diu tu cdng trong giai doan trudc chua the xii ly diit didm ngay trong ngin ban; Cie du in, chuong trinh cu, tdn dpng tu trudc vin cin phai tidp tue xu ly, sap xep; Nhu ciu vdn diu tu rat Idn, trong khi khi ning cin ddi vdn diu tu phit tridn tii ngin sich nhi nude giim manh, khdng dap ling dupe ydu eiu diu tu xiy dung ket ciu ha ting kinh td x i bdi;...
Nguyen nhan chu quan li do the che phip luat vd diu tu cdng chua thue su ddng bd, thdng nhit, vi hoin thidn; ehua khie phue tridt dd tinh uang ehdng chdo gitra eac quy dinh tai cic vin bin phip luit cd lien quan ddn diu tu cdng; vin cdn lung tiing trong viec tridn khai Luit Diu tu edng va cac vin bin hudng din, each hieu va cich tidp cin thuc hidn cua eie bd, nginh va dia phuang cdn khie nhau, din den mat nhieu thdi gian de thdng nhit each tiep can, die bidt trong van dd hoan thidn thii tuc cic du i n diu tu cdng.
Chat lupng chuin bi du an chua tdt edn mdt so bd, nginh tmng uong vi dia phuang phd duydt du i n ehua bao dam diy du cie quy dinh hien hinh, d i e bidt cic quy djnh chi dupe phep lip va phe duyet du an khi da xic dinh duac khi ning can ddi ngudn vdn.
Trong cdng tic chuin bj diu tu, vin cdn tinh trang mdt so du an chuin bj diu tu vi phe duyet du an ehi mang tinh hinh thue de cd didu kidn ghi vdn. Khi du an d i dupe quydt dinh diu tu vi bd tri vdn mdi thue su tidn hanh chuin bi diu tu, nen chua the tien hanh thi edng vi giii ngan het sd vdn kd hoach dupe giao.
Chit lupng eiia cie loai quy hoach cdn thap, Unh du b i o cdn ban chd, thieu tinh lien kdt, ddng bd giy ling phi vi kem hidu qui diu tu ddi vdi mdt sd du i n ha ting.
Cdng tie giii phdng mat bing gap nhidu trd ngai, virdng mac, mit nhieu thdi gian nen lam cham Udn dd cua hiu het eac du in. Nhieu du an phii dieu chinh tang tdng mire diu tu do ehi phi giii phdng mit bang ting cao, giy khd khin trong vide cin ddi vdn va hoin thanh du i n theo dung Udn dp.
Vide chip hanh cie nguydn tic, tidu chi phan bd vdn kd hoach d mdt sd bd, nganh, dja phuong chua nghiem, din den phii bd sung, siia ddi phuang i n phan bd vdn nhidu Ian, anh hudng den tien dp giao ke hoach d i u tu phit trien. Cdng tie kiem tra, kiem soit, thanh tra chua duac quan tam diing miic...
i>
NGHIEN CUU
RESEARCh
3. Giai phap nang cao hieu qua dau tv cong
Hidn nay, Chinh phii dang trinh Qude hdi phe duydt du an Luit Diu hj edng (sua ddi) nhim thao go nbiing khd khin, vudng m i c dang nay sinh trong thue Uen.
Chinh phii eung yeu eiu de eao vai trd, trach nhiem ngudi diing diu ciia eae bd, nginh, dja phuong, don vi Uong viee thue day giai ngan vdn diu tu edng; cdng khai ket qua thuc hien, ting cudng dit hing dich vu cdng; thue hidn nghiem quy dinh phip luat vd diu thiu, phin dau dua ty le lua chpn nhi thiu qua mang bing hinh thiic chao hang eanh tranh, diu thiu rdng rii dcit tdi thieu 50% vd sd lugng gdi thiu vi 15% ve tdng gii tri gdi thiu...
De ning cao hieu qua diu tu edng, Uong thdi gian tdi phai ning cao ehit luong the che quin ly diu tu cdng; nghiem tuc tridn khai Uiuc tiien eac quy dinh phip luit ve diu tu edng; khin truong ri soat, sua ddi, nhiing quy dinh eiia phip luit ve dau tu cdng edn vudng m i c trong qui trinh thuc hien tai Luit Diu tu edng vi eie nghj dinh hudng din thi hinh.
Ddng thdi, ting cudng quin ly dau tu cdng, chii trong nang eao hieu qua cdng tie ehuin bi diu tu;
ting cudng edng tie ri soit de bao dim eie chuong trinh, du i n bd tri trong ke hoach dau tu cdng tmng ban vi hing nim phai ed diy du eae thii tuc diu tu theo quy dinh ciia Luit Diu tu edng; quan ly ehit ehe viec su dung ngudn vdn di,r phdng trong kd hoach diu tu cdng tmng han. Khoin vdn du phdng chi dupe sir dung cho cac mue tidu that su ein thiet, cap bach theo quy dinh eiia Luit Diu tu c6ng, Nghi quydt ciia Qude hdi vi cie nghi dinh hudng din thi hanh Luat Dau tu edng, khdng dupe sir dung vdn du phdng eho cic du an khdng diing quy dinh. Ting cudng cdng tac phdi hpp gitra cie cap, cic nginh vi cac 6\a phuang trong trien khai thue hien. Chii trpng edng tac theo ddi, danh gia thuc hidn ke hoach dau tu cdng vi thuc bien eie chuong trinh, du i n diu tu cu the. Thue hidn nghiem ehd dd b i o eao tinh hinh thue hien kd hoach dau tu cdng dinh ky hoic dot xuat theo che dp b i o e i o quy dinh; trong dd, phai dinh gia ket qui thuc hidn, nhiing tdn tai, ban chd vi de xuit kidn nghj eac c i p cd thim quyen giii quyet nhimg khd khin, vudng mac. Theo ddi, ddn ddc (chu dau tu, Ban quin ly du in, nhi thiu) day nhanh tien dp thuc hidn, giii ngan du in. Kjp thdi bao cao cap cd tham quyen giii quyet eic khd khin, vudng mie trong trien khai kd hoaeh diu tu cdng, thuc hidn du in. Chii ddng b i o e i o cip cd thim quydn dieu chinh ke hoach diu tu tmng ban, hing nam de thiic diy giii ngan vi nang eao hieu qui d i u tu.
Huy ddng tdi da va sir dung cd hidu qui c i c ngudn vdn diu tu eua nen kinh te theo co che thi tnrdng.
Trong dd, ddi vdi vdn dau tu cdng: tip tmng diu tu cho cae chuong trinh muc tidu quoc gia, cic du an quan trong qude gia, cac chuong Uinh muc tieu va du i n trpng diem, cd y nghia Idn, Ian tda den phit tridn
kinh te - x i hdi ciia c i nude vi lien vung, lidn d!a phuang. Ddi vdi cic ngudn vdn vay dd diu tu kdt eiu ha ting kinh td - xa bdi (ODA, vdn tin dgng diu tu phit tridn cOa nha nude,...): Tip Uung uu tien diu tu phit tridn he thdng ket ciu hg ting ddng bd, quy md Idn vi hidn dai; phat trien ngudn nhan lue, d$c biet la ngudn nhan lue ehit lupng cao, phit trien khoa bpc, cdng nghe va kinh td tri thiic.
Vd diu tu khu vuc tu nhin va din cu, khuydn khich diu tu ting cudng trang ttiidt bi ed cong nghe tien tidn, ling dung cdng nghd cao, diu tu phat tridn nhiing san pham ed gii tri cao; dau tu vao cae khu cdng nghidp, eum edng nghidp, cdng nghidp phu up,... Khuydn khich khu vuc tu nhin diu tu ehieu siu eic ea sd nghien ciiu khoa hpe Uong ndng nghidp va phat Uidn ndng thdn, trong dd die bidt chu trpng dau tu ehuydn giao Udn bd khoa hoc edng nghd eho sin xuit ndng nghidp.
Ddi vdi FDI, thu hiit chpn Ipc cic du i n ed chit lupng, cdng nghd cao, than thidn mdi trudng, san phim ed siie eanh tranh v i phu hop voi dinh hudng CO eau lai ndn kinh td ciia timg nginh, timg viing; die biet thu hiit eae du an quy md Idn, s i n phim eanh tranh eao tham gia chuoi gia tn toan ciu eiia eie tip doin xuyen qude gia hing dau the gidi. Chuydn din thu hut vdn FDI vdi Ipi the gii nhin cdng re sang eanh tranh bing ngudn nhin luc chit lupng cao.
Md rdng cic hinh thirc diu tu, tidp tuc ri soit de don gian hda thii tuc hinh chinh, tao mdi trudng kinh doanh thuan Ipi, thdng thoing, thu hut eae nhi diu tu tham gia diu tu.
Ddng thdi, tao dot p h i thu hut vdn d i u tu theo hinh thiic ddi tie cdng tu (PPP); day manh thuc hidn chii truang xa hdi hda ddi vdi cae dich vu edng edng, die biet trong cac linh vi/c y td, chim sdc sue khde nhan din, giio due dao tao, vin hda, th^ thao, c i c cdng trinh du i n eo sd ba ting phuc vu sin xuat va sinh boat cua ngudi din d ndng thdn; huy ddng ngudn luc dit dai va tii nguydn cho dau tu phat trien./.
Tai iieu tham l(hao
Bd Tii ehinh — Bio eio ngan sach danh eho edne din cac nim 2015, 2016 vi 2017;
Liy ban giim sit tai ehinh quoc gia (2017) — "Bao e i o tdng quan thi trudng tai ehinh 2017";
Chinh phd Viet Nam vi Ngin hang The gidi (thins 9/2017) — "Dinh gii chi Ueu cdng Viet Nam — Chinh sich tii khda hudng tdi ben vung, hieu qui va cong"- Td Hi (2019). Nang eao hidu qui diu tu cdnq http://www.nhandan.com.vn/kinhte/item/39048202 nang-eao-hieu-qua-dau-tu-eong.htinl
