TAC DONG CUA HOAT DONG LIEN KET XUOI VA NGU'OC DEN
• • • *
DOI M 6 I S A N P H A M C U A CONG TY CON: TRU'OiNG HOP TAI VIET NAM
Vo Van Dirt
Khoa Kinh ti, Trudng Dgi hgc Cdn Tha Email: [email protected] Le Hoang Ddng Phuoiig
Panda Global Logistics Co., LTD, TP. Hd Chi Minh Email: phuongjustphuong@gmail. com
Ngaynhan: 6/11/2015 Ngay nhan ban sira: 18/01/2016 Ngay duyet dang: 25/8/2016
Tom tat:
Muc tieu ciia bdi viit ndy Id nghiin cim su dnh hu&ng cua hogt dpng lien kit dgc din ddi m&i sdn phdm cua cdng ty con tgi Viet Nam. Dua vdo Ly thuyit mgng lu&i kinh doanh, nghien cim gid thuyit rdng cdc cdng ty con thupc cdc cdng ty da qudc gia cd khd ndng ddi m&i cao han khi mite dp liin kit ngugc vd lien kit xudi cdng cao vai ddi tdc kinh doanh trong nu&c. Sit dung dit lieu tit Ngdn hdng the gi&i tgi 354 cong ty con dang hogt dpng tgi Viet Nam di kiim dinh cdc gid thuyet. Kit qud md hinh Probit cho biet rdng, lien kit ngugc vd lien kit xudi cd mdi tuang quan thugn v&i ddi mai sdn phdm cua cdng ty con, v&i su kiim sodt dgc diim cua cdng ty con, cdng ty me vd nu&c ddu tu.
Tir khoa: cdng ty con, cdng ty da qudc gia, ddi mdi san pham, lien ket dpc.
The Impact of forward and backward linkages on subsidiary innovation: The case of Vietnam
Abstract:
This paper investigates the impact of vertical linkages on subsidiary innovation in Vietnam.
Budding upon business network theory, we hypothesize that a subsidiary is likely to reach a higher level of its product innovation when the level of its backward and forward linkages with domestic business actors is higher. The study uses the data set of the World Bank at 354 subsidiaries locating along the country to test the hypotheses. The results of Probit regression strongly support our proposed hypotheses with controlling the characteristics of subsidiary, parent firm and home country.
Keywords: Subsidiary; multinational enterprise; product innovation; vertical linkage.
1. Gioi thieu cdng ty con (Phene & Almeida, 2008). Nhilu Cae cdng ty da quic gia (MNEs) dugc khai niem "g^ien cuu da chi ra ring cac cdng ty con sd huu
, ,. ^ , 1 X , . , • 1 . u nhft'ng ngudn kien thitc quan trong gdp phan vao su nhu mot mang luoi toan cau gom nhung chl nhanh, . . . , . , , i . o o i - r
doi mai chung cho ca mang luai (Phene & Almeida, nhung chl nhanh nay gift vai trd quan trpng ddi vd, 2008; Vo Van Dirt, 2014). Vi vay thiu hilu diing Igi the canh tranh cua cong ty da qudc gia din boat dpng d i i mdi ciia cdng ty con la quan trpng (Birkinshaw & cpng su, 1998). Mdt trong nhung vai bdi kit qua cua su ddi mdi tac ddng tryc tilp din ted cdt yeu do chinh la su ddi mdi san pham ciia hieu qua boat dpng cua cdng ty con ndi rieng va Sd 231 thing 9/2016 25
mang ludi cdng ty da qudc gia ndi chung.
Mdt trong nhung ly thuyet hien dai giai thich hoat ddng ciia MNE la Ly thuyet mang ludi kinh doanh (Andersson & cdng su, 2007; Forsgren, 2008). Theo Ly thuyet nay, cdng ty me khdng cd kien thirc ve mdi tradng kinh doanh dja phuang vi cdng ty me chi la cdng ty ngoai cudc, chi cd lien he toong ddi vdi mang ludi kinh doanh cua cdng ty con. Viec gia nhap thanh cdng vao mang ludi kinh doanh tai nudc tiep nhan dau to ciia cdng ty con se mang lai nhieu Igi ich hon cho hg.
Cho den nay, cd mot vai nghien cuu da cho thay sy ddi mdi phu thudc vao kha nang tiep thu va tdng hgp kien thirc mdi cua cdng ty con to' mang ludi lien ket ben teong va ben ngoai (Mudambi & Navarra, 2004). Nhung kien thu'c mdi ma cdng ty con tiep thu to mang ludi nay deu cd tac ddng tich cue den su ddi mdi (Frost, 2001). Tuy nhien, cac nghien cira nay chua chi ra dugc vai trd quan trpng cua boat dpng lien ket dpc (giua cdng ty con va cac ddi tac tai nudc nhan dau to) ddi vdi boat dpng ddi mdi san pham cua cdng ty con. Ddng thdi, nhung lap luan ly thuyet va bang chitng thyc nghiem ve van de nay cdn kha hiem. Hon nfta, nhirng nghien cira tren chua kham pha boat ddng ddi mdi ciia cdng ty con tai nen kinh te mdi ndi.
Chinh vi vay, muc tieu cua bai viet nay la nghien cira anh hudng cua boat ddng lien kit dpc din ddi mdi san pham ciia cdng ty con tai Viet Nam. Nhung tranh luan ve mat ly thuyet ciia nghien ciiu se bl sung nen tang kien thuc ly thuyet ve lien kit dpc va ddi mdi cua cdng ty con. Ddng thdi, bai vilt cung cap bang chung thyc nghiem ve mdi quan he giua lien ket dpc va ddi mdi trong bdi canh Viet Nam cd nhieu cdng ty nudc ngoai dang boat ddng. Nhung ham y ctia bai viet giup tang cudng lien kit gifta cdng ty con va doanh nghiep ban dja de nang cao kha nang hpc hdi va kien thuc gdp phin gia tang ddi mdi. Day la mdt trong nhung yeu td quan trpng giup doanh nghiep nang cao kha nang canh tranh va phat trien ben vung hon. Do vay, nghien cira mii quan he giu'a lien ket dpc va ddi mdi het sire quan trpng ca ve mat hpc thuat va thuc tien.
Phan cdn lai ciia bai viet dupe td chitc nhu sau:
Muc 2 trinh bay ly thuyet, phat triln gia thuylt, phuong phap nghien citu; Muc 3 trinh bay kit qua nghien cira va thao luan; va culi cung, kit luan, khuyen nghi, ham y cua bai viet dugc tdng kit d Muc 4.
Sd 231 thing 9/2016 26
2. Tdng quan nghien ctiu, cc sd ly thuyet va phuo-ng phap nghien cuu
2.1. Tdng quan nghiin cuu, ca s& ly thuyet vd md hinh nghien cieu
Lien kit dpc bao gdm tit ca cac chudi lien ket gia tej dugc tao nen giua cae cdng ty con thudc cdng ty da quic gia va cdng ty ndi dia tai nudc tiep nhan dau to'. Sy anh hudng cua cac tap doan da quic gia din nln kinh tl nudc nhan dau to' thdng qua nhung lien kit dpc chil ylu xay ra d giua cac nganh cdng nghiep ban la ben trong ndi bg nganh cdng nghiep (Kugler, 2006), va ngugc lai. Lien ket dpc dugc phan loai la lien ket ngugc va lien ket xudi. Trong dd, lien kit ngugc gdm tat ea cac mdi lien he hudng len vdi nha cung itng tam thdi, nha cung itng then chit hay nha thiu phu (UNCTAD, 2001). Lien kit xudi bao gdm tat ca cac mdi lien he hudng xudng gifta cdng ty con vdi ngu'di tieu dung, dai ly va nha phan phdi tai nudc tiep nhan dau to.
Theo Ly thuyet mang ludi kinh doanh (Andersson & cdng sy, 2007; Forsgren, 2008; De Jong & cdng sy, 2015), mang ludi kinh doanh tdn tai ca trong cdng ty da qudc gia lan trong mdi tradng kinh doanh tai nudc nhan dau tu cua cdng ty con.
Cac cdng ty con cd sy khac biet ve lich sir, tinh chat va mu'c dp lien ket ben trong va ben ngoai mang ludi ciia cdng ty da qudc gia (Forgren & edng su, 2007). Nhu'ng lien ket ban dau cd the chi la sy toong tac binh thudng nhung dan ve sau phat teiln thanh nhftng mii quan he dya tren sy tin tudng lin nhau, sy thich nghi va thien chi xay dyng mil quan he lau dai thi rat can thilt cho boat dpng dii mdi thanh cdng (Uzzi, 1997). Nhung mii quan he vdi eac dii tac khac nhau la quan trpng vi thdng qua qua trinh toong tac lan nhau, cac cdng ty con cd kha nang phat trien ve cdng nghe. Nhung kha nang nay gitip cdng ty con diy manh khai thac triet dl ban cac ngudn luc rdi rac va tilp thu kiln thuc mdi giiip mang ludi cdng ty da quic gia manh han (Gulati &
cpng sy, 2000).
Ke thira ly thuylt tren, tac gia lap luan ring mii'c dp lien ket ngupc cua cdng ty con cang cao thi kha nang ddi mdi cua cdng ty con cang cao. Lap luan nay dupe giai thich bdi hai ly dd. Thir nhit, lien kit ngugc cang nhilu ding nghTa vdi sy thit chat va mirc dp toong tac gifta cdng ty con va nha cung itng.
Thdng qua do, miic dp trao dii thdng tin va ca hdi tiep can thdng tin mdi se cang eao (Andersson &
cdng sy, 2007). Thir hai, lien kit ngugc cang cao tao ddng luc xay dyng nilm tin giu'a cdng ty con va nha
kiniiiyiiiitlriiM!
Hinh 1: JMo hinh nghien cii'u
Lien ket ngugc (+)
Lien ket xuoi
Hoat dgng doi mdi
cua cdng ty con Cac yeu td khac
Ngudn: Tdc gid phdt thdo
eung img tai nudc nhan dau to, to' do lam tang kha nang chia se cac thdng tin mat vdn chi dugc chia se npi bd. Ket qua la nhftng ngudn kien thitc gia tri va ca hdi hpc hdi se hd trg qua trinh ddi mdi cho cdng ty con. Vi vay, gia thuyet thit nhat dugc de nghi:
Gia thuyet 1: Lien ket ngugc se cd mdi toang quan thuan vdi boat dpng ddi mdi ciia cdng ty con.
Tuong to. cdng ty con ed mite dp lien ket xudi cang cao nghTa la nd cd mdi quan he rdng rai vdi khach hang va dai ly trong mang ludi kinh doanh.
Nhung quan he nay lam tang kha nang ddi mdi san pham ciia cdng ty con bdi hai ly do. Thu nhat, cac ddi tac trong mang ludi se san Idng chia se kien thuc mdi ve cdng nghe tan tien nhat va cho phep cdng ty con dugc tham nhap vao cac ngudn kien thuc khac nhau (Andersson & cdng su, 2007). Dac biet la qua trinh trao ddi kien thuc mdi se trd nen de dang ban VI gifta hp cd su am hieu sau sac lan nhau va nhan thire diing ve sy phat trien tdi uu cho ddi ben. Bang each ket hgp cac ngudn lyc cd gia trj va kien thuc mdi nay, cdng ty con cd the tao ra y tudng mdi, sang kien ra con dudng kinh doanh mdi va phat trien cdng nghe mdi ma chiing deu cd lgi cho sy ddi mdi (Andersson & cpng sy, 2007).
Thir hai, nhung mdi quan he lau dai va gan giii vdi khach bang se giup cdng ty con am hieu hon ve nhu cau cua khach hang (Yamin & Andersson, 2011). Cang am hieu khach hang cang nhieu, cdng ty se san xuat ra san pham dap u'ng dung nhu cau thay ddi theo thdi gian ciia khach hang, to' do lam nen tang cho sy ddi mdi de thich nghi tiep theo. Do vay, gia thuyet thir hai la:
Gia thuyet 2: lien ket xudi va boat ddng ddi mdi cua cdng ty con cd quan he ddng bien.
Dua vao hai gia thuyet tren va ket qua ctia cac nghien cira trudc (Semos & cpng sy, 2005; Taggart
& Hood, 1999) md hinh nghien cira dugc khai quat d Hinh I.
2.2. Phuffng phdp nghiin cuu 2.2.1. Dii lieu sit dung
De kiem djnh cac gia thuyet tren, bai viet sir dyng ngudn du lieu dieu tra doanh nghiep nam 2005 tit Ngan hang thi gidi. Ngudn dft lieu nay dugc cdng b l tren trang web cua Ngan hang the gidi (http://w'ww.worldbank.org) va cung dugc sit dung phd bien trong nhieu nghien cira da cdng bd tren cac tap chl qudc te va trong nudc cd uy tin (Bardasi &
cdng sy, 2012; Ramadami & van Witteloostoijn, 2012; Vd Van Dut & Nguygn Thj Y i n Nhi, 2015).
Theo ngudn du lieu nay, cd 354 cdng ty cd vdn dau tu nudc ngoai (cdng ty con) dang boat ddng tai Viet Nam cung cap dii cac thdng tin phyc vu cho mue tieu nghien cuu. Vi vay, tdng sd quan sat dugc su dung trong nghien cu'u nay la 354.
2.2.2. Dinh nghia vd do ludng cdc biin trong md hinh nghien cim
Biin phu thupc (Y):
Hoat dpng ddi mdi san pham cua cdng ty con.
Hoat dpng ddi mdi dupe djnh nghTa la "cac ddi mdi san pham hay quy trinh cdng nghe bao gdm hang loat cac boat dpng nghien cuu khoa hpc, cdng nghe, td chiic, tai chinh va thuang mai", nhung "cac san pham hay quy trinh cdng nghe mdi chi dugc eoi la dugc thuc hien neu nhu da dugc thj tradng chip nhan hoac dugc su dung trong qua trinh san xuat"
(OECD, 2005, 46). Tai cau hdi q28a trong philu dieu tra nam 2005 ciia Ngan hang the gidi yeu eiu ngudi quan ly cdng ty tra Idi rang: "Trong nhung ndm gdn day, doanh nghiip cua Ong/Bd co tiep nhgn cdng nghi m&i de thay ddi quy trinh sdn xudt sdn phdm hoac de sdn xudt sdn phdm m&i hay khdng?". Dua vao cau hdi nay, nghien cira do ludng bien phu thudc - ddi mdi san pham eua cdng ty con bang bien gia, nhan gia trj I khi nha quan ly tra Idi
"cd" va nhan gia trj 0 khi nha quan ly tra Idi la
"khdng"
Sd 231 thdng 9/2016 27
llrii
Cdc biin dpc lap:
Lien kit ngitgc (X,) phan anh nhung mdi quan he giua cdng ty con vdi nhung nha cung ung dja phuang, nghTa la cdng ty con thu mua san pham, bang hda to mdt cdng ty khac tai nudc nhan dau to de lam nguyen lieu dau vao (Hirschman, 1958). Vi vay, lien ket ngugc dugc do ludng bang % hang hda edng ty con thu mua tit nha cung img ndi dja ben ngoai mang ludi cdng ty da qudc gia (Jindra & cdng sy, 2009). Tai cau hdi 16al yen cau ngudi quan ly fra Idi: "Ong/Bd vui Idng cho biit, trong ndm qua doanh nghiip cua Ong/Bd mua hdng hda ddu vdo hoac nguyin lieu ddu vdo tit nhd cung img npi dia chiim bao nhieu % trong tdng sd cdn mua ciia doanh nghiep?" Dya vao thdng tin nay, lien ket ngugc dugc do ludng bdi % lupng hang hda hoac nguyen vat lieu dau vao ma cdng ty con thu mua to nha cung ung teong nudc. Gia trj ciia biln nay thay ddi to 0% den 100%. Gia tej nay cang cao chung td cdng ty con cd cac boat dpng lien ket ngupc cang nhieu.
Lien kit xudi (Xfj la nhung mdi quan be gifta cdng ty con vdi khach hang hay dai ly tai nudc nhan dau to. Do do, lien ket xudi dupe do ludng bing % sd san pham dugc ban cho khach hang ben ngoai mang ludi cdng ty da quic gia teen ting doanh sd (Jindra & cpng su, 2009). Tuong to nhu lien kit ngupc, tai can hdi 15a yen ciu ngudi quan ly tra ldi:
"Ong/Bd vui long cho biet, trong ndm qua % doanh thu cita doanh nghiip dugc bdn cho cdc doanh nghiip tunhdn npi dia, doanh nghiip nhd nu&c, dgi ly npi dia, cdc cd nhdn npi dia (chiim trong tdng doanh thu ciia doanh nghiep) la bao nhiiu?". Gia trj cua biln nay thay dii to 0% din 100%. Gia trj cang cao nghTa la cdng ty con cd boat ddng lien kit xudi cang nhieu.
Cdc biin kiim sodt: Ben canh lien kit ngugc va lien ket xudi, ddi mdi cua cdng ty con cd thi chju tac ddng bdi cac ylu tl khac lien quan din dac dilm ciia cdng ty con, cdng ty me va nudc diu to nhu sau:
- Mite dp nghien cim vdphdt triin dugc do ludng bang % kha nang thilt kl cho hoat ddng nghien ctto va cai tien dugc sit dung (cau hdi q24a). Ty le nay cang tang thi dii mdi cang tang.
- Quy md ciia cdng ty con dugc do bing sl luong nhan vien lam viec toan thdi gian tinh din nam 2005 (can hdi q74a).
- Ndm hogt dPng ciia cdng ty con tinh bing sl nam kinh doanh ctta cdng ty con tu nam thanh lap
Sd 231 thing 9/2016
din nam 2005 (cau hdi q06).
- Phuang thitc gia nhgp thi tru&ng cua cdng ty me do ludng bang bien gia, nhan gia trj I ddi vdi hinh thire M&A va nhan gia tei 0 trong tradng hgp diu to mdi hoan toan (100% vdn nude ngoai) (cau hdi Ola).
- Kinh nghiim ciia ngu&i qudn ly the hien sd nam lam viec thudc ITnh vyc boat ddng cua cdng ty tinh din nam 2005 (cau hdi ql4).
- Xudt khdu ciia cdng ty con dugc do ludng bang
%i doanh thu ma cdng ty xuat khau tren tdng doanh thu (cau hdi 15a).
- Dac diem qudc gia dugc kiem soat la tdc dpng cua qudc gia ddu tu. Nhung cdng ty me den to 41 qudc gia khac nhau tren the gidi. Do vay, bien nay dugc do ludng bien gia de phan biet gifl'a qudc gia thudc nhdm nudc phat teien va nhdm dang phat trien. Nhdm nude phat trien nhan gia tri 1 va ngugc lai la 0.
2.2.3. Phuang phdp u&c lucmg
Bien phy thudc do ludng bdi bien gia, nen nghien ciiu sit dung md hinh Probit CWooldridge, 2002) dl udc lupng tac ddng eua lien kit dpc din hoat dpng ddi mdi san pham cua edng ty eon. Phuong teinh ude lugng dugc thi hien nhu sau:
Y = a + (3,X, + P2X2 + P3X3 + p,X, + (55X5 + p^Xg + p^X^ + p^Xg + p^X^ + s tiong dd, Y: biln phu thudc
Y = 1 - Cd ddi mdi Y = 0 - Khdng ddi mdi a: hang sd;
P, 2: he sl ude lugng cua eae biln ddc lap;
X, 2: gia tej eua eac biln ddc lap;
Pj^g: he sd ude lupng cua cac biln kilm soat;
^3-^9' g'a trj eiia cae ylu t l kilm soat;
£: sai sl ctia md binh Probit.
3. Kit qua va thao luan
3.1. Md td thdng ki vd mdi tucmg quan giira cdc biin trong md hinh nghien ciiu
Bang 1 cho bilt gia tri trang binh, dp lech chuin, he sd phdng dai phuang sai (Variance inflation fac- tor - VIF) va mdi to'ong quan giua cac biln trong md hinh nghien cuu. Kit qua phan tich ma tran toong quan d Bang 1 cho thay he sd toong quan giua cac bien ddc lap thip (< 0,8) (Hair & cdng sy, 2006). He sd to'ong quan cao nhit 0,35 la mii toang quan giua doanh thu xuit khiu va R&D. Ben eanh do, kit 28
qua kiem djnh cho thiy rang, tat ca cac bien deu cd gia tij VIF dudi "ngudng" gia tri 10,0. Cac ket qua ham y rang, khdng xay ra hien tagng da cdng toyen (multicoUinearity) khi xem xet tat ea eac bien ddng thdi trong mdt md hinh nghien citu (Hair & cdng su, 2006).
Them vao dd, ket qua kiem djnh Wald cho biet, du lieu cua nghien cira khdng xay ra hien togng phuang sai sai sd thay ddi (Heteroscedasticity) vi kiem djnh nay khdng cd y nghTa ve mat thdng ke vdi gia tri p la p=0,27. Cae ket qua kiem dinh tren ngam djnh rang, khdng lam eho gia trj udc lupng cac bien sd tiong md hinh nghien cim bj cheeh (unbiased estimation). Lien ket xudi, lien ket ngugc va qudc gia dau ta cd mdi toong quan thuan vdi ddi mdi san pham ciia edng ty con tai mite y nghTa thdng ke la 1% (p<0,001). Dieu nay cho thay eac yeu td nay cd mdi quan he chat che vdi boat ddng ddi mdi cua cdng ty con.
3.2 Kit qud vd thdo luan
Ket qua udc lugng md hinh Probit ve tac dgng ciia lien ket dpc den hoat ddng ddi mdi eua cdng ty con thudc cdng ty da qudc gia dugc trinh bay tiong Bang 2. Bang 2 cho biet gia tij phu hop logarit (log likelihood) cd sy cai thien to -236,72 (md hinh I) len -162,15 (md hinh 2), -171,16 (md hinh 3) va tiep tae tang len -74,32 (md hinh 4). Dieu nay chimg td md hinh 4 cd the giai thich sy tac ddng ciia cac bien ddc lap len bien phu thudc tdt ban so vdi cae md hinh cdn lai. Bd vi, khi dua tung bien ddc lap citng vdi bien kiem soat vao md hinh thi Pseudo R2 tang qua cac md hinh, d md hinh 4 Pseudo R2 la cao nhat chitng td viec dua ca 2 bien ddc lap cimg 1 luc de xem xet la phii hgp nhat vi Pseudo R2 la cao nhat.
Md hinh 1 teong Bang 2 chi xem xet tac ddng ciia cac yeu td kiem soat den ddi mdi san pham ciia cdng ty con. He sd Pseudo-R^ ciia md hinh la 0,035.
Gia tej eiia p la 0,042, cd nghTa la md hinh I cd y nghTa thdng ke d muc 5%. Ket qua trong md hinh 1 eho thay rang, nam boat ddng ciia edng ty eon, quy md ciia cdng ty con, doanh thu xuat khau, kinh nghiem ciia ngudi quan ly va phuong thitc gia nhap thj tradng khdng cd y nghTa ve mat thdng ke (lan lugt cho cac bien nay la p= 0,000, p>0,l; P=
0,000, p>0,l; p = -0,000, p>0,l; p= -0,000, p>0,l;
P=0,10, p>0,I).
Kit qua nay chi ra rang, eac yeu td nay khdng tac ddng den hoat ddng ddi mdi ciia cdng ty eon (it nhit
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Sd 231 thing 9/2016 29
vl mat thing ke). Trong kbi do, R&D cd mii tuong quan thuan vdi boat dgng ddi mdi ciia cdng ty con tai miic y nghTa thing ke 5% (P= 0,04, p<0,05). Kit qua nay ed nghTa la, khi cdng ty con tang ty le nang lyc nghien cuu va ddi mdi cho hoat ddng R&D cang nhilu thi kha nang dii mdi cua cdng ty con se cang cao ban. Vl mat ly thuylt, dilu nay hoan toan phil hgp bdi R&D dupe bilt din nhu mdt yeu td quan trpng quylt djnh ket qua ctia boat dpng ddi mdi (Simoes & cgng sy, 2002).
Ngoai ra, kit qua d md hinh 1 cung cho biet rang, tae dgng cua qudc gia dau tu cd mdi taong quan thuan vdi ddi mdi cua cdng ty con tai mite y nghia thing ke la 1% (P= 0,45, p<0,01). Dilu nay cd nghTa la cac cdng ty con cd cdng ty me thudc cac nudc phat trien cd kha nang ddi mdi cao hon so vdi cac nudc dang phat trien. Ngha la, nhung cdng ty me d cac nudc phat trien cd ddng luc thuc hien boat dpng ddi mdi hon bdi mdi tradng canh tranh gay gat va cam go d nudc sd tai ddi hdi hp phai ddi mdi hen tuc de tdn tai (Un, 2011).
Md hinh 2 va md hinh 3 cho biet ket qua tac ddng rieng biet cua lien ket xudi va lien ket ngupc den hoat dpng ddi mdi cua cdng ty con. Gia trj Pseudo- R- deu cao ban nhieu so vdi md hinh 1, lan lupt la 0,3391 va 0,3024. Cac gia trj nay ham y rang, kha nang giai thich ciia tu'ng bien dpc lap ddi vdi bien phu thudc ciia 2 md hinh la tdt hon md hinh 1. 6 md hinh 2 va 3, ket qua udc lupng tac dpng cua cac yeu td kiem soat den ddi mdi san pham khdng cd su khac biet so vdi md hinh 1 ca ve dau va mite y nghTa thdng ke. Md hinh 2 va 3 cho thiy lien kit xudi va lien ket ngugc cd mdi toong quan thuan ddi vdi boat dpng ddi mdi cua cdng ty con vdi mirc y nghia la 1% (lin lugt la p= 0,025, p<0,0; p= 0,022, p<0,01). , cdng ty con su dung hang hda diu vao tii' nha cung irng npi dja va ban san pham cho thj tradng ban dia nhieu hon se lam tang kha nang dii mdi san pham ctia cdng ty con. Kit qua thyc tien la phil hgp vdi ky vpng cua gia thuylt 1 va 2.
Md hinh 4 trinh bay kit qua udc lugng tac dpng ddng thdi cua lien ket xudi va lien kit ngupc din ho^t ddng ddi mdi cua cdng ty con thupc cdng ty da qudc gia vdi su kilm soat cac ylu tl khac. Gia tej ciia Pseudo-R- trong md hinh 4 tang len din 69,71%, ham y la cac bien dpc lap d md hinh 4 giai thich tit ban khi xem xet lien kit xudi va lien kit ngugc trong ciing md hinh. Dilu :iay ngam djnh rang, tim quan trpng cua lien kit xudi va lien kit ngugc can dugc xem xet trong md hinh. Gia tri ciia
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p la 0,000, cd nghTa la md hinh 4 cd y nghTa thdng ke d mite 1%. Md hinh Probit la mdt dang eua md hinh xac suat phi tayen tinh nen cac he sd hdi quy ciia md hinh khdng tryc tiep giai thich mdi quan he giua bien phy thudc va bien ddc lap ma chi cd the sti dung dau va muc y nghTa. Vi vay. Bang 2 chi ra tac ddng bien ciia cac bien dpc lap len bien phu thudc.
Vi dy, ddi vdi eac yeu td kiem soat, tac ddng cua R&D len boat ddng ddi mdi ed y nghTa thing ke tai 5% (P=0,03, p<0,05). Khi cac ylu tl khac khdng ddi, cdng ty con sit dyng them 1%) ty le nang lyc thiet ke cho ddi mdi de dau ta cho R&D se lam tang kha nang ddi mdi san pham len 3%. Tac ddng cua qudc gia phat trien den ddi mdi cung dugc giai thich taong to (P=0,24, p<0,01).
Tit Bang 2, ket qua udc lugng cho biet rang lien ket ngugc cd mdi toong quan thuan vdi boat dgng ddi mdi ciia cdng ty con thudc cdng ty da qude gia tai Viet Nam va dat miic y nghTa thdng ke la P/o (P=0,042, p<0,01). Ket qua nay ung hd hoan loan gia thuyet 1, dd la lien ket ngugc cd mdi toong quan thuan vdi boat dpng ddi mdi ciia cdng ty con.
He sd tac ddng bien cia yeu td nay la 0,017 tai muc y nghTa thdng ke \%. Khi cae yeu td khac khdng ddi, cdng ty eon khi mua them 1 % hang hda to nha cung img ndi dja se lam tang kha nang ddi mdi len 1,7%) vdi dp tin cay 99%. Do vay, gia thuylt 1 ciia nghien cira dugc ting hd rat manh me ea ve mat ly thuyet va thyc tien. Ket qua nay ham y rang, nhung cdng ty da qudc gia nen tang cudng tao lien ket nhieu ban nua vdi nha cung itng dja phuang de tang kha nang ddi mdi san pham va qui tiinh cdng nghe.
Ben canh dd, md hinh 4 cung the hien mdi taong quan thuan gifta lien ket xudi va boat ddng ddi mdi san pham cua cdng ty con tai mite y nghTa thdng ke 1% (P= 0,045, p<0,01). He sl tac dpng bien cua ylu td nay la 0,018. Gia trj nay cd nghTa la, khi cac yeu td khae khdng thay ddi, I%o hang hda tang them ma cdng ty con ban cho ngudi tieu dung hoac dai ly ban dja se lam tang 1,8% kha nang ddi mdi cho cdng ty con. Ket qua nay dung vdi ky vpng eiia gia thuyet 2, do la lien ket xudi cd mdi quan he ddng bien vdi boat ddng ddi mdi san pham ciia cdng ty con. Ket qua nay ngam djnh rang, nhung cdng ty con nen tang eudng ban nfta sy lien ket vdi dai ly, nha phan phdi va ngudi tieu dimg ban dja de tiep can ngudn kien thitc mdi cung cap cho boat dpng ddi mdi dugc tang cudng.
4. Kit luan
Sit dung Ly thuyet mang ludi kinh doanh, bai vilt
nghien ciiu mii quan he giua lien ket dgc va sy ddi mdi san phim cua cdng ty con tai Viet Nam. Sir dung du lieu ta 354 cdng ty con din ta 41 qudc gia, kit qua cho thiy ring lien kit ngugc va lien ket xudi diu ed mii tuong quan thuan vdi boat ddng ddi mdi san phim cua cdng ty eon. Lien ket cang nhieu vdi nha cung iing va ngudi tieu dung dja phuong cang tang kha nang ddi mdi san pham ciia cdng ty con.
Khi cdng ty con cd the tiep can vdi mang ludi kinh doanh gdm nhilu lien ket nhu vay thi kha nang tiep can vdi nhftng kien thite mdi cang nhieu, ma nhung kiln thuc dd vln dT ehi dugc chia se mdt each ngau nhien va ngam djnh trong mang ludi kinh doanh.
Ket qua cua bai viet ciing ngam djnh rang, bg phan R&D trong mdi cdng ty da qudc gia ludn gift vai trd then chdt trong chien luge ddi mdi cua nhung nha quan trj. Vdi viec tan dung hieu qua ngudn lye va chi phi cho R&D, cac cdng ty da qudc gia cd the cho ra ddi san pham, djch vy, cdng nghe va qui trinh hoan toan mdi va di trade thdi dai de phat trien va duy tri vi the cua cdng ty trong mdi tradng canh tranh.
Ben canh do, nhu'ng cdng ty con thudc cdng ty da qudc gia den to nhftng qudc gia phat trien cd lgi the tiep can kha nang ddi mdi cao hon so vdi nhung qudc gia dang phat trien. Bdi vi hp thanh lap cac lien minh chien luge gifl'a cac cdng ty con trong mdt cdng ty da qude gia hoac giua cac cdng ty da qudc gia vdi nhau. Xuat phat to ly do ehi phi de thyc hien ddc lap cac boat dpng ddi mdi san pham la rat Idn nen de ban che chi phi va thdi gian tiep can cdng nghe mdi thi cac ket qua nghien eira va edng nghe ctia cdng ty da qudc gia dugc trao ddi va chuyen giao lan nhau.
Hon the nft'a, vai trd to ldn va cae ddng gdp tich cyc cua cac cdng ty da qudc gia ddi vdi nen kinh te the gidi da dupe thyc tien chimg minh va khdng the phil nhan. Nguyen nhan ciia sy phat trien nhanh chdng va dat tdi sire manh canh tranh toan cau ciia cac cdng ty do la do cac boat ddng ddi mdi thanh cdng mang lai. Cac cdng ty da qudc gia ludn xem khoa hpc va cdng nghe la yen td gift' vj tri hang diu bdi cdng nghe la yeu td quyet djnh nang lyc canh tranh, chiem ITnh thj tra'dng cua hp nhu hien nay.
Chinh vi vay, cac doanh nghiep trong nude dang tuong tac vdi cac cdng ty da qudc gia can tranh thii tiep can va hpc hdi kinh nghiem va kien thirc nhieu nhat de dan ty khang djnh uu the ciia rieng minh trong bdi canh hdi nhap kinh te toan cau dang gia tang.n
Sd 231 thing 9/2016 31
Loi thira nhan/cam m: Nhom tac gia xin chan thanh cam an cac phan bien kin (to Hpi thao khoa hpc ctia Tmdng Dai hoc Ngan hang va Hpi thao khoa hpc thudng nien ciia Khoa Kmh te, Tradng Dai hpc Can Tha) da co nhieu gop y gia trj cho bai viet nay dupe tot han.
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