LUAT
QUY DINH VE TOI
Ll/A DAO CHIEM DOAT TAI SAN THEO BO LUAT HINH SlT 2015 (SlfA DOI, BO SUNG NAM 2017)
• HATH! HONG THAM
TOM TAT:
Lffa dao chidm doat tai sdn cua ngffdi khae la mot toi danh dffdc quy dinh trong B6 ludt Hinh Sff (BLHS) nam 2015 (sffa ddi, bd sung (SD, BS) nam 2017). Toi lffa dao ehid'm doat tdi sdn la mot trong so nhffng toi pham phd bid'n trong nh6m tdi xam pham de'n quyen sd hffu. Trdn thffe td', tai Viet Nam eo rat nhi^u ngffdi nham l§n v^ hdnh vi ca'u thanh tdi lffa dao chid'm doat tdi sdn.
Bai viet tap trung phan tich cae yeu td' cS'u thdnh cua toi lffa dao chid'm doat tai sdn. Ben canh do, dffa ra mot so diem mdi cd bdn trong quy dmh ve tdi danh ndy tai BLHS hien hanh so vdi BLHS nam 1999 (SD, BS nam 2009). Tren cd sd dd, tac gia ndu len mot so quan diem cua ca nhan ve nhffng diem mdi do.
Tii khoa: Chu the, lffa dao chid'm doat tai sdn, khach the, mat ehu quan, mat khach quan.
1. Dat va'n dd
Hidn nay, ty Id tpi pham lffa dao chiem doat tai sdn ngay cang gia tang va didn bie'n cung vd cung phffc tap vdi nhieu thu doan tinh vi va kho Iffdng.
Vl muc tieu Idi ich ma tdi pham da thffc hien nhilu hanh vi vi pham phdp luat he't sffe nghidm trpng xdm hai quyen sd hffu cua cac chu the khac.
Nhffng nam trd lai day, khi nen cong nghe ngay cang phat trie'n eung vdi mang xa hpi thi nhidu ngffdi da sff dung nhffng chidu tro Iffa ddo nham chid'm doat tai san mot each bat hdp phap. Toi pham lffa dao chie'm doat tdi san khdng ehi gay thiet hai to idn ve tai sdn cho nha nffdc, xa hpi va eong dan ma bdn canh do con anh hffdng tidu cffe de'n tinh hinh trat tff an toan xa hpi.
Tpi lffa dao chie'm doat tai san dffdc hieu la hanh vi chid'm doat tai san eua ngffdi khae bang thu doan gian do'i difa ra nhffng thdng tin sai sff that, de ngffdi khde tin tffdng, giao tai sdn cho ngffdi pham tdi. De chffng minh toi danh nay, cac cd quan tie'n hanh to'tung phdi chffng minh day du eae yd'u to' ca'u thanh tpi pham cua tpi lffa dao chiem doat tai sdn.
2. Cae yd'u to'ca'u thanh cua tpi lifa dao chid'm doat tai san
2.1. Chu the cua tgipham
Theo quy dinh ciia BLHS nam 2015 (SD. BS nam 2017) ve dp tudi chiu trach nhiem hinh sff va xff ly hinh sff la ngffdi tff du 14 tudi trd len. Nhffng ngffdi cd nang Iffc trach nhiem hinh sff va du tudi So 17-Thang 7/2020 79
chiu trach nhiem hinh sff thffc hien hanh vi nguy hidm eho xa hoi ddi vdi Tdi lffa dao chid'm doat tai san deu ed the la ehu the cua tpi nay. Nhiflig do'i vdi tpi lffa dao chie'm doat tai sdn thi chii the cua tpi pham khong phai la ngffdi tff du 14 tudi de'n dffdi 16 tudi. Bdi vi ngffdi tff du 14 tuoi de'n difdi 16 tudi chi phai chiu traeh nhiem hinh sff ve tpi pham ra't nghidm trpng, tpi pham dae bidt nghidm trpng va dffpc gidi han trong 28 tdi danh trong do khdng cd tpi lffa dao chid'm doat tai sdn du'dc quy dmh cu the tai Dilu 12 BLHS nam 2015 (SD, BS nam 2017). Theo do, nhffng ngffdi tff du 14 tudi de'n difdi 16 tudi khdng phdi chiu trach nhiem hinh sff ve toi lffa dao chie'm doat tai sdn, chi ed ngffdi tren 16 tudi mdi phai chiu trach nhidm hinh sff ve tpi nay. Vl vay, trong qua trinh dieu tra, truy to, xet xff doi vdi ngffdi pham tdi lffa dao chie'm doat tai sdn, eae ed quan tie'n hanh to' tung, ngffdi tie'n hanh to tung can chu y dp tuoi ciia ngifdi pham tpi va eae tinh tid't dinh khung hinh phat.
2.2. Khach thd' cua toi pham
Khach the cua Toi Iffa dao chid'm doat tai san cung gid'ng nhff eae toi pham khac, do la nhffng quan he xa hoi dffdc Luat Hinh sff bdo ve va bi tpi pham xam hai. Cu the, khach thd ma Tdi lffa dao chid'm doat tai san hffdng de'n la xam pham tdi quyen sd hffu tai san eiia Nha nffdc, cd quan, td ehffe, ea nhan. Ngoai ra, tpi pham nay cdn tac dpng xa'u dd'n trat tff an toan xa hpi. Dd'i tffdng tac dpng ciia tpi pham nay cung tffdng tff nhff cac tpi cd tinh chat ehid'm doat khae, do la tai san bao gdm vat, tiln cua ngffdi khdc. Viec xam pham quyen sd hffu eung the hien d hanh vi ehid'm hffu bat hdp phap tai sdn ciia ngffdi khde sau khi lffa lay difde tai san.
Tuy nhidn, khach the cua loai tdi nay khdc vdi cac tpi CO tinh eha't chid'm doat khac nhff tpi cffdp tai san, tdi bat coe nham chie'm doat tai sdn, tpi cffdp giat tai sdn,.. d ehd la khong xam pham de'n quan he nhdn thdn ma chi xam pham de'n quan hd sd hffu.
2.3. Mat chd quan cua tgipham Trong khoa hpc phdp ly hinh sff, tpi pham la the thd'ng nha'l cua hai mdt chu quan va khach quan.
Mat chu quan la nhffng hoat dong tdm ly ben trong eua ngffdi pham tpi va ludn gdn lien vdi eae hie'u hien bdn ngoai ciia toi pham. Mdt chu quan ciia
tpi pham bao gdm ldi, dpng cd va muc dich i iiam
•' e'utd'ldilada'uhieubalb th^ ,hi«u trong ba:, ley cau 'hanh cua Ifiipham nao.
tpi, trong iJo ye'u t616i lac
Neifcli pham tpi iL- ^ V L c h,6n hanh vi pham toi, bo. tpi nay khong U diSn ra dUcM hinh thiJc 16i v6 y. Trong toi to dap chiem doat tai san, tpi pham dtioc thuc hien vdi 15i CO- y true tiep. NgUSi pham tpi nhan thuc ro nhiing hanh vi cua minh la gian doi, trai phap luat, nguy hie'm cho xa hpi, tha'y trUflc hau quS do hanh vi cila ralnh gSy ra. Tuy nhien, nguSi pham tpi mong rauo'n thUc hien dUdc hanh vl cua minh.
mong mud'n cho hau qua xay ra la chie'm doat dupe tai san cua ngUSi khac. Cu th6', ngU8i pham tpi lira dao co y thuc hien nhiing hanh vi gian d6'i nham chiem doat tai sdn cila ngUcd khac.
Bong cd pham tpi la vu ldi. NgUdi pham tpi thuc hien hanh vi Ida dao de thoa man nhu clu vat chat cua ban than. Muc dich pham tpi la mong muon chie'm doat dUdc t^i san thuoc sd hUu ciia ngudi bi hai. Can lUu y, muc dich chiem float tai san cua ngUcfi pham tpi bao gid cung co trUdc khi thuc hien thii doan gian dpi va hiinh vi chie'm doat tai san. Ne'u sau khi da cd tai san m6t each hdp phap roi mdi cd y dinh chie'm dpat tai sdn thi khong phai la hanh vi lUa dao chiS'm doat tai san, tuy trudng hdp cu the, ngUdi pham tpi cp the hi truy cUu trach nhiem hinh sU ve tpi pham Ididc nhU tpi lam dung tin nhiem chie'm doat tai san, cdng nhien chi6'm doat tai san,...
2.4. Mgt khdch qitan cua tQiphqm Mat khach quan cua tpi pham la nhflng dS'u hieu dUdc bieu hien ra ben ngoai ciia tpi pham bao gom hanh vi nguy hiem cho xa hpi; hju qua nguy hiem cho xa hdi dp hanh vi dd gay ra; md'i quan he nhan qua giffa hanh vi va hau qui; nhifng djfu hieu khac nhu khdng gian, thdi gian, dia die'm, cong cu, phUdng tien, hoan canh pham tdi. Trong do, hanh vi cu the' lii hie'u hien co ban va da'u hieu bat buoc trong ca'u thanh tpi pham cua ta't ca cic tpi pham.
Bd'i vdi tdi lUa dao chie'm doat tai san, hanh vi dung thu doan gian doi nhkm danh lila chu set hiiu ho,c ngudi quJ„ ij tji , j „ D-^.,^.,,. ^^^^ ^.,.
aduara thdng , i „ g i a a h „ „ g d u „ g , u , ; , i , ) „ h u n g lam cho ngUO, kha. l.n do la that va gi,„ , . ; ^ j ^
LUAT
cho ngffdi pham tpi. Vide dffa ra thdng tin gid cd the bang nhieu each khac nhau nhff bang ldi ndi, bang chff vid't (vid't thff), bang hanh dpng, (vi du:
ke pham tpi noi la mffdn xe di ehd nhffng sau khi lay dffdc xe dem ban lay tiln tieu xai khong trd xe eho ehu sd hu^) va bang nhieu hinh thffe khac nhff su- dung gia'y td gid, gia danh ngffdi khdc, gid danh cd quan Nha nffdc, td ehffe xa hpi,... d l ngffdi cd tai sdn tin dd la that va tff nguyen giao tai san cho ngffdi cd hanh vi gian ddi. Vide giao tai sdn eho ngffdi CO thu doan gian dd'i hoan toan xud't phat tff sff t\i nguydn cua ngffdi bi lffa dd'i do danh gia khdng dung ve thong tin difdc dffa ra.
Hanh vi gian dd'i trong tdi lffa ddo chid'm doat tai sdn la hanh vi lffa dd'i nham ehid'm doat tai san.
Chid'm doat tai sdn, dffdc hilu la hanh vi chuyin dieh mdt cdch trdi phap lu§t tai sdn cua ngffdi khde thanh ciia minh. Dac diem ciia vide ehid'm doat nay la nd gdn lien va ed md'i quan he nhan qua vdi hanh vi dung thii doan gian dd'i. Hanh vi gian dd'i nay bao gid cung cd trffdc hoac di lien vdi hanh vi nhdn dffdc tai san tff ngffdi khac - hanh vi chid'm doat tai sdn. Nd'u hanh vi gian dd'i ed sau khi ngffdi pham tdi nhdn dffdc tai san thi khdng phdi la lffa ddo ehid'm doat tai sdn ma tuy tffng trffdng hdp eu thd cua nhffng hanh vi dd cd the' la hanh vi che gia'u tpi pham hoae la hanh vi pham tdi khdc nhff tdi lam dung tin nhidm chie'm doat tai san.
Ve hau qua cua tpi pham lffa dao ehid'm doat tai sdn la lam thidt hai vl tai san cua ngffdi khac ma cu thd' la gia trj tai san bi ehid'm doat phdi tff 2.000.000 dong trd len. Nd'u dffdi 2.000.000 ddng thi phdi thupe trffdng hdp gay hau qud nghidm trpng bode da bi xu" phat vi pham hanh chinh vl hanh vi chid'm doat hoac da bi kd't an vd tpi ehidm doat tai san, chffa dffdc xod an tich ma con vi pham hoae gay anh hffdng xa'u dd'n an ninh, trat tff, an toan xa hpi hoac tai sdn la phffdng tidn kie'm sd'ng chinh cua ngffdi bjhai va gia dinh hp; tai sdn la ky vat, di vdt, do thd eung cd gia tri dac biet ve mat tinh th^n do'i vdi ngffdi bi hai.
Luc nay mdi ca'u thdnh tpi lffa dao chid'm doat tai sdn, nhifng khdng vi the' ma cho rang, phai ed thidt hai ve tai san (ngffdi pham tpi chie'm doat dffdc tai san) thi mdi ca'u thdnh tpi pham. Do'i vdi ldi lffa dao chid'm doat tai sdn, khong ba't bupc
ngffdi pham ldi chie'm doat dffdc tai sdn thi mdi ca'u thanh tpi pham ma chi ydu cau bat bupc ve y dinh chiem doat tai san cd gid tri Idn hoac rd't Idn; nhff:
oto, xe may, may linh xach tay, didn thoai ddt tien, ddng hd cd gia tri ra't Idn hoac tai san khdc ed gia tri hang chuc trieu ddng trd len, thi du ngffdi pham tpi chffa chid'm doat dffdc tai san van bi coi la pham tdi lffa ddo chie'm doat tai sdn nhffng Id trong trffdng hdp pham toi chffa dat hoac ehua'n bi pham tdi tuy thupc vdo tffng trffdng hdp eu the.
Ve md'i quan he nhan qua giffa hanh vi vd hdu qud, cung nhff nhffng tpi cd ca'u thanh vat eha't khac, hdu qud va hanh vi ciia tpi pham cd md'i quan he nhan qua vdi nhau. Hau qua thidt hai vl tai sdn phdi difdc xuat phat tff hanh vi gian dd'i.
Chinh hanh vi gian dd'i ciia ngffdi pham tpi la nguyen nhan trffe tid'p lam ngffdi ed tai sdn tin tffdng ma trao tdi sdn cho ngffdi pham tpi. Ne'u vide thiet hai ve tai san tff nguyen nhan khae thi se dffa vdo nhffng da'u hieu khach quan de xac dinh xem ed da'u hieu ciia tpi pham khong va duTdc phap luat didu chinh nhff the nao .
Mac du trdn eae phffdng tidn thdng tin dai ehung da tuyen truyen nhieu ve cac phffdng thffc, thu doan ciia cac dd'i tffdng, nhffng van khdng it ngffdi vi long tham, ham re, hidu bid't phap luat ban che,... nen da sap "bay". Nhffng ndm vffa qua, da xdy ra khdng it vu lffa ddo chie'm doat tdi sdn, gay bffc xuc trong ngffdi dan. Gan day, vu Cdng ty cd phan Dia d'e Alibaba lffa ddo ehid'm doat tdi sdn thdng qua hinh thffc huy dpng vd'n da ca'p. Cac dd'i tifdng hoat ddng theo phffdng thffc rat tinh vi nup bdng boat ddng kinh doanh bat dpng sdn nhffng thffc eha't la Iffa dao theo dang kinh doanh da cap, mua da't nong nghidp rdi tff ve ra cac dff an "ma"
nham lffa ddo khach hang hdm ldi ddng tien vao.
Cdng ty Alibaba da cd hanh vi lffa dd'i nhdm chid'm doat tai sdn cua khach hdng vdi so' tien la hdn 2.500 ty ddng.
3. Nhffng di^m md'i cua tdi lffa dao chie'm doat tai san theo quy dinh cua Bp luat Hinh sff nam 2015 (sffa ddi, bd sung nam 2017)
Trong giai doan hidn nay cung vdi sff phdt tnen nhanh chdng eua edng nghe thdng tin vd nen kinh td' thi trffdng, linh hinh tpi pham lffa dao chid'm doat tai san dang didn bien phffc tap, cd xu hffdng gia So 17-Thang 7/2020 81
tang ve sd' vu, so' dd'i tffdng, quy md va mffc dp thidt hai, hoat ddng trong cac ITnh vffc nhff da't dai, tai chinh ngan hang,,.. Do dd, sff cap thid't ve vide phai sffa doi tdi danh lffa dao chid'm doat tai sdn quy dinh tai Dieu 139 trong BLHS 1999 (SD, BS nam 2009) thanh Dieu 174 trong BLHS nam 2015 (SD, BS nam 2017). So vdi BLHS 1999 (SD, BS nam 2009), tai BLHS ndm 2015 (SD, BS nam 2017) da xay dffng mdt so' diem mdi trong tpi lffa dao chid'm doat tai sdn, cho tha^y sff tie'n bp ve ky thudt lap phap ciia Viet Nam va dffdc the hien cu the d nhffng npi dung sau:
Thd nhd't, ve da'u hidu dinh tdi Iffa dao chid'm doat tai san da dffpc sffa ddi, bd sung tai Khodn 1 Dilu 174 BLHS ndm 2015 (SD, BS nam 2017).
Theo dd, quy dinh trong BLHS nam 2015 (SD, BS nam 2017) sffa ddi va bd sung thdm cae da'u hieu pham tdi mdi thudc trffdng hdp chie'm doat tai sdn dffdi 2.000.000 ddng: Mot la, da hi ke't an ve toi nay hoac v l mdt trong cac tpi sau chffa dffdc xda an tieh md eon vi pham: tpi cffdp tdi san, tpi bat coe nham chid'm doat lai san, tpi cffdng doat tai sdn, tdi cffdp giat tai san, tpi eong nhidn chid'm doat tai sdn, ldi trdm cap tai sdn, tpi lam dung tin nhiem ehid'm doat tai san, tdi sff dung mang may tinh, mang vidn thdng, phffdng tidn dien tff thffe hidn hanh vi ehid'm doat tai san (tai Dilm b Khodn 1 Dilu 174). Hai la, gay anh hffdng xa'u dd'n an ninh, trdt Iff, an todn xa hpi (tai Diem e Khoan I Dieu 174). Ba la, tdi san bi xam pham la phffdng tien kid'm song ehinh cua ngffdi bi hai va gia dinh hp (tai Diem d Khodn 1 Dieu 174). Quy dinh nay da cu t h i hda mot so trffdng hdp xdy ra Irdn thffc te' khi dinh gia tai sdn bi thidt hai (phffdng tidn kie'm sd'ng chinh ciia ngffdi bi hai) la rd't tha'p, nhffng do BLHS 1999 (SD, BS nam 2009) chffa quy dinh ndn khdng cd can eff truy cffu traeh nhidm hinh sff VI vd\, BLHS nam 2015 (SD, BS nam 2017) da khae
phue va'n di nay nhdm tranh cac trifdng hdp bo lot toi pham. Vide sffa ddi, bd sung dau hieu dinh tdi nay theo hffdng cu thd' cae tdi cd hen quan de'n can eff "chid'm doat tai sdn", eu the hdn so vdi quy dinh tai Khoan 1 Bieu 139 BLHS 1999 (SD, BS ndm 2009).
Thd hai, ve da'u hidu dinh khung hinh phat BLHS nam 2015 (SD,BS 2017) quy dinh mdi thdm mot tinh tie't dinh khung khdc (tai Diem c Khoan 3) la "Ldi dung thidn tai, djch bdnh" vd (tai Diem c Khoan 4) la "Ldi dung hoan canh chie'n tranh, tinh trang kha'n ca'p". Day la sffbd sung hdp ly, nham trdnh bd Ipt tdi pham trong cac trffdng hdp pham tdi phdt sinh trong nhffng dieu kien khdch quan dac bidt hoae trong mot sd'trffdng hdp cu the, nha't la trong dilu kidn chie'n tranh, tinh trang kha'n cap thi sff manh nha hanh vi Iffa ddo nham chiem doat tai sdn gia tang rat nhieu.
Ddng Ihdi. BLHS nam 2015 (SD, BS nam 2017) da bd cde da'u hidu mang linh dinh tinh do la nhffng tinh tid't "gay hau qud nghiem trpng" (Dilm g Khoan 2 Dieu 139 BLHS 1999 (SD, BS nam 2009)), "gdy hau qud ra't nghidm trpng" (Diem b Khodn 3 Dieu 139 BLHS 1999 (SD, BS mam 2009)), "gay hdu qua dac biet nghiem trpng"
(Diem b Khoan 4 Dieu 139 BLHS 1999 (SD, BS nam 2009)). Vide loai bd nhffng tinh tie't nay la phu hdp, bdi can eff xac dmh tren thffc td' dp dung rat khd khan.
4. Kd't lu^n
Nhffng ndi dung du'dc sffa ddi, bd sung trong BLHS nam 2015 (SD. BS ndm 2017) da ban hanh vdi nhffng diem mdi rat tien bd, van minh, thd' hien trinh dp lap phdp cao, giup viec dp dung quy dinh ve tdi danh nay dffdc rd rdng, thuan Idi hdn, nhdm bdo ve trat tff phdp ludt, chd'ng mgi hanh vi pham tpi; giao due mpi ngffdi y thffc tuan theo phdp luat, phong ngffa va da'u tranh chd'ng loai tpi pham nay trdn thffc td' •
TAI L l | U TRICH DAN:
I Doan Ngoc Hai "Toi lffa dao chiem doat tai san iheo phap luat hinh sir Viel Nam - \.\
clu Toa dn nhdn ddn 2019. '"'^^'hire lien". Tap
LUAT
'Cong Nguyen, Cong ly Alibaba lira hdn 6.700 khach hang vdi so'nin 2.500 t! ding hltps://lhanhnien.v„/lhoi- su/cong.ty-alibaba-lua-hon-6700-khach-hang-voi-so-tien-2S00-ti-dong-ll28617.hlml
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO:
1. QuSc hoi (2015, 2017), BS luat Hinh su ndm 2015 tsiia ddi, bd sung ndm 2017).
2. Nguyin Xuan Ygm, (2001). Toi pham hoc hien dai va phong ngila tm pham. NXB Cong an nhan dan.
3 TruSng Dai hoc Luat Ha Noi, (2019). Gido Irinh Luat Hinh su Viel Nam. NXB Cong an nhan dan.
4. Le Quang Thang, NhiJng thii doan cua tpi pham Ba dao chiem doat tai san trSn dia bin Hii Noi vil c4c giii phap nang cao hieu qui ph6ng ngila. Tap chi Toa dn dien td.
5. Nguyen Thi XuSn Thu (2018). Nhan dien mot .so phirong thifc, Ihu doan cua tpi pham sSdung cong nghe cao.
Tap chi Cinh sdt nhdn ddn.
Ngay nh§n bai: 22/6/2020
Ngay phan bien danb gia va sAa cbtta: 30/6/2020 Ngay chfl'p nhSn dang bai; 10/7/2020 Thong tin tdc gid:
ThS. HA THI HONG THAM Giang vi§n Kboa Lu^t
Tracing Dai hpc Cong ngb$ TP. Hi Cbi Minh (Hutech).
PROVISIONS ON FRAUDULENT APPROPRIATION OF PROPERTY IN THE 2015 CRIMINAL CODE
(AMENDED AND SUPPLEMENTED DM 2017)
• Master. HA THI HONG THAM
Faculty of Law, Ho Chi Minti City University of Teciinology
ABSTRACT:
Fraudulent appropriation of property is prescribed in the 2015 Criminal Code (amended and supplemented in 2017). Fraudulent property appropriation is a common crime that infringes upon property rights. In fact, many people in Vietnam are confused about the fraudulent act of appropriating property. This paper focuses on analyzing the elements of fraudulent property appropriation. In addition, this papre presents some basic new points in the 2015 Crimhial Code's provisions on fraudulent appropriation of property and some personal views of the author about these new points.
Keywords: Subject, fraudulent appropriation of property, object, subjective aspect, objective aspect.
So 17-Thang 7/2020 83
