TINH HINH PHAT TRIEN MOT SO LINH VUC NONG NGHIEP CHU YEU 0 CHAU PHI
Nguyen Ngpc Tri*
1. Tinh hinh san xuat nong nghiep cua chau Phi hien nay
* Sdn xuat ngd cdc
Theo nghien cflu mdi n h a t ciia Ngan hang The gidi (2007), san x u a t ngu cdc ciia khu viic chau Phi d a n g n i m trong tinh t r a n g tri tre va khiing hoang so vdi cac khu vflc khac t r e n t h e gidi. Trong khi dd, cac nfldc thupc k h u vUc Ddng A va Thai Binh Dfldng, san Ifldng lua gad t a n g tfl 4 - 5 tan/ha n a m 2003, thi san Ifldng lua gad d khu viic chau Phi can X a h a r a chi dat khoang 1 t a n / h a trong giai doan 1991 - 2003. Chi rieng mpt so' nfldc d khu vflc Dong Phi va Tay Phi mdi c6 the t h u hoach tren 2 t a n / h a tfl n a m 2000. Trong khi dd, Mdrixd h a u nhfl c h i n g san x u a t ra dfldc ta'n lua gao nao trong giai doan 1979- 2004, buoc phai n h a p k h a u gao tfl cac nfldc lang gieng va cac nfldc khac tren the
'Vien Nghien cuu Chau Phi vS Trung D6ng
gidi. So vdi n a m 1979, san lUdng ngu cdc ciia cac nUdc chau Phi t a n g qua cac nam, nhUng kha n a n g t a n g khdng dang ke va khong on dinh do phai ganh chiu cac ddt han han keo dai ciia cac nam 1983, 1992 va 2002.
Lua mi ddng mpt vai trd quan trpng trong phat trien ndng nghiep cua khu vflc chau Phi. Tuy nhien, san xua't lua mi d khu vflc chau Phi v i n gdp r a t nhieu khd khan vdi san Ifldng h a n g nSm r a t thap.
Khu vflc chau Phi chi cd the canh tac dat khoang 1,5 vu mua/nSm so vdi tren 3 vu/nam cua cac nfldc dang phat trien va hdn 4 vu/nam cua cac nfldc phat trien vao nam 2004. Hdn nfla, san Ifldng lua mi cua . k h u vflc chau Phi khdng dn dinh qua cac
nam.
Ngd cung ddng mpt vai trd quan trpng ddi vdi chau Phi, dflng sau lua gao va lua mi. Tuy nhien, san Ifldng ngo d chau Phi
Tap chi nghien cUu O l A c PHI & TBC^G Bdl\G s6 03 (43) th^ng 3/2009
Nguyin Ngpc Tri Tinh hinh'^hdt then ndng nghiep...
bien ddng tha't thUdng t r d n g giai ddan 1980 - 2005. San xua't ngd da cd sii khac biet ldn gifla cac v u n g t r e n g k h u viic chau Phi. Toan k h u viic chau Phi cd k h a n a n g canh tac t r u n g binh it hdn 2 vu mua/ndm, trong khi dd B i c Phi va N a m Phi cd sii p h a t trien vUdt bac nha't, tUdng flng la hdn 6 vu m u a / n a m va 4 vu m u a / n a m .
* Sdn xud't cd phe
Trong giai doan 1970 - 2000, san xua't ca phe cua chau Phi dUdng n h u dinh tre.
Trong khi ti le t a n g san lUdng ca phe cua the gidi chi rieng giai doan 1996-2003 d mfle 5,5% mdi n d m thi d chau Phi cdn sd' nay la -0,3%. Thi p h a n ca phe cua chau Phi t r e n thi trUdng the gidi da giam mpt nUa tfl 30,6% trong giai doan 1970- 1979 cdn 15,8% trong giai doan 1996-2003.
Nguyen n h a n chu yeu v a n la do b a n h a n t h u d n g xuyen xay r a lien mien, gay mat m u a ca phe d k h u viic ndy. Ti le vu m u a hi mat la 3,2%/nam giai dean 1996-2003.
* Cdc loai cay trong khdc
Dfla la san p h a m dae trUng eda khu viic Tay Phi, Id san p h a m xua't k h a u chinh cua k h u viic nay. Sd vdi ca phe, dfla chiem thi p h a n ldn, k h e a n g 60% thi p h a n toan cau ke tfl n a m 1980. San xua't dfla qua cac ndm giam lien tuc va mfle t a n g khdng cao.
Mfle t a n g san lUdng dfla dat 5,0%/nam , giai ddan 1980-1989 va giam xud'ng cdn 3,7%/nam giai doan 1990-2003\
Ngoai nhflng san p h a m t r u y e n thd'ng tren, chau Phi cung da san xua't va xua't
k h a u Ifldng ldn bdng, t r a , thud'c la cho thi trUdng t r d n g va ngoai nUdc. Tuy nhien, cung gid'ng cac s a n p h a m tren, xu hudng tdng trUdng cua cac san p h a m nay cung giam ke tfl t h a p ky 1970. San xua't ciia bdng, t r a chi d a t mfle tUdng flng la 0,6%;
3,3% trdng cac n a m 1996-2003. Rieng san p h a m thuec la giam lien tuc tfl 4,9%/nam giai doan 1970-1979 xudng cdn 2,8%/nam giai doan 1980-1989, chi dat -3,4%/nam giai doan 1996-2003.
2. IHau qua cua san xuat nong nghiep dinh tre P chau Phi
Nhin chung, h a u het s a n lUdng cua cac san p h a m nong nghiep deu giam trong nhUng t h a p ky vfla qua, gay nen tinh t r a n g k h u n g h o a n g ndng nghiep cho cac nUde chau Phi. K h a n a n g cung cap san p h a m giam di va khdng dap flng du n h u cau trong cac nfldc. Ndng nghiep d chau luc nay phai dd'i m a t vdi t i n h t r a n g dat trdng hi k h u n g h o a n g nghiem trpng.
Nhieu loai cay trdng van canh tac t r e n nhUng vUng dd't kem phi nhieu. H a n g nam, mei hecta da't t r d n g d chau Phi lai mat mpt so' lUdng nha't dinh cac Idai khoang cha't n h u nitd, phd't phd, kali. Kha n a n g sU d u n g p h a n bdn d chau Phi thUdng b a n che va kem hieu qua. NgUdi dan chau Phi chi' d u n g mfle p h a n bdn h a n che la 9kg/ha, trong khi d chau My Latinh, ngUdi ta d u n g 86kg/ha va 104kg/ha d chau A va 142kg/ha d Ddng N a m A (Kelly 2006)1 Mac du each siL d u n g p h a n bdn dupe cai thien t r e n g t h a p nien vfla qua, nhflng do
14 Tap chi nghien ciiu CllAc PHI & TBir:\C Bd\'G sd 03 (43) thang 3/2009
Tinh hinh phdt then ndng nghiep. Nguyin Ngpc Tri
cac quan ly kem hieu qua vd khdng thich hdp nen da khong cai thien p h a n nao cho nang s u i t lao ddng nong nghiep.
NhUng h a u qua chu yeu do san xua't ndng nghiep dinh tre d chau Phi la:
Thii nhat, nong nghiep khong ddp Ung duac nhu cdu cung cap luang thUc cho ngUdi ddn
Tinh den thdi diem hien nay, chau Phi v i n khdng cung cap du ngudn lUdng thiic thiic p h a m cho ngUdi dan sdng t r e n chau luc ndy. Ngudn cung h a u nhU khong du va that thUdng. San lUdng ngu cdc t r u n g binh trong vdng 45 n a m qua vdn duy tri d mfle dudi 0,5 tan/ha, trong khi tdc dp tdng dan sd^d chau Phi thupc cad n h a t the gi6i.
Do sii chenh lech ldn giUa tdc dp phat trien dan so ngdy cang t a n g va san lUdng ndng nghiep ngay cang t h a p , nen chau luc nay dupe xep vao h a n g ngu khu vUc duy nha't cd mfle san xua't Ifldng thiic giam trong vdng 45 n a m qua, khdng du ddp flng cho nhu cau Ifldng thflc ciia dan cfl sdng tai khu vflc nay. Gia tri san Iflpng dat dfldc t r e n dau ngfldi v i n r a t thap. Nam 2003, d chau Phi ndng d a n t r u n g binh tad ra gia tri san Ifldng ndng nghiep tfldng dfldng khdang 520 USD/nam, trdng khi mfle gia tri tfldng flng d chau A la 670 USD/nam va 4100 U S D / n a m d chau My Latinh (FAO, 2005). Day la c h a u luc ma nong n g h i e p ddng mpt vai trd h e t sflc quan trpng, la n g a n h c h i n h tao r a t h u n h a p cho ngfldi d a n t r o n g n e n k i n h te.
Tuy n h i e n , so vdi cac k h u vflc k h a c t r e n
the gidi, san lUpng nong nghiep tao ra it di da m a n g lai t h u n h a p t h a p , keo theo k h a n a n g trao ddi m u a ban t h a p . Dd cung chinh la nguyen n h a n lam khu viic nay khd trd t h a n h k h u viic de t h u hut dupe ngudn dau tU, dac biet cho n g a n h ndng nghiep.
Cung mpt mdc xua't phat tU 1960, nhUng san xuat lUdng ihiic tren dau ngUdi cua cac nUdc tren the gidi cd sii chenh lech ldn trong hai thap ky vUa qua. Khung hoang ndng nghiep vd chinh tri keo theo tinh t r a n g ngheo ddi xay ra lien tuc d cac nUde, dien hinh nhat tai cac que'c gia:
Liberia, Xiera Leon, Ruanda, Burundi, Cong hoa Cdngd va Angola. Ti le suy dinh dUdng d cdc nUde chau Phi (trU khu vUc Trung Phi) chiem tfl 33-35"o trong thap ky
1990, va 58% trong giai doan 1999-2001.
Khdng dflng lai d eon sd nay, so' dan trong tinh trang suy dinh dUdng dd tang tfl 88 trieu ngUdi nam 1970 den hdn 200 trieu ngUdi trong giai doan 1990-2001^ Cu the hdn, nude cd ti le suy dinh dUdng cao nha't trong giai doan nay la Cdng hoa Congo;
Mac du tai cac nUde Tay Phi, ti le suy dinh dUdng da giam tfl 2 1 % giai doan 1991- 1992 xudng cdn 15% giai doan 1999-2001\
nhUng tai Ddng Phi vd Nam Phi ty le suy dinh dUdng van duy tri d mfle cao khoang.
Nhflng n h a n to' khach quan anh hfldng trilc tiep den tinh t r a n g khdng dam bao cung cap Ifldng thflc cua cac nfldc chau Phi la khi hau, hdan canh dia ly. Han b a n kee dai thfldng xuyen dien ra d chau Phi.
Khoang gifla nhflng n a m 1970 va 1995,
Tap chi nghien cOu C H A U PiU & TBC^G BdiMC sd 03 (43) th^ng 3/2009
Nguyin Ngpc Tri Tinh hinh phdt then ndng nghiep...
Ifldng nfldc dfl trfl cua chau Phi da giam 2,8 lan^. Cac qud'c gia vung ven bien cung ganh chiu nhflng anh hfldng lien quan den xdi mdn, lu lut va sut lun bd bien. Them vad dd, nhflng bien ddi khi hau dang lam thay ddi quy luat tii nhien, dac diem sinh thai va gay ra cac cudc khiing hoang ldn cho nganh ndng nghiep d vung ven bien nhiet ddi chau Phi. Vdi nen ndng nghiep hoan toan phu thupc vad lUpng mUa tU nhien, cudc sd'ng cua cU dan chau Phi de bi anh hudng manh me bdi sU bien ddi chu ky thuy vdn d tai cac nUdc ndy.
Tha hai, nhiing dong gdp cua nganh nong nghiep trong nen kinh tebi gidm ddn.
Kha nang ddng gdp vao GDP cua nganh ndng nghiep d cac khu vUc Chau Phi giam dan qua cac nam, tfl 31,9%/nam giai doan 1969-1971 xud'ng 28,7%/nam giai doan 1989-1991 va gan day nha't la 28,4% giai doan 2002-2004. Tinh theo khu vflc dia ly, cac nfldc kem phat trien thupc khu viic chau Phi can Xahara cd mfle ddng gdp ciia ndng nghiep trdng GDP tdng tfl 38,5%/nam giai doan 1989-1991 len 38,8%/nam giai doan 2002-2004, tuy nhien mfle tang dd cung khdng dang ke.
Cdn hau ket cac nfldc thupc cac vung khac ciia chau Phi deu giam lien tuc tfldng flng vdi 2 giai doan tren nhfl sau: Bic Phi 16%/nam xud'ng 13,6%/nam; cac nfldc chau Phi can Xahara khac 27,l%>/nam xudng 26,6%/nam.
Trao ddi thfldng mai nong pham ciia cac nfldc chau Phi cung gap nhieu han che so
vdi cac nfldc dang phat trien khac. Trong hai thap ky viia qua, nen ndng nghiep chau Phi gap nhieu sfl canh tranh ldn trong quan he thfldng mai vdi cac nfldc.
Vdi ngudn thu nhap thap, chi phi giao dich thi trfldng cao khien gia ca ciia san pham ndng nghiep d chau Phi cad hdn nhieu so vdi cac nfldc khac tren the gidi. Vi vay, chau Phi ludn dd'i mat vdi nhflng thach thflc thfldng mai trdng linh vflc ndng nghiep. Nhieu quoc gia thupc khu viic chau Phi can Xahara cd truyen thd'ng xua't khau cac Idai san pham vung nhiet ddi nhu cay dfla, ca phe, bdng, che va thudc la. Kim ngach xuat khau 5 loai cay nay chiem 60%^ tdng gia tri xua't khau san pham ndng nghiep ciia khu viic. Trong khi gia tri xuat khau ciia the gidi cua 5 loai san pham nay tang 120% trong giai doan tfl 1970 den nay, thi thi phan thi trfldng ciia cac nfldc thupc khu vflc chau Phi can Xahara giam tfl 22% xud'ng cdn 14% trong nhflng nam dau the ky XXL Neu cac qud'c gia nay cd mfle tang tfldng ddng vdi mfle tang cua the gidi thi gia tri xuat khau hang nam se dat den 8,8 trieu USD thay vi 5,6 trieu USD nhfl thiic te da diln ra trong vdng 25 nam qua. Nguyen nhan chinh cua sU sut giam nay la gia tri xuat khau cua ca phe giam khong chi do tac dong tfl phia gia ca giam ma cac nfldc cdn khdng san xuat dii san Ifldng de phuc vu cho nhu cau xuat khau. Gia ca cua hai san pham xua't khau chinh la cay ca phe va dfla bien dong manh trong giai doan 1980 den 2005.
Tap chi nghien cUu CilAc Pill & TRC1\G Bd!VG so 03 (43) th^ng 3/2009
Tinh hinh phdt then ndng nghiep... Nguyin Ngpc Tri
H a u het s a n Ifldng x u a t k h a u ciia cac nfldc deu giam m a n h . So vdi giai doan 1970-1974, san Ifldng xua't k h a u da giam di mpt nfla vao giai doan 2000-2004, dac biet la Angola, giam m a n h n h a t tfl
195.037 trieu ta'n giai doan 1970-1974 xudng cdn 1.157 trieu ta'n trong cac nam 2000-2003.
Tha ba, nong nghiep dinh tre da tdc dong tieu cUc den sU phdt trien cua cdc viing nong thon chdu Phi
Cd sd vat chat la mpt trdng nhflng n h a n td quan trpng a n h hfldng den san xua't n g a n h nong nghiep va cung la ngudn dau vao chu yeu t h u c day p h a t trien nong nghiep d k h u vflc chau Phi. H a u het cac nfldc chau Phi deu la nhflng nfldc kem phat trien n h a t . Thflc te cho thay nganh nong nghiep d day van dfldc san xua't vdi cd sd vat ngheo n a n , lac hau. Cgic nfldc khong chii trpng d a u tfl vao he thdng dfldng xa d nong thon, dien thoai va ngay ca den ngudn dien cung bi thieu tram trpng, gay a n h hfldng den qua trinh trdng trpt va san x u a t ndng nghiep.
He thong giao thdng d ndng thdn ciia h i u het cac nfldc chau Phi khdng du dap flng nhu cau cho hoat ddng san xua't va sinh hoat ciia ngfldi dan. Ddng thdi, he thdng tfldi tieu cho dat trdng cung kem phat trien.
Theo thd'ng ke cho tha'y khoang 4% dat trdng d Chau Phi dfldc tUdi tieu. Day la Cdn Sd' qua tha'p sd vdi nhflng ddng gdp can phai cd cua ngdnh ndng nghiep chau Phi trong nen kinh te.
Hdn nfla, nen ndng nghiep chau Phi dang gap phai sfl iing hp tfl cac chinh phii cac nfldc va cdng ddng quo'c te. Vien trd vad cac n g a n h ndng nghiep c6 xu hfldng giam dan tfl thap ky 1990. Hd trd nong nghiep cho cac nfldc thupc Cong ddng P h a t trien mien Nam chau Phi (SADC) cung khdng may k h a quan trong nhflng thap nien vfla qua, dac biet trong nganh Ifldng thflc, thflc pham, dan den sfl thieu hieu qua va yeu kem trong thu hut vdn dau tU.
Trong nhflng nam g i n day, vien trd nUdc ngdai chd nganh nong nghiep chau Phi bi c i t giam manh. Bang 1 cho tha'y sfl c i t giam vien trd cua cac td chflc va cong ddng qud'c te dd'i vdi cac nfldc khu vflc mien Nam chau Phi, dac biet la mfle vien trd ciia Quy phat trien Chau Au giam tfl 28% giai ddan 1980-1984 xudng cdn 3%
giai doan 1996-2000 vien trd danh cho cac nfldc nay. Tham chi, trong khi cac nUdc dang phat trien t r e n the gidi luon tan dung dUdc ngudn vien trd dang ke tfl Ngan h a n g The gidi, thi tai cac nfldc mien Nam chau Phi, ngudn vien trd tfl Ngan h a n g the gidi da bi cat giam tfl 25% giai doan 1980-1984 xud'ng cdn 5% giai doan 1996-2000.
Tap chi nghien cUu CllAc P H I & TBCVG »6iSG s6 03 (43) thang 3/2009
M
Nguyen Ngpc Tri Tinh hinh phdt then ndng nghiep.
B a n g 1: V i e n trd v a o n g a n h n o n g n g h i e p of c a c nxidc m i e n N a m c h a u P h i 2001
To chflc vien trd 1980-1984 1996-2000
(% tdng vien trp) (% tdng vien trd) Quy P h a t trien C h a u Phi (DAF) '
Quy p h a t trien C h a u Au (EDF) Ngan h a n g The gidi
IFAD
Hdp tac da phUdng Hpp tac song phUdng
; Tdng
22 28 23 69 27 15 20 •
<?):
14 i 3 5 \ 70 ^
7 8 8 :
(Trieu USD) 171
62 183 95 511 542 1.053 Ngudn: Carla Eicher trinh bdy hoi nghi Invent, IFPRI, NEPAD, vd CTA, 12-2003
Ben canh ngudn vien trd tren, nguen dich vu, n g a n h a n g , ddanh nghiep; va chi vd'n ODA chay vao Chau Phi CO sii p h a n bd cd 13% la cho san xua't ndng nghiep, du khdng dong deu, chu yeu t a p t r u n g mien lich, thUdng mai.
Phia Nam can X a h a r a . Trong khi cae nUde mien Nam can X a h a r a n h a n dUde 13.812 trieu USD vdn ODA, thi cac nUdc Bde can X a h a r a ehi n h a n dUpc vdi tdng vd'n la 2.395 trieu USD vao ndm 2001. Nhin chung, ngudn vd'n ODA cho toan k h u vUe chau Phi can X a h a r a t a n g manh, tuy nhien, ddi lap vdi xu t h e dd Id chau Phi da va dang CO sii chenh lech lai ngay cdng xa giUa hai k h u vUe nay. Dien h i n h nha't la n a m 2003, lUpng vd'n ODA vao cac nUdc B i c can X a h a r a giam so vdi ndm 2001 thi lai t a n g gap ddi d cac nfldc Nam can Xahara, dat 23.749 trieu USD n a m 2003.
Them vae dd, 44% trong tdng ngudn vd'n
Tinh h i n h thiic te cho tha'y, mac du cac nUdc thupc k h u vUc chau Phi da n h a n dupe lupng d a n g ke ngudn vd'n ODA, nhUng do sii p h a n bd ngudn vd'n khdng ddng deu giUa cac quo'c gia, ddng thdi sU quan ly khdng hdp ly ngudn vd'n ndy da lam giam hieu qua sii d u n g ngudn vd'n trong viec dau tU, p h a t trien ndng nghiep, xay diing cd sd h a t a n g n h i m k h i c phuc tinh t r a n g khiing h o a n g ndng nghiep da va dang xay r a tai cac nUdc chau Phi.
Nganh nong nghiep cua cac nUde chau Phi ngoai r a cdn gap r a t nhieu khd k h d n do chinh sach ndng nghiep chinh phu ciia ODA chu yeu dd vdo cd sd ha tang, dich cac nUdc. Trong nhUng ndm dau cua t h a p vu, giao due, y te, chinh phu, n h a d ...; ky 1980, chinh p h u cac nUdc t a p t r u n g 2 1 % ODA dau tU vae cd sd h a t a n g kinh te vien trd chd b a n b a n , thien tai nhUng h a u
18
Tap chi nghien cUu CllAc PHI & TBCXG BO^C sd 03 (43) thang 3/2009Tinh hinh phdt then ndng nghiep... Nguyin Ngpc Tri
h e t d e u m a n g t i n h c h a t b a o c a p . V a o d i u c h a u P h i v i n c h u y e u hUdng vao t h i t h a p ky 1990, c h i n h p h u cac nUde d a dUa t r U d n g t r o n g nUde Id c h i n h . S a n x u a t n d n g r a n h d n g c h i n h s a c h t r d c a p n h i m cai n g h i e p c h a u P h i k h d n g du d a p Ung n h u t h i e n t i n h h i n h v a d d n g gdp cho n g a n h c a u cho ngUdi d a n t a i c h a u luc n a y . M a c n d n g n g h i e p , t u y n h i e n viec t r d c a p la chi d u n g a n h n d n g n g h i e p c h a u P h i cd r a t n h a m gifl gia ca Ifldng thflc d mfle t h a p cd n h i e u cd hoi de t h a m n h a p vao t h i trfldng t h e d e dn d i n h n h u c a u t h i e t y e u . t h e gidi, n h f l n g cho d e n n a y cac nUde c h a u
. , . ^ , , - , - ' , . a , , P h i v d n de Id n h f l n g cd hdi dd.
N g a y n a y , t r o n g k h i t h e gidi d a n g bUdc vao giai d o a n hdi n h a p v a t o a n c i u h d a t h i
Chu thich:
' FAO 2006/ M a r k e t Opportunities for African Agnculture/A General Examination of Demand-Side C o n s t r a i n t s on Agriculture Growth in East and Southern Africa/ Xinshen Diao- Paul Dorosh-Shaikh Mahfuzur R a h m a n
- Africa's Growmg Soil Fertility Crisis/ What Role for Fertilizer/Jonathan agwe, micheal Morris and Erick F e n a n d e s
•' FAO 2003
" InterAcademy Council 2004
^ Han h a n Chau Phi hay nguy cd mot cuoc khung hoang/ www.thionthic-n.nrt- LUu DUdng bien dich/Theo thong tin the SWwwaziobsciver
'•' FAO 2006/ M a r k e t Opportunities for African A^iiculturc/A General Examination of Demand-Side C o n s t r a i n t s on Agriculture Growth in ivi^t and Southern Africa/ .Xinshen Diao- Paul Dorosh-Shaikh Mahfuzur R a h m a n
T a i l i e u t h a m k h a o
1. The crisis in African agriculture: a more effective role for EC aid? - Practical Action / PELUM 2005
2. Outlook, Opportunities and Constraints for African Agricultural Markets and Trade, Alexander S a r n s Director, T r a d e and Markets Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Presentation at the OECD, FAO, World Bank, IFAD, Global Forum on agriculture / Rome, November 12-13, 2007
3. FAO Statistical Yearbook, 2004 Vol.l/l/www.fao.orR/statistic.s/
Tgpchinghien cuu CHAC PIN * m i ^«. » « ^ « ^oOi (43) thang 3/2009 J 9
Nguyin Ngpc Tri Tinh hinh phdt trien nong nghiep...
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Washington, D.C. 20036-3006 U.S.A, August 1994
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9. The Role of Agriculture and Small Farms in Economic Development, Peter Hazell, Senior Institute Fellow, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), USA, Xinshen Diao, Senior Research Fellow, Development Strategy and Governance Division, International Food Pohcy Research Institute (IFPRI), USA
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Tap chi nghien ciru CiiAc Pill & TRCIMG BOIMG sd 03 (43) thang 3/2009
