• KHOA HOC N H A N V A N •
CHINH SACH QUAN LY TINH LANG SdN DLfOil THCfl NGUYEN NtfA DAU THE KY XIX
DAM THI UYEN'•>
Tom tat: Lang Sdn la mpt tinh mien nui, bien gidi cda ngd phia Ddng B&c cua To quoc, cac trieu dai phong kien da co nhdng chinh sach quan trpng trong viec xac lap chu quyin va quan ly hieu qua vdng d&'t Lang Sdn. Cac chinh sach vda cd tac ddng tich cUc, gop phin cdng cd'nen quw: phdng, an ninh, tao diiu kien phat trien kinh te'- van boa; vda co nhdng mat han che, chUa phu hpp vdi thUc te cua dia phUdng, dan den mau thuan gida dong bao cac dan tpc Lang Sdn vdi trieu dinh phong kiin ngay cang gay git. Bai viet nghien cdu va lam rd chinh sach quan fy tinb Lang Sdn dudi thdi NguySn nda dau the'ky XIX.
Takhoa: Chinh sach quan ly tinh Lang Son; thdi NguySn; nda dau theky XIX.
Abstract: Lang Son is a province in the mountainous area. Given its location at the northeastern border of Vietnam, local authorities in Lang Son province had issued many important poUcies to ensure sovereignty and effective management. These poUcies had positive effects in promoting national security and socio-cultural development, but many of them were ansaitable to local situation, creating conflicts between ethnic communities in Lang Son and the local authorities. This article discussed the management poUcies under the Nguyen dynasty at Lang Son province in the early !&'' century.
Keywords: Management policy; Lang Son; Nguyen dynasty; early Iff'' century.
Ngay nh&n bai: 10/6/2019; Ngay sda bai: 20/7/2019; Ngay duyet dang bai: 29/8/2019.
Mtf dau Sdn nhfl sau: "Nam giap An Quang, Bde Lang Sdn la tinh dia ddu To qud'c, giap ai Quan, Tay giap Kinh Bac, Ddng sach Dai Nam nhi't thd'ng chi viet ve vi lien Cao Bdng. Hang nghin ngpn niii la tri cua Lang Sdn: "Bdn ngoai khd'ng che' liet, hang mudn khe sudi quanh vdng, tinb Quang Tay, gifl mien thfldng du ve khi nui doe, dfldng dat hiem trd, di lai mat Bae, ehen dupng xung yd'u v l mat khd khan. Da't nay rupng it, dan thUa, Nam; nui khe xen Idn, nfli cao ed Cdng *i^^ tpc thi ngudi Nung nhieu, ngUdi Thd Mdu, sdng Idn ed Ki Cung; hai bao Mai ^^- "^^^^ cua hdi kem tra'n khac, nhUng Sao va On Chau dd' bao vd tinh thanh, ^^^"^ ^^i Trung Qud'c, gpi la trpng tra'n.
eae bao Sua't Ld va Thanh Mat de ehd'ng ^^^^ ^°^ ^i®P ^ae sfl di qua la vide quan gifl bien tai; eae phd', eac chd Ki Lfla, ^'^^ng, the didn cua mdt nude trpng hay Ddng Dang, Quang Lang va Citu Phong, ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ * 1 " ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^°- ^^^^^ nhiem cua ngfldi di lai ta'p nap, budn ban cung la —
ndi dd hdi giao thdng"<^\ '*' PGS.TS., Dai hoc Thai Nguygn;
P h a n H u y C h u t r o n g s a c h Lich t r i e u [email protected]
T — u ^^ 1 • w ~ • - ' . ' . - T ^^°^ ^^ ' ' " ^ ^"^" Nguyen (1992), Dai Nam nh£t hien chUdng loai chi cung viet ve Lang thoh^ciu, tap IV, Nxb. ThuSn Hoa, Hue, tr.373.
0 1 NHAN LUC KHOAHOCXAHOI . A .
• * • . . . SO 9-2019
ngfldi coi gifl tra'n nay khong the khdng e^nthan"'^'.
1. Ve hanh chinh
Ddu thdi Gia Long, Lang Sdn vdn gpi la
"tra'n" thupc Bde Thanh. Tra'n Lang Sdn
"...lanh 1 phu va 7 chau: phu Trang Khanh, chau On, Lde Binh, Thoat Lang, Van Uydn, Van Quan, Tha^t Tuyin, Ydn Bae. Nam Minh Menh thfl 12 (1831), tra'n Lang Son dfldc ddi gpi la tmh Lang Sdn.
Nam Minh Menh thfl 15 (1834), ddi 3 chau; Ydn Bae, Van Quan, Tha't Tuyen lam huyen; nam thfl 16, bdt dau dat lflu quan b ehau, huyen; nam thfl 17 dat thdm phii Trang Dinh. Nam Tfl Dflc thfl 4 giam bdt quan lai, Trang Khanh kidm nhid'p huydn Ydn Bac, phu Trang Dinh kidm nhie'p ehau ehau Thoat Lang. Nay lanh 2 phii, 4 chau, 3 huydn"*^\
Gia Long duy tri chd' dp phidn than eho cac thd tu thd' tap, nhan quan ehfle cua trilu ^ n h lam nhidm vu td thud' ddi vdi nha nfldc. Nam 1802, cae phu, huyen, chau d Yen Quang, Thai Nguyen, Tuyen Quang, Lang Sdn, Cao Bang... la'y quan ngfldi thd quan lanh. Gia Long cdn dat ra chfle "Man phu sit" de ehuydn trach vide phu du cae tde miln nui. Chinh saeh nhu vidn vdn dfldc coi trpng.
Nam 1820, Minh Menh Idn ngdi kd' tuc vua cha, dng tiep tue duy tri chinh sach truyin thdng "vfla phu du, vfla dan ap", ben canh do dfldng ldi eua trieu dinh ehuyen sang can thiep nhilu hdn, tang eudng sut kiem soat an ninh vung cac dan tdc thi^u so. Trieu dinh tflng bflde xda bd che dp thd quan, thflc hidn bien phap ngUdi Kinh va ngUdi Thd eung cai tri. Nam 1821, Minh Menh nghi chuan eho tam dat cac chflc cai ehau, phd ehau va lai muc chuydn quan eac chau d ndi bien tra'n. Tfl nam Sti 9-2019
1826 trd di, trieu dinh bdt ddu can thiep vao td chfle quan ly hanh ehinh vung dan toe ft ngfldi bdng each tutng bflde ndm chat nhan sfl bd may cap ehau, giao cho quan dau tra'n ehpn ngfldi cd nang lUc d dia phUdng.
Nam Minh Menh thfl 9 (1828), nham giam bdt quyen lUe eua eac tho tu, nha Nguydn da thd'ng nha't ten gpi nhU sau:
"Thd tri phu ddi lam Thd tri chau, bac tdng That pham.
Thd cai ehau ddi lam Thd tri chau, bac tdng Tha't pham.
Thd eai huyen doi lam Thd tri huydn, bae tdng That pham.
Cai chau (chUa vao ngach) ddi lam thd lai muc, bac tdng Tha't phdm.
Phd chau (ehUa vao ngach) doi lam thd lai mue, bae tdng Citu pham"*^'.
Nam 1829, lai bai bd Id thd ty d cac tra'n Bae Thanh. Minh Mdnh da du rdng: "Dat quan, phan chflc, coi dan nhfl mdt, cac chau, huydn thudc eae tran Lang Sdn, Tuydn Quang, Thai Nguydn, Quang Yen, Cao Bdng, Hflng Hda trong thanh hat, theo cdng vide it nhieu, dan so' ddng thfla, ndn dat Thd tri chau, tri huydn, huydn thfla, lai muc thi nghi dinh rd rang; khdng cfl thd ty, hao mue, cfl trong hat ai la thanh lidm, tai nang can can vd'n dfldc dan tin phuc thi ehpn cfl tau Idn, khdng dfldc theo trfldc, xflng la tap quan"'^*. Day la mpt cude eai each Idn chia dat cae ddn vi
'^' P h a n Huy Chu (1992), Lich tridu hien chUOng loai chl, tap I, Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hoi, Ha Noi, t r . l 5 4 . '* Quo'c sii quan trieu N g u y i n (1992), Dai Nam nhSli thdngchi, t a p IV, Nxb. Thuan Hoa, Hue, tr.368.
*^' Dam Thi Uyen (2008), Cbinh sach dan tpc cua cac trieu dai phong kien Viet Nam td theky XI den gida (Ae'AyXiX, Nxb V a n h o a d a n t o c , t r . l 5 4 .
<^' Quoc sd q u a n trieu N g u y i n (2007), Dai Nam thUc luc, tkp II, Nxb. Giao due. Ha Noi, tr.862.
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HM Q ]
CHINH SACH QUAN LY TINH LANG SON D U 6 I THui w u u i H^IM .. . banh chinh d dia phUdng trong pham vi ea
nude. Minh Menh eoi eudc eai each nay "la mpt phen quy hoaeh Idn lao khid'n eho nude nha cd phen dau gifl ^ n , yen nhfl thai sdn ban tbach"'^*.
Nam 1831, Minh Menh giai thich ro thUe chat cua vide bai bd ehd' dp tho ty thd tap d cae tra'n bien gidi "vi Id thd' tap xfla la dd den edng nhUng eon ehau edng thdn ne'u cd ngudi hU hdng, trilu dinh phai trua't bai thi lai thUdng tdn de'n an didn.
Vl nbu nha Han phong cac tude hdu chi niii vach sdng ma the, nbUng mdi mdt vai ddi ehi edn 3,4 ngudi thi sach the nao cung chi la bao. Chang gi bdng luan cdng phong tude eho cdng thdn a'y, cdn eon chau thi thuy tai trao tUde, the' la gifl cbo trpn ven, cfl gi phai la thd' tap mdi la den edng"*^\
Trong nam 1831, "Hiep tra'n Binh Dinh Hoang Van Quyen dd'i sang binh bd thi lang lam Tudn phu Lang Binh, linh Bd' ehinh sfl Lang Sdn, tham hiep Lang Sdn Nguydn Dinh Vu thang thfl An Sat Lang Sdn, phd vd uy Hd Van Lam thang thi vd uy, trat Tdng tam pham, sung chflc Lanh Binh quan Cao Bdng"'^'.
Cung vdi vide chia dat lai cac dia phfldng, nha Nguyen sdp xd'p chflc danh cua bd may hanh ehinh thd'ng nha't trong ea nude. NgUdi diing ddu cac tinh la Tong dd'c (eac tinh Idn), Tudn phu (cac tinh trung binh), ben dfldi cd eae ty chuyen trach giup vide. Ngfldi dflng ddu ca'p phu la tri phu, dting dau huydn, ehau la tri huydn. Ngfldi dflng ddu td'ng gpi la ehanh tdng, ea'p xa la xa trfldng, d cac ban la ly trudng. Nam 1835, ddi toan bd eac dpng, saeh d mien niii thanh xa cho thd'ng nha't quan ly trong ca nUdc. Vide Minh Menh ap dung cbinh sacb lUu quan ddi vdi vung dan tdc mien nui thUc sU la mdt cude cai each Idn trong vide gifl nfldc, tri dan.
Q l NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI
Chinh sach "cai thd quy luu" cua vua Minh Menh dflpe ap dung mdt each linh boat d ta't ca cac chau, huydn ven bien gidi, nhdm ngan chan va ban chd' sfl ehd'ng ddi eua lite Iflpng thd quan. Trong khoang thdi gian 1828-1837, Minh Menh chi cho thflc thi d nhflng chau, huydn nao khuyei; ehfle thd quan tbi ehpn mdt luu quan bd sung, edn tbi gifl, cbi dat thdm mpt ehfle lUu quan de hdp ddng vdi thd quan ma lam vide. Minh Menh xud'ng du rdng: "eae phu, huydn, ehau thd d eae tinh Cao Bdng, Tuydn Quang, Thai Nguydn, Lang Sdn, hidn ed thd tri huydn, Thd tri ehau, Tho huyen thfla, thi cho diu d lai chfle eu, hpp lflc theo quan do chinh phu bd dd'n (lUu quan) de lam vidc"^^\ Bd tri xen ke thd quan va lUu quan la de rang bude, kiem chd' lan nhau. Vide duy tri chd' dp thd quan chi ap dung d mdt so' it eac ehau, huydn ven bidn gidi, c6 dia hinh va dae diem eU dan phflc tap, nhung nha Nguydn vdn bo tri xen ke de giam sat. Nhiing tfl trfldng ven bien gidi chi cdn dflde gifl eac chflc chanh tdng, xa trudng, boat dpng dUdi quyin eac tri chau, tri huydn do trieu dinh cif dd'n.
Vide khdng hidu bid't phong tuc va ngdn ngfl cua nhau la ngudn gd'c eua nhiing hidu lam va gay khd khan trong vide eai tri d nhflng vflng dan tde thieu so, vi vay, trilu (hnh phai eho quan lai d lai lau dai.
'^' Dam Thi Uyen (2008), Chinh s&ch dan tdc ciia cac trieu dai phong kien Viit Nam tU theky XI den gida theky XIX,'Nxh. Van hoa dan toe, t r . l 5 6 .
'•'" Quoc sii quan trieu N g u y i n (2007), Dai Nam thtic luc, tap III, Nxb. Giao due. H a Noi, tr.224.
'*' Quoc sif q u a n trieu N g u y i n (2007), Dai Nam thpc luc. tap III, Nxb. Giao due. Ha N6i, t r 243,
<'* Dam Thi Uyen (2008), Chinh sacb dan tpc cua cac trieu dai phong kien Viet Nam td theky XI ddn sida theky XIX, Nxb. Van hoa diin toe, t r . l 5 8 ,
SO 9-2019
D^ phue vu cong vide giao dich v6i ngfldi nflde ngoai va ngUdi dan tpc thidu sd' d mien nfli, nha Nguydn cho lap ty Hanh nhan, md quan Tfl dieh va lap trUPng hoc eae thfl tid'ng. O cac dia phfldng miln nui bien gidi, mdi tinh cd mpt dpi thdng ngdn gdm nhiing ngfldi thao tid'ng Man de giup vide cai quan dan va xut ly bidn sfl.
Tuy nhidn, chd' dp lUu quan cua vua Minh Menh khdng dUdc thuc hidn thanh cdng. Nguydn nhan la do cac dia phUdng d xa trilu dinh, do sU khac bidt ve ngdn ngfl, phong tuc tap quan, sdng nfli lam chudng khid'n cho nhflng ngfldi dang ehd bo nhidm khdng mudn dd'n eac mien bidn vidn xa xdi, mdt phdn, do trieu (hnh bat lute trong vide bao vd nhan dan ehdhg lai cac vu rdi loan va ngan chan quan phidn loan tfl Trung Qud'c tran vao. Vi vay, nhiing vi vua ke tuc Minh Menh da cho lap lai ehe' dp cu bang each dfla tho ty vao bd may eai tri v u i ^ bien cflong. Trdn ed sd dd, quyin lUc va dia vi cila cac thd ty lai dan dUdc thie't lap.
Sang tbdi Tfl Dflc, trilu dinh da dinh Id ban thfldng cho nhflng vung da't bidn cfldng xa xdi cua To qud'c. Nam 1866, trieu dinh cho tu tai dflpe gifl chflc tri huyen, tri ehau "Tut nay ve sau, eae tinh bidn gidi nhfl Lang Sdn, Tuydn Quang, Cao Bdng, Thai Nguyen cd khuyd't ehfle lai dich, cho phep quan lai cac tinb xet nhflng tu tai ed kha nang, ve thfl hang khi sat bach cae tu tai ma ap dung. Tii tai thi sau mot nam, ke si tbi sau hai nam, ndu gifl khdng pham ldi, liic CO khuyd't chflc Lai muc b eae huydn, Didn ty d eae cd, eae vd cho bd thu hoac khuyet chanh cufu pham d hai ty Phien va Nid't ciing lai muc d cac phu, huyen thi cho boTdng cxiu phdm dd' sung lanh"'^"'.
Vdi chd' dp lflu quan d miln nfli bidn gidi, nha Nguydn da cd mdt eai tid'n quan trpng sd 9-2019
nhdm tang cfldng quyen lUc trfle tid'p eua ehinh quyen trung fldng xud'ng tan eac chau, huydn. Vide eai each bp may hanh ehinh thd'ng nhat d ta't ea eae dia phfldng da ed tae dung quan trpng khang dinh chii quyen qud'c gia d ta't ca mpi mien dai; nfldc va ed ed sd dd quan ly dan cfl va cae dia phUdng chat ehe hdn. Chd dp luu quan cdp chau, huydn vflng bidn gidi tuy cd han ehd' quyen tU tri cua cU dan mien nui, nhUng lai ngan ngfla dflpc tinh trang cac tu trfldng dia phfldng tu y cdt nhupng da't dai cho ngUdi nUdc ngoai vd'n da tuCng ed d eae thdi trUde.
2. Kinh td^ - xa hoi
Ddu thd^ ky XIX, Gia Long thd'ng nha't da't nude, thid't lap bd may cai tri tfl trung Udng ddn dia phUdng. Nam 1802, Gia Long quy dinh mfle thud' rupng da't tai cac tinh mien nui phia Bde nhfl sau: "O cae tinh Quang Yen, Tuyen Quang, Thai Nguyen, Lang Sdn, Cao Bdng rupng edng hang nha't nop thdc mdi mau 120 bat, hang hai 84 bat, hang ba 50 bat; rupng tfl hang nha't nop thdc mdi mau 40 bat, hang hai 30 bat, bang ba 20 bat; tien thap vat rupng edng, rupng tfl mdi mdu deu 1 tien 3 ddng; da't cdng mdi mau 6 tien; da't tfl, nha d, ao vfldn mdi mdu 2 tien, tiln lua canh thi rupng da't edng, tu deu 1 tien"'^". ^°^^
Nam 1803, "ra nghi dinh rupng da't cdng tfl de dan ed ddng gdp ehinb thfle, nha nflde cd ngach t h u i nha't dinh lam phep thfldng lau dai"^^. Theo dd, ngach thud' rupng d Lang Sdn dfldc quy dinh nhfl sau:
'" Quoc sd quan trieu Nguyin (2005), Kham dinh Dai Nam hoi dien sale, tap E, Nxb. Thuan Hoa, Hue, tr.91.
" Qu5'c sd quan trieu Nguyen (2005), Kham dinh Dai Nam hpi dien sUlS, t&p IV, Nxb. Thu&n Hoa, Hu^^ tr.54.
'^ QuSc sii q u a n t r i l u N g u y i n (2005), KhSm dinh Dai Nam hpi dien sp IS, tap IV, Nxb Thu&n Hoa, Hue, tr.57.
NHAN LOC KHOA HOC XA Hdl Q
CHINH SACH QUAN LY TINH LANG SON DU6l THOI INUUXILIN...
Bang 1: Bi^u thue" ruong dat cong va ta diTcd thcrt Gia Long STT
1
2 3 4 5 6
Loai thue Thud'rupng:
Loai 1 Loai 2 Loai 3 Tien thap vat Tien khoan lam kho Tien mao nha Thud' da't Tien lua canh
Ruong cong 60 bat thdc/mdu 42 bat thde/mau 25 bat thde/mau 1 tien 15 ddng 10 ddng/mau 3 tiln/mau 30 ddng
Ruong t\i 20 bat thdc/mdu 15 bat thdc/mdu 10 bat thdc/mdu 30 ddng 8 ddng 10 ddng/mau 1 tiln/mau 30 ddng Nam 1805, Gia Long cho lap sd dia ba
tren ea nude nhdm tang eUdng quan ly chat che rupng da't, dam bao ngudn thu td thue'.
Vide lap sd dia ba the hien quyen sd hflu tdi eao vl rupng d^t eua nha nfldc, ddng thdi, lam ed sd de danh thud' rupng tu.
Ngoai thud' rupng da't, ngfldi ndng dan phai ddng thud' than. Thud' than thdi Gia Long cd sfl khac nhau gifla eac khu vflc va cac hang dan dinh. Mfle thud' dinh nam 1802 dupe quy dinh nhU sau: "6 Bde Ki, 5 tinh b Dang Trong: Trang hang, con quan ca nam tien thud' than 1 quan 1 tien; tien sUu, tien tap dieh 6 tien, gao cUde 2 bat.
Dan dinh va hang gia dm, tiln thud' than 5 tiln 3 ddng, tien sUu 30 ddng, tiln tap dieh 3 tien, gao eUdc 1 bat""^'.
Dd'n cudi thoi Gia Long, ngach thud' than cua cac tinh mien Bde mdi dupe quy dinh mdt each ro rang. Luc nay, Nha nUdc quy dinh: "Sd' dinh eae hat ben trong, ben ngoai Nghe An, Thanh Hda, ca nam mdi xua't tien thud' than 1 quan 2 tien, tiln SUu 1 tien, gao cUde 2 bat; b Bde Thanh cac bang sd dinh 5 tra'n Dang Trong va phu Phung Thien, mdi xua't tien thud' than 1 quan 2 tien, tien sUu 1 tien, tie'n tap dich 6 tien, gao cUde 2 bat; so' dinh 6 tra'n
Dang Ngoai, mdi xuat tiln thud' than 6 tiln, tien sUu 1 tien, tiln tap dieh 3 tiln, gao cude 1 bat"<^^*.
Budc sang thdi vua Minh Menh, mfle thu td, thud' da dflpc dieu chinh, tinh Lang Sdn chiu mfle thud' nhfl sau:
Bang 2: Bie'u thue' ruong dat cong va ttf dfldi thcri Minh Menh (mot thang = 10 hoc -hoc la hop go dung dd' dong hat rdS
CO dung tich khoang 10 lit ntfdc)*^
Loai ruong
Hang nha't Hang nhi
Hang ba
Ruong cong (thang/mau)
80 56 33
Ruong ttf (thang/mau)
26 20 13 Nam Minh Menh 20 (1839), "theo nghi dinh, chu& cho 6 tinh bien giSi B4c Ky, ngach thue nhan dinh, dinh lam trang mSi
" " Quob s i quan trilu Nguyin (2006), Kham dinh Dai Nam boi dien sijle, tap IV, Nxb. Thuan Hoa, Hu§', tr.88.
' " ' Quoc sii q u a n trieu N g u y i n (2005), Kham dinh Bai Nam bdi dien s u le, t a p IV, Nxb. Tliuan Hoa, Hue', t r . l l O .
""' Qu6c s i q u a n trieu N g u y i n (2005), Kham dinh Dai Nam hpi dien sif IS, tiip IV, Nxb. ThuSn Hoa HuS tr.ll3.
Q NHAN LUC KHOAHOCXAHOI
SO'9-2019
ngUdi ca nam tien thue than la 1 quan 2 tien, tiln sUu 1 tiln; dan dinh gia dm chiu mdt nxia, eae tien tap dich, gao eUdc va tien c^a ^ n h deu bai bd"'^^\
Ngoai ra, nha Nguydn edn quy dinh Id thud' ddi vdi cac dan tdc Man, Nung, Dao d mien nui. O Lang Sdn thud' dflpc quy dinh nhu sau: Dan Man d cae sach, dpng, tinh Lang Sdn, ca nam mdi ngUdi nop thud' bac 2 lang; ngfldi Nung ea nam nop thud' bac 1 lang, dan dinh hang gia chiu mdt n^a.
Minh Menh nam thfl 11, ehid'u Id dan Man nop bae 2 lang, lieu giam cho 1 lang,ca nam nop bac 1 lang. Nam thfl 12, ddi vdi ngfldi Nilng d trai Bach Bo tinh Lang Sdn si£a doi ngach thud' ea nam nop bae 1 lang.
Nam thfl 20, chuan y ldi ban, ngfldi Nung b cac xa Trfldng Qud', An Dao, Gia Ldc, Bang Ld, Xfldng Minh (Chau On), xa Xua't Ld (ehau Lde Binh), xa Bang Phue, Vinh Dat (ehau Van Uyen), xa Phu My, Luc Ky (huydn Van Quang), cdng 10 xa thudc tinh Lang Sdn; mdi ngfldi ea nam nop tien 4 quan (Id cu nop bang didm tieu).
Nam 1839, ngfldi Nung d tinh Lang Sdn cd 69 trai, dd'i ghi lam xa ddng thud' san vat, v l sau tdi ky tuyen linh, ciing vdi thd dan hat a'y flng tuyen,... ehid'u y nguyen Id cii ve" ngudi Niing, moi ngUdi ca nam nop thud'bac 1 lang.
Cach thu thud' ddi vdi tde ngudi Nung d dia phUdng ve cd ban cd sU thong nha't tfl thdi Gia Long cho dd'n thdi Tfl Dflc (hang trang nop thud bac 1 lang, ve gia, dan dinh deu chiu thud'bae 5 tien)"''.
Lang Sdn la vung giau ed ve tai nguyen khoang san. \^ vay, mpt trong nhiing ehinh sach quan ly kinh td' quan trpng ddi vdi vung Lang Sdn la vah de khai md. Ve Id thud'khai md b n ^ dau thd' ky XIX nhfl sau:
Sti 9-2019
Bang 3: Le thue cac mo*^
STT 1 2
3
4
5 Tdn md Dong
Boc Nong
Don
La Son
Manh Xa
Da Lich Loai
md Vang Vang
Vang
sat
sat Nam
1832 1839 1838
1839 1826
1831 1832
1846 1826
1831 1832
1846
Le thue phai nop
9 lang vang 6 lang vang Nop 5 lang vang cam va ban cho nha nude 5 lang 5 lang vang 150 can sM mdi luyen lan dau 120 can s i t luyen ky 100 can sat luyen ky chiet can nop 5 lang bac td't 10 lang bac tot 200 can sat m6i luySn lan d^u 160 can sat luyen ky 100 can sat luygn ky chiet can nop 5 lang bac tot 160 can sat luySn ky chiet can nop 8 lang bac tot
'^^' Quoc sii q u a n trieu N g u y i n (2005), Kham dinh Dai Nam hoi dien sU le, tap IV, Nxb. Thuan Hoa, Hue, t r . l l 4 .
^"^ Quo'c sd q u a n t r i l u Nguygn (2005), Kham dinh Dai Nam hpi didn sule, tkp IV, Nxb. T h u a n Hoa, Hue.
"8' Quoc sii q u a n trieu N g u y i n (2007), Dai Nam tbpc luc, t | p IV, Nxb. Giao due, Ha Noi.
NHAN LUC KHOAHOCXAHOI Q
CHINH SACH QUAN LY TJNH LANG SON DUdi THOI NUUUilN..
STT
6
7
8
9
10
11 Ten
mo
BSmg Mac
Tan Lang
Bao Lam
Chi Lang
Mai Sao Thien
Ky Loai
mo
sat
sat
sat
Diem tieu Diem
tieu Diem
tigu Nam 1837
1836
1839
1846
1836
1833 Ld thue phai nop 200 can sSt luyen ky chiet can nop 10 lang bac tot 160 cfin s^t luygn ky chiet can nop 8 lang bac tot 200 can s^t luyen ky chiet can nop 10 lang bac tot 250 cSn sat luyen ky chiet can nSp 12 lang 5 dong bac to't 200 can sat luyen ky chiet can nop 10 lang bac tot 100 can
100 can
150 can
nfldc da dfla ra mdt sd' chinh sach dd kiem soat va phat trien thfldng nghidp, khuyd'n khich thfldng nhan lflu thdng van chuydn hang hda, thd'ng nhat phep do Ifldng va tid'n te. Thdi Gia Long, nhk nfldc da chd' dinh cac dung cu mau ve
"can, thfldc, hoc, phfldng" lam chu^n va cho khac da'u b^ng chfl "Tin" de khing dinh day la ddn vi do Ifldng do nha nfldc quy dinh. Nam 1821, quan Bac thanh tau vdi vua: Trong hat thanh gia bac cao, ngfldi thu thud' va ben do xin nop bac va tien mdi thfl mot nnta, thdng thfldng Id phai nop bang bac va M'y tien kem nop thay. Vua ndi "nd'u cd thidt trdn ma ldi dfldi thi tid'c gi". Roi sau dan cac hat Cao Bang, Lang Sdn, Tuydn Quang, Hflng Hda, Ydn Quang cflng nhan gia bac cao xin nop thud^ bang toan tidV^^'. Nam 1827, dd' tidn cho vide budn ban, trao doi hang hda, Minh Mdnh ha lenh due tien ddng 16n "Gia Long thdng bao" 10.000 quan, khi due xong sai dem 2000 quan de d kho kinh, con lai cho cho cac dia phfldng. Lang Sdn dfldc gifl 200 quan. D^ tranh nan tien gia lam lung doan thi trfldng, tri^u dinh ra lenh c^'m dflc trdm tien*^°'.
Do thfldng nghidp phat tridn nen dd^n dau thd' ky XIX d Lang Sdn da hinh thanh mot he thd'ng chd, phd', cxia ai va bd'n do.
Xua't phat tfl vi tri dia ly, ngfldi dan Lang Sdn cd dieu kien giao lflu, budn ban d trong tinb va md rdng budn ban vdi cac huyen Trung Qud'c qua dfldng bidn gidi gifla hai nfldc. Nxia dau the' ky XIX, nha
*'^' Quoc sii quan t r i l u Nguyin, Dai Nam thuc luc, tap IV, Nxb. Giao due, H a N6i, 2007, tr.115.
'^•^ Quoc sd quan t r i l u Nguyin, Dai Nam thuc luc, tkp IV, Nxb. Giao due, H& N6i, 2007, tr.739.
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NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI Sag-2019Bang 4: He thong chd, pho, cila ai va ben do'"' STT
1
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Dia danh Phu Trang Dinh
Huyen That Khe
Huy§n Van Quan
Chau Thoat Lang
Chau Van Uyen Phu Trudng Khanh
Chau On
Huyfin Yen Bac
Chau Loc Binh
Ten chd (pho) Pho Dong Dang Pho'Cam Sdn Pho Phieng Cim
PhoCSuPung Pho Cuu Phong PhoNaNghilu Pho'Hang Dong Cho Van Mai P h o N a H i Pho Binh Gia Pho Ky Lila Pho Tam Thanh Pho' Dong Lam Pho' Dong Lai Pho Tan Lang Chd Na Hang Chg Dong Boc Pho An Thinh Pho Trang Thinh
Chd Mai Sao Chd An Bai
Cvta ai Ai Binh Nghi Ai Cam Mon Ai ca' Thanh Ai Nguy§t Hoa Ai Cam Sdn AiBoMat Ai Ba Mon Ai Cau Pung Cv(a quan Van Mac
Ciia quan Bde Hdp Ct£a quan Da Lich Ctta Nam Giao Ai Du Thon
C\ia quan Sdn Trang Ciia quan Quy Mon Ct(a quan Quang Lang
C^a quan Khuli't Xa
Ben do
Ben Cau Pung Ben Cam Sdn Ben Dong Luat Ben Bde Binh Ben Hoa Sdn
Ben Bac Lang Ben Chung Sdn Ben Khat Gia Ben Tra Nham Ben Am H6a
Ben Ky Cung
Ben Trach Thiet Ben Khuat Xa Ben Cam Doan Ben Xuan Man B§'n Dinh Chua Ve ngoai thfldng: Lang Sdn nlim trdn
d^u md'i giao lflu kinh td' va n^m b vi tri chidn Ifldc quan trong ve quan sfl ndn tfl rat sdm ndi day da hinh thanh cac quan he thfldng mai vdi Trung Qud'c. De quan ly ngfldi nfldc ngoai de'n budn ban tai dia phfldng, nam 1836, Minh Mdnh quy dinh
S61-2011
"Tinh Lang Sdn cd nhieu ngfldi Thanh budn ban lam an, khdng dfldi vai tram ngfldi, so vdi ngfldi dd'n ngu cfl da thanh ngach vao sd' cd khac, nhfl sang d tfl thang
<^'* Quoc sii quan t r i l u Nguygn, Dai Nam nha't thdng chi, t a p IV, Nxb. T h u a n Hoa, Hue, 1992.
NHAN LUt: KHOAHOCXAHOI Q
CHINH SACH QUAN LY TINH LANG SON D U d i THUI JNUU XiiiM..
3 dd'n t h a n g 6, 7 mdi t r d ve cho nop 3 q u a n tien, m a dd'n t h a n g 8, 9 hoac cudi n a m mdi ve, cho nop t i e n 5 q u a n , t i n h a y tdi ky cap b a n g p h a i xet sd' ehid'u t h u ngay; nhflng cho 3 t h a n g 1 ky, d e m cai b a n g da p h a t tien, ho tdn tuoi qud q u a n ngfldi k h a c h ay, va b a n so' t h a n g dfldc ca'p, rdi tfl Idn cho Bd dd t a u ehid'u, de'n cud'i n a m , s o ' t i e n t h u thud' dfldc bao nhidu, se ddng t h a n h sach k i n h dd ldn"'2^'.
3. V e g i a o d u e
L a n g Sdn c h u ye'u la ndi cfl t r u cua dong bao cac d a n tdc t h i d u so' cd t r i n h do v a n hda cdn tha'p. Vdi mong mud'n n a n g cao t r i n h do hoc v a n cua q u a n chflc, sfl n h a n thflc ciia ngfldi dan, gdp p h ^ n xay dflng da't nfldc va bao vd m i e n bien cfldng cua To qud'c, cac t r i e u d a i p h o n g kid'n Viet N a m r a t q u a n t a m dd'n chinh sach v a n h d a - giao due dd'i vdi vflng L a n g Sdn.
Dfldi t r i e u Nguydn, ke' thfla cac t r i e u d a i trfldc, s a u k b i Idn ngdi m d t n a m (1803), v u a Gia Long da cho lap lai Qud'c Tii Giam, xud'ng cbi cbo cac tra'n d Bac T h a n h d a t chflc dd'c hoc, trd giao de luydn t a p cac hoc trd. Ngoai viec hoc d t r u n g fldng, n h a Nguydn thie't ISp m o t h e thd'ng giao due dd'n cac tra'n, d o a n h (tinh) va p h u , huydn. K h i M i n h M d n h len ngdi, d a cd c h u trfldng day m a n h giao due Nho hoc d m i e n nfli p h i a Bac, tflng bflde dao t a o q u a n lai t a i dia phfldng thflc hidn t h d n g q u a giao due, khoa cd:. M i n h M e n h tieh cflc cho xay dflng cac hoc dfldng, hoe bidu d eac dia phfldng, d a t chflc dd'c hoc b cac tra'n, chflc giao t h u d cac phii, huyen... khid'n giao due khoa cfl p h a t t r i e n va di vao ne nd'p. Do t i n b h i n h giao due m i e n n u i chfla p h a t t r i e n n e n khdng e i n p h a i cd n h a hoc m a hgc q u a n cd t h e t u y y chpn n h a d a n Q ] NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HAI
ngoi day hoc, cdn hoc trd k h d n g cfl con n h a t h d h a o h a y b i n h d a n d e u dfldc dd'n hoc. 0 n h i i n g v u n g chfla co tong giao t h i vidn q u a n dflng d ^ u p h u , h u y d n , c h a u kidm ludn ca chflc hoc q u a n .
N a m 1836, M i n h M d n h cho p h e p cac t h d t y b cac t i n h : L a n g Sdn, Cao B a n g , Tuydn Q u a n g , T h a i N g u y e n , Hflng Hda ve K i n h vao chau, n h a n dip nay, M i n h M e n h d u r a n g "ho d a u heo l a n h b ndi bidn vidn nhflng cting la b a y tdi cua n h a v u a . Trfldc kia, k h i t h d p h i gay vide, cd ngfldi t h i trfldc s a u k h d n g chiu t h e o giac, cd ngfldi t h i theo q u a n q u a n di d a n h giac, cd c h u t cdng da dfldc k h e n thfldng. G i n d a y d a t chflc lflu q u a n mdi ciing la cho hg d i n d i n t h a m n h u i n p h o n g t u c Kinh... V^y t r u y e n d u cho cac dd'c, p h u , bd', a n , cac t i n h t u y d n bao cac vidn q u a n p h u , h u y d n , c h a u ciing cac sua't cd, s u a t ddi va t h d t y da cd cdng t r a n g , ai m u d n vao c h a u t h i c h u a n cho vao Kinh, kip Id K h a n h tid't, ddi b a n dn dd td ro y t r i m coi hg cung dfldc y e u thfldng"'^^^
Minh Mdnh coi vide giao due con e m mien nfli la bieu hidn long n h a n tfl, m o n g mudn cho d a n bidn gidi dfldc dfl vao h a n g lam quan. N a m 1838, v u a ydu c i u cac q u a n t i n h b cac t i n h giap bidn gidi T r u n g Quoc chon nhiing ngfldi xua't sac t r o n g thd q u a n h a y nhflng ngfldi b a n dia khac dfla ve k i n h hoc tai trfldng Qudc TL£ Giam. T i n h L a n g Sdn dfla ve Qud'c Tuf Giam Ndng D a n g Tuy^n, Dfldng Nggc Chan'^-". Ngfldi m i e n nui dd'n
" ' ' Quoc sd q u a n t r i l u Nguyen (2005), Kham dinh Dai Nam hpi dien sule, tkp III, Nxb. Thuan Hoa, Hue.
*''' Q u i c sii q u a n t r i l u Nguyen (2007), Dai Nam thpc luc, tap V, Nxb. Giao due, Hk Noi, tr.365.
""* Emmanuel Poisson (2006), Quan va lai d mien Bac Viet Nam mot bp may hanh chinh trade thd thach (1820-1918), Nxb. D^ N i n g .
sd 9-2019
hoc d Qudc Txi Giam ggi la "cd'ng sinh" va so' nay dfldc phat Ifldng tuy theo lflc hgc, cu the:
2 quan tien, 2 phfldng gao va 4 can diu thap hang thang. Cflng tror^ nam nay, Minh Mdnh ra sac du cho cac tinh Lang Sdn, Tuydn quang, Hitng Hda, Thai Nguyen, Cao Bang dat chflc tdng giao dd phat trien vide hgc trong dan tdc thidu s6^^^'.
Chinh sach cua vua Minh Mdnh la flu tidn dao tao ngfldi thidu sd' theo chuan cua ngfldi dang tau, thdi gian sau, eho ngfldi Kinh hgc tie'ng thieu sd' dd hai bdn hidu bid't nhau hdn va cai thidn vide cai tri. Vua yeu cau cat cxL nhiing ngfldi bid't viet chfl Han b mien xudi Idn day hgc, khdng can phai chgn ngfldi hgc rdng, chi can ehgn hgc trd ngfldi Kinh, cd hgc hanh, ea'p bang lam chflc tong giao, bang thang cap tien cbo 1 quan, gao 1 phfldng, ciing khdng phai lam nha hoc, tuy tidn tru ngu ma day bao, vdi phfldng phap day tflng cau, tiing chfl, mdi ngfldi cbi day mdt ngfldi hoac hai, ba ngfldi, khdng cfl eon em thd muc hay tho dan, hang thang phai day hgc, de eho ngfldi dan vidt chfl, doc sach... Minh Menh da cho in cae bd sach kinh dien cua Nho gia (Tfl thfl, Ngu kinh), ban phat eho cac tinh mid'n nui phia Bac, trong do cd tinh Lang Sdn, nham dao tao ngfldi d§.n theo tinh than eua Nho gia. Tbdi ky dau, lflu quan thfldng phai kiem thdm ea chflc day hgc, ve sau, tri^u ^ n h cxi them giao thu Idn day bao dan chung.
Ve dia diem thi Hfldng, Lang Sdn thi tai trfldng Bac Thanh. Cac vua Nguydn md rdng dieu kidn dfl thi cho ta't ca mgi ting ldp tfl tfl tai, cii nhan chfla bd dung, quan lai mud'n dfl thi Hfldng de dat hgc vi cao hdn dd'n dan thfldng, binh linh..., nhflng vide thi cxi chi danh rieng cho nam gidi.
Ve mat hoc lflc: Thi sinh bat budc phai vfldt qua ky khao bach. Vide khao bach da dfldc dfla ra tfl thdi Gia Long, dd'n thdi Minh Menh, vide khao hach dfldc quy dinh chat ehe hdn. Nam 1825, Minh Menh quy dinh, lay ngay 15 thang 4 va ngay 15 thang 10 lam khao hach. Ndi dung la khao de mue eua 4 trfldng d^ ngfldi dfl khao thuy theo trinh do ehgn lam. Hgc quan, hua'n dao tidn hanh sd khao, sau dd giao cho quan td' tiiu, tfl nghiep eham lai. Thi sinh phai trai qua 4 nam, 8 ky thi khao hach, lam du van thd 4 trfldng mdi du dieu kien di thi. Ngfldi do dfldc xep hang, cho midn trfl binh dao 1 nam hoac niia nam dd ddi khoa thi. Hgc sinh d tinh nao thi khao hach d tinh dd. Tbi sinh lot qua vdng khao hach mdi dfldc thi Hfldng. Dd'n thdi Tfl Dflc, Nha nfldc quy dinh sd' hoe trd la'y do hach d cae tinh Hflng Hda, Tuydn Quang, Thai Nguyen, Lang Sdn, mdi tinh tren dfldi 50 ngfldi'^^'.
Cung vdi vide thie't lap mdt he thd'ng trfldng hgc d 3 ea'p: Trung fldng, tinh va phu, huydn, cac vua nha Nguydn da dat cae chflc hgc quan vdi cac chflc danh nhfl:
te' tiiu, tfl nghiep, do'c hge, hua'n dao, giao thu. Nhflng ngfldi nay deu dflde tuyen ehgn tfl ddi ngu xua't than khoa bang.
Ridng d ca'p ed sd la lang xa, Nha nflde da gianh cho ddi ngu thay dd gdm cac bae him quan hoae nhflng ngfldi dd dat nhflng khdng ra lam quan.
Nhfl vay, nha Nguydn da khang dinh chu quyen qud'c gia d mgi mien cua lanh
<^^' Emmanuel Poisson (2006), Quan va lai d mien Bac Viet Nam mot bp may h&nh chinh trUdc thd thach (1820-1918), Nxb. Da N i n g , tr.103.
'•^^> Quo'c sii q u a n t r i l u Nguyen (2007), Dai Nam thUc luc, tkp VI, Nxb Giao due, H a Noi, tr.91
$£9-2019 NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XAHdl Q
CHINH SACH QUAN LY TINH LANG SON PUdl THui iMi^uiiZii'...
thd, cd ed sd quan ly dan cfl chat che, ddng thdi md mang giao due b viing dan tdc.
Day la thanh cdng Idn cua trieu Nguydn.
Qua giao due, tflng bflde nang cao nhan thflc ciia cfl dan viing mien nui bien gidi la cd sd dd xay dflng va bao ve dgi nfldc.
Ket luan
Lang Sdn la vung da't xa trung tam, ndn trong lich sii, cac thd tu dia phfldng, dflng dau cdng dong dan cfl da trd thanh cac thd' lflc chinh tri ddc lap. De khac phuc tinh trang dd, trieu dai nha Nguydn, dac bidt la Minh Mdnh da xda bd quyen thd' tap eua eac thd ty, thfle hidn ehd' do lflu quan. Vdi chd' do lflu quan, trieu dinh da tang cfldng quyen lflc trfle tid'p cua ehinh quyen trung fldng tdi tan ca'p chau, huydn ven bidn gidi. Tuy nhidn, cbinh sach lflu quan chfla dfldc thflc hidn mot eac thanh cdng, nha't la d cac trieu vua sau Minh Mdnh. Nhin chung, cac chinh sach vi chinh tri cua nha Nguydn da cd tac ddng tich cflc, gdp phan cung cd' nen qud'c phdng, an ninh, dn dinh ddi sd'ng nhan dan, tao dieu kidn phat tridn kinh td' - van hda.
Trieu dinh chu yd'u thdng qua vide thu thud' di lam giau cho ngan saeh nha nfldc.
Nha Nguyen Idn cim quyen thflc hidn mdt so' cbinh sacb v^ kinh td' nhfl lap sd dia ba, sd dinh de lam cd sd danh thud' ruong da't, thud' than, bat dan lam nghia vu lao dich, binh dich. Nhflng vide lam dd lam tang them ganh nang dd'i vdi nhan dan cac dan tdc mien nui. Chinh sacb nay khac ban vdi hinh thfle nop cd'ng phu ma cac vfldng trieu trfldc kia ap dung vdi mien nui. Vide khai md dfldc diy manh nhflng khdng phai xuat phat tfl ldi ich eiia nhan dan cac
dan tdc mien nui ma la lam giau cho trieu dinh. Ben canh nhflng vide lam dd thi nha nfldc khdng de ra dfldc nhiing chinh sach phu hdp de cai thidn, nang cao ddi sd'ng cbo nhan dan. Do do, cuoc sd'ng eua ngfldi dan ngay cang cd cflc, d i n dd'n mau t h u i n gifla ddng bao cac dan tdc vdi trieu <finh phong kid'n ngay cang gay git.
Trieu dinh nha Nguydn dat cae chflc Giao thu, Dd'c hgc, md nhieu ldp day chfl tai dia phfldng da gdp phin khai thdng dan tri cho ddng bao dan tgc trong vflng.
Tuy nhien, nd'n giao due dia phfldng khdng may phat trien do nhflng chi'nh sach ma nha nflde quan chu dfla ra chfla phu hdp vdi thfle td' eua dia phfldng.
TAX LIEU THAM KHAO 1. Phan Huy Chu (1992), Lich trieu hie'n chUdng loai chi, tap I, Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hdi, Ha Ndi.
2. Emmanuel Poisson (2006), Quan va lai 6 miin Bic Viet Nam mdt bo may hanh chinh trudc tha thach (1820-1918), Nxb.
Da Ning.
3. Qud'c sxi quan trieu Nguydn (1992), Dai Nam nhi't thd'ng chi, tap IV, Nxb.
Thuan Hoa, Hud'.
4. Qud'c s^ quan trieu Nguydn (2005), Kham dinh Dai Nam hdi dien sU le, tkp II, III, IV, Nxb. Thuan Hoa, Hue.
5. Qud'c sii quan trieu Nguydn (2007), Dai Nam thuc luc, tap II, III, IV, V, VI, Nxb. Giao due. Ha Ndi.
6. Dam Tbi Uydn (2008), Chinh sich din tdc cua cac trieu dai phong kie'n Viet Nam ta thi' ky XI de'n giUa thi' ky XIX, Nxb. Van hda dan tdc.
I Q NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA Hfil SO 9-2019
