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VAl DAC DIEM VE CHAM KHAC GO TREN DI SAN VAN HOA XlJ THANH

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ren ddng trdi chay cua Ijch sff, cho den nay, hau nhff chung ta chffa tim dffdc mpt d i u tfeh nao ke tff the ky XVI trd ve trffdc dffpc the hien tren go dxffThanh.Tren viing dat gde Bic Bp, sdm nhat chi cdn ddi ba dau tich tff thdi Tran (the k;;' XIV), roi tap trung vao thdi Mae (the k]? XVI t r d v l sau). Nhffng nien dai sdm nay khdng ed dxff Thanh. Nhilu nha n g h i i n effu cho rang, do hoan einh Ijch sff, vdi chien tranh Nam Bac t r i l u , xff Thanh bi chim trong binh Iffa, n§n trong the ky XVI khdng xuat hien noi cac k i l n true go. Nhffng khi ehien tranh vffa eham dfft, thi ngay dau the k^ XVII, mdt kiln true gd ndi tieng, hien eon de lai dau tich, do la hau eung effa dinh Bing Mdn tai huyen Hoang Hda. ChOng ta d i tim dffdc d day nhffng mang eham trau chudt, day dac, vdi mpt ky t h u i t d i l u luyen, qua sffthao dien cda nghe t h u i t eham Ipng, bong kSnh, ndi, ehim, p h i n i n h v l mpt sff nao nffe eua c i ffdc vpng tam iinh va the gian - mdt nhjp thd mudn ddi, mudn thud khdng vffpt ra ngoai tff duy ndng nghiep ehung cua nen van hda Bae Bd (theo cd giao sff Tff Chi, thi van hda Bac Bp chiem mpt khdng gian rpng Idn, bao gom c i ehiu thd Bie Bd vao den het Thanh Nghe TTnh). Vi, ehi khi tiep can vdi dinh Bang Mdn, chung ta sdm cdthe dffa ra mpt gia thiet d l lam viec: xffThanh la mpt trong nhffng dinh cao cua dieu khae go d i n tpe d thdi q u i khff.

Tff do, ngffdi ta ed the lien he den nhffng dien hinh khae, nhff den Ode Cffdc - Sam Son, vdi nhffng chuan mffe cua kien true truyen thong va cham khae tinh x i o tdi mffe tdi da, nhff dau bay eiia ngdi d i n trffdc d i y ehi eao hdn be m i t da bd via khoing 1,2m, rdi bd vl ndc dffdc cham kin dac, vdi nhffng

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rong v i linh vat khae eung ca mpt rffng dao mae nhff sff hdi ty eua sam ehdp day trdi, gpi mffa gpi mua sinh sdi. d kien true nay, mdt trong nhffng hau cung sdm nhat eua ngffdi Viet ra ddi va mat nao cung thay sff ddng dieu vdi nhieu kien trdc d Nam Ojnh va Ha Tay cu, chung da khang djnh v l ddng nghe thuat dan gian chiem t h i thffdng phong va ddng nhat tren cac lang que gde cua d i n tpe ta. Lan theo ddng chiy cua nghe thuat truyin thdng, k l h i n h hffOng dl tiep vao cac di sin van hda khic d nhffng vung xa hdn, de rdi chim vao nhffng ngac nhien m i thffc tinh. Dffng lai d den Tran Khat Chan, g i n Ham Rdng, mpt ngdi den nhd vdi cham ndi d i l u luyen qua nhffng thien than va mudng thu, cay ed l i m n i o nffe Idng ngffdi. d ndi dd, dffdi hinh thffc eham noi ve mdt bdng sen nd man khai, ed tam sen la hinh tffdng mpt con ngffdi dang dffpc sinh ra (?).

Tff day lien he den mdt hinh tffdng tffdng tff l i hien vat cua Bao tang Ljch sff, vdi bup sen dang tai sinh ra mpt con ngffdi... V nghia eua hinh tffpng niy (nhff anh hffcftig tffTInh 66 tdng) d l ndi ve Phat tii vdi kha nang tu ehffng cao thap khae nhau m i se dffdc tai sinh qua cic bdng sen to, nhd khae nhau.

Chung tdi dem theo nhffng d i l u vffdng van ciia n g h i t h u i t v i tam linh, de den vdi den Ly Thffdng Kilt, rdi den Le Hcan..., eung vdi nhffng net eham tinh vi day g i i trj bieu tffdng, de rdi tam dffng lai d ehua Hoa Long va d i n Tran Khat Chan eda huyen Vinh Ldc ma phieu d i l u v i o the gidi bieu tffpng, nham dpe lai nhffng thon thffc tam hdn cffa td tien ta thud tnide

Ve chda Hoa Long: nhieu ngffdi dffa tren hinh thffe cham khie eda nd thffdng eho rang, ehua niy la san pham eua t h i k^ thff XVII. d ndi ay, cd nhffng

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cd tiln dang rpng eanh, 6upc lim theo kieu nffa tffdng nffa phu dilu, dffpc gin trin cac xi cua gian giffa, rdi hinh tffdng nhijftig rdng vdi dao mac nhpn dau vi die biet la nhffng hinh tffpng ve con ngffdi, nhff cinh Lao Tff effdi triu. Dac biet, d phia ngoai lai cd hoat cinh din gian, nhff uong rffpu, hay canh vp chdng dang nffng eon..., rdi hien tffpng rdng ehiu mit trdi, cd Idng chff Phiic hoac chff Lpc trong tim, dd li cac hinh tffpng rit hiem thay tren cac di tich cung thdi khae. Tat ci nhffng hien tffpng nhff neu trin da eho phlp tam nhin nhin kiln true nay thudc nien dai thff XVtl la rat dung. Song, cd mpt hien vit khae, mi chung tdi ngd ring, di dupc lim trffdc nien dai nay. Cung nhff d hinh thffe cua kiln tnie (tuy la sin pham dffdc sffa chffa lai b thdi gian gin diy) van theo truyin thong tff trffdc the ky')(VII, cu the nhff sau:

VI chile nhang in da: da nhieu ngffdi cho rang, day ia sin pham cCia thdi Tran? Trong ddt khio sit tffdng ddi ky vffa qua, chdng tdi da tim thay nhieu hinh tffdng cham khic cd phan xa la vdi nien dai niy, nhff eie vu nff thiln than da dffpc the hien khdng theo Idi mdn cCia cic Apsaras phffong Nam va cda thdi Ly-Tran nffa. Oe tii nay van li nff nhan, hai tay gid rdng sang hai ben de dd dii sen, viy cun edn... Nhffng neu nhff thdi gian trffdc dd, chin gap eua vu nff thffdng la ehin chju Iffc, cdn chan sau dudi ra d l tao v l dep chu^n mffe, trong do, vdi ngffdi phffdng Nam, chin nay thffdng dffdc dudi thing thi d diy hdi khuyu mpt chut, tao nen net trff tinh, mim mai, song dd ehi li hinh thffc rilng bilt eda moi din tdc ma khdng vffdt ra ngoii nguyen tic. Tai nhang in Hoa Long, nhffng vu nff nay mdt chan chdng, mpt ehin khuyu diu chia nhau chiu Iffc ciia Cdthe, ddng thdi than cua tffpng nhff dffpc dffng dffng lln so vdi cic thdi trffdc. Nhin dai the, phan nio chdng ta thay, vu nff thiln than nay gan gui vdi mpt so hinh tffpng con ngffdi trong tranh dan gian, nhff "hffng dffa"... Mdt hinh thffc khic li dai sen eda nhang in khdng cdn to Idn va mup phdng len nhff cua thdi Mae vi cua thdi trffdc nffa.

Rdi he thdng sdng d dffdi chin nhang an ed phan eo l i vi chin sdng da md rdng... hinh tffpng nay phan nio tffdng ddng vdi sdng d nhang in cua chua Nhan Thap, thupe Khoii Chiu, Hffng Yin, dffpc xic dinh nien dai cu thi vao nam 1573. Ngoii ra, neu dem so sinh nhang an nay vdi nhffng nhang in d i cu thi cua thdi Tran, thi ci hinh khdi va chi tilt da ed mdt dp ehinh nhit djnh... Nhff vay, bffdc

dau tam thdi chung tdi nght tdi, niln dai eda nhang an Hoa Long ehl nam vio cudi the ky XVI - dau thi ky XVII ma thdi.

Ve ket cau ngoi ehua: thffe ra khdng ed gi rilng biet, hien nay chua van chi cd 1 gian hai chii, da dffpc Ipp ngdi cda the ky XIX va xay tffdng xung quanh. Cd mpt ldi ke cda din dja phffong rang, khi xffa ehua d noi khic, di dffpc dffa v l dja diem hiln tai vi dffng lai theo nguyin miu cu, chfnh mau cu niy da neo mat chiing tdi d l tff duy trdi ve thdi ky trffdc the ky )(VII - thdi ky mi kiln trdc eiia ngffdi Viet chffa ed tiu dao li mai. Chiing ta cd the tim dffpc hinh thffc nay dtda thffpng dien cua chiia Mui (Hffng Thanh quan, Thffdng Tin, Ha Ndi), dffdc xic djnh nien dai vao the ky XVI (rat tile li dot tu sffa gin diy di bj dffa tau mai vio). Mpt dan ehffng khie, do la d ehua Tff An (Thanh Than, Thanh Oai, Ha Npi), hien van giff dffdc kit cau cu, vdi hinh thffc chffa Cd tau dao li mil... Tff hhffng lien he niy, ehdng tdi nhff tim thiy dffpc hdi hffdng eCia mdt ddng kien true cd truyin tren xff Thanh, di may man cdn lai d chua Hoa Long nay.

Viden Trdn Khdt Chdn: nam d ben trai chua, cd the coi nhff eCing mdt khuon viln. Tran Khat Chan li mpt tffdng quan cd nhilu edng lao dthdi Tran, nhat li vdi ngffdi xffThanh, nen dng di dffpc thd d nhieu ndi. Tuy dng la ngffdi gde Nam Ojnh nhimg vin dffdc tdn thd tai diy, phan nio da ndi len tam hdn cdi mdcua ngffdi xffThanh, trin mpt vung dat di dung hpi cie than linh va danh tffdng d mudn phffdng de gdp phan xay dffng nin ve dep thinh thien mudn thud. Vi, ngffdi xffThanh da danh cho dng mpt tinh cim dac biet, vdi ngdi den to Idn vi eung die biet ci v l gii tri nghe thuit ma kho cd thi tim thay d ndi khie (ngay ei chinh trin qui hffdng dng). Ndi v l nghe thuit kien true den, thi hien nay hau nhff ehung ta cdn tim dffpc rat it ngdi din ed nien dai tff the k;^ XVII trd v l trffdc, chi tam cd the diem tdi den vua Dinh, vua Le, din Diem Giang d Ninh Blnh va diy dd cdn mdt vai ngdi d eie tinh khic. Nhff the, phin nio hien nay ndi tap trung nhat lai d Thanh Hda, mi chung ta thay dffdc, nhff din Ly Thffdng Kiet, den Ode Cffdc va die bi?t la den Tran Khit Chan...

Vio khoang ddi TffDffc, ngffdi din d}a phffdng da xay chan trffdc ngdi din goc mdt tda tien bai, khien ft nhieu kien true gde nay bj anh hffdng. Tuy nhien, khdng vi the ma gia trj tff thin cua nd bj suy giim, nhat la d ci kiln true va phu dieu. d ITnh vffe

Tran Vift Anh: Vii die ^-^ ^'i cham khic gS.

Ngh^ thu|t ch^m kh^c trSn &hi Trin Khit Chin, kien true, ngoi den dffpc lim theo kieu thffc "tff thCiy quy dffdng", vdl tda tien bii, hinh lang vi nhi hau dm [ay ndi thd tff ehfnh. Die bilt ngffdi dffdng thdi di tao nin hai 'khu dTcda mil hinh lang nhd cao tren mil cua tda tiln bii goc, ed le ehd yeu de lay sff thdng thoang.Tai vj tri nay van cdn cic ming cham eCta the k^ XVII, thim chi ci hinh tffdng cdn ngffdi.

Dd li mdt die dtem rieng mi hau nhff ehi d ngdi din niy mdi cd.

Trd lai vdi kiln true eua tda den gde, trffdc hit chung ta khdng thay kiln true ed xu hffdng vffdn theo chilu cao. Phai ching, dd la hien tffdng bat nguon tff viec chffa day than linh lln cao ma nhff cd y thffe din trii theo tff duy ndng nghilp. Kit eiu nay tao ra khdng gian hit sffc am cung trong mach chiy-'mudn hda vdi thiln nhiln, vu try d l tdn tai".

Tda tiln bii gde ed Idng nhi rat hep, khoing cich giffa hai cpt cai chi xap xl tren hoac dffdi 2m, vdi kien true 4 hing chin cdt. Cd le, do Idng nhi qui hep nen v l sau da dffng them mpt tda tien bii khie nhff da trinh bay b phan trin? Va, cung cd le, do Idng nhi hep nhffviy, khiln cac ming cham trd nen dac kin (d vi ndc vi dac biet d cae vj tri van gid mat trffdc). Chung ta cung di thiy mpt thanh phan kien trdc dffpc coi nhff sdm nhat trong he thdng kiln true eua ngffdi Viet la chile xi Idng d hai dau

VJhh L^, Thanh Hda - TX. XMI - Anh: Li Thio hdi, 6i eCing vdi xa dai tao nen mpt bd khung kiln trdc vffng chic. Chii nhin tao tic ngdi din niy khdng mudn phdi ra dffdi con mit cffa k l hinh hffdng nhffng ket cau kiln true bao trcm ddng bin (ke ci k l xoi vi nhffng cpt nhd) mi da dung thCi phip eham khie long, bong kinh, ndi, thCing de che day di. Cd the ndi, din Tran Khat Chin li mdt tic pham nghe thuit khi hoin ehinh, bdi si/thao dien ky thuit dieu luyen effa ngffdi dffdng thdi.

Trong "khdng gian"iy, chung ta tim dffpc hiu hit mpi d l tai cham khae da tffng bit gap b nhilu ngdi dtnh, din, chua trin dat Bie. Dd ti cac vu nff thiln than ngdi trin diu rdng hay effdi rdng, nhffng chim phffpng hit sffc dan gian, nhffng eon thff leo trio tren dao rdng, khi thi eon thd Idn can con thu nhd, hoac mdt dang eon mdi khic li ci, rdi cinh voi eung quin tffdng, hac ngim einh hoa... Tit ei nhffng hinh tffdng iy, ting ting Idp Idp 6upc diln ra trong phffong thffc ddng hien, dffdi mpt bd cue ed v l nhff tff do ma rat chuan mffe. Cd t h i ke ra mdt dien hinh nhff sau, d ngay phfa mat trffdc cffa tda tiln bii, dffpc cham die kin nhOYig hinh tffpng nhff neu trin. Sdng, ding quan tim li, d trung tim mat ngoii gian giffa da cd 4 cpt trang tri. Hai cdt giffa li vu nff dffng tren dau rdng dang mua, mi mdt vai nhi nghien cffu din tdc hpc my thuat dot ngpt ngd

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ring, dd la nhffng thien than dang miia tren miy, p h i n n i o edn ngd nhff dd la than mua, mang dam tfnh d i n gian. 6 mpt cpt kha(; cdblnh thffe tmc hda long, bo cyc vdi khdng gian ben t r i n l i mdt con dai b i n g dffng, nhin chinh d i l n , d phfa b i n dffdi cd hai con hd dang lap Id d ben goc true (luc nay da hda rdng], khien chdng ta nhff ngd ring, chim l i tffpng trffng cho tang tren, hd tffpng trffng cho tang dffdi v i gaeh noi giffa am dffong (trin dffdi) chinh l i c i y trffe (mang tff cich l i than rdng). Offong nhien, cac d l tai khae cung mang tinh n i o nffe va gia trj nghe thuit rat cao.

D i n Trin Khit Chan ludn ludn dffpc ngffdi dan cic thdi quan tam, vi the dau an n g h i thuat mupn cung da xuat hien, eu t h i nhff, ed nhffng bp vi van me da cham h o i n t o i n bdi mpt mat hd phu Idn dang pe ra chff Thp. O i y la mdt hinh tffdng g i n vdi ffdc vpng c i u no du, nhffng d linh vffe nghe t h u i t thi p h i i ndi r i n g , day la mpt bffe cham hd phu rat dep cua the ky XIX ma hiem t h i y b cic noi khic. Cung ed the, d ITnh vffe cham khie it n h i l u

cd chju i n h hffdng cua van hda Phit g i i o nen tren mpt mang cham da ed hinh tffdng rua trong hd sen, vdi mai ddng nhat vdi c i n h sen up, trong dd cac g i n la sen nhff ndi ve 84.000 phap mdn chiy ve mdt cupng, dd la ddng nffde cam Id, g i i i t h o i t mpi kho dau.

N g h i thuat kiln tnic, cham khae eua den Tran Khit Chan Thanh Hda can p h i i dffdc nghien cffu va trinh bay mpt cieh ed he thdng va day du hdn bang mpt eudn sich chuyen de. Tuy nhien, bffdc dau chung tdi chf xin dffng lai b mot v i i c i m xuc nghe thuat ciia mpt ngffdi l i m edng t i e van hda - nghe t h u i t khi ngd ngang trffdc mpt edng trinh my thuat eham khie chuan mffe.

Qua nhffng di san van hda nghe thuat nay, ehung tdi mong dffdc nhu mpt manh van nhd tren ehiee cau ndi q u i khff vdi the he chung ta va mai sau, de mpt ming tam hdn day tran trd vcfl nhffng ffdc vpng truyen ddi eua td tien ludn thdi thuc d i n ta t i l n v l phfa trffdca

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M ^ sS ai t i l ch^m khic tr*n Ain Trin Khit Chin, VTnh ipc, Tiianh Hda - Anh: IS Thio

Iran Viet Anh: Some Characteristics on Wooden Sculpture in the Cultural Heritage of Thanh Hoa Province

Thanks to the fieldwork of cultural heritage and its combination with the correspondent social and historical contexts, the author shows that Thanh Hoa isa center for traditional wooden sculpture, typically in Hoa Long pagoda and Tran Khat Chin teraifSlt'^J^ '^''