Miir so KINANG CAN REN lUVfN CHO SINH VIEN KHOA GIAO DOC M A M NON TRONG QOA TRlNH THOG TAP SIT PHAM
TAI CAC ca sa MAM NON
TS, NGUYEN THj BICH T H U r f
1.7"/?uc/ap st/p/iam (TTSP) la mpt ndi dung hpc tap khong the thieu trong qua trinh dao tao d cac trudng su pham, dac biet la ddi vdi sinh vien [SV) Khoa Giao due mam non (GDIvlN),£)ay la khoang thdi gian quan trpng va can thiet de SV dupc tidp can thyc tien cdng viec, van dung nhung kien thuc li thuydt vao thyc teddi sdng, hoc dupc nhung ki nang (KN) cham sdc -giao due (CS-GO) Ire, qua dd, cac em se hinh dung dupc nhi/ng cong viec va pham chat can edcija mpt GVMN trong tuong lai.
Ddi vdi Khoa GDM N (thupc cac trudng cao dang supham), SV bat dau di thyc tap ngay lu nam thu 2 Irddi.Tuy nhien, trong thyc te, cac em van chua Ihuc sydupc ren luyen cac KN can thiet nhu: thiet ke cac gdc trong Idp theo y tudng cija minh cho phu hpp vdi nhu cau, hung thu ctJa tre cung nhu ndi dung cua hoat dpng (HO), chua biet each lam dd dung, do chai, dung^cu hpc tap cho tre ti) cac nguyen lieu da dang ma van chu yeu sudung cac dd dung ad chai cd san.
Khdng nhung the, khi tochuc cac hoat dpng giao due (HOGD) cho tre, SV thudng tien hanh cac budc theo dung nhunpl dung kehoach da xay dyng ma it quan tam den kha nang cung nhu nhu cau, hung thij eiJa tre, chua hieu tre mong mudn hpc gi, tim kiem give ndi dung dd'i tupng dd. Bay la nhung han che Idn nhat cua SV khi lien hanh tochuc cac HDGD cho tre d trudng mam non,
2. Mpt so KN CO ban can hinh thanh cho SV trong qua trinh TTSP nhu sau:
1) Quan sat: La KN chu dao va nhat thiet phai cd dd'i vdi G VMN trong qua trinh CS-G Dire, Khi to chuc bat ki HO nao ddcho Ire, giao vien (GV) phai ludn CO so chi chep, but, tham chi neu cd dieu kien cd the trang bi may anh, may quay phim de ghi lai loan bd qua trinh tien bd va phat trien cQa Ire Irong khi vui Choi, hpc tap, Nhung thdng tin thu dupe giup GVcd the nim b i t va danh gia tdng qual dac diem phal trien nhan thuc cua Ire Idp minh ptiy
26 [_J^P chi Giao due so 317
trach, qua dd, GV xay dung ke hoach Roat ddng giao due eijng nhu cd the cung cap cho phu huynh l(hican thiet.
2) Thiet keva xay dung fd'hoach HD: Day cung la KN ralquan trpng va can thiet dd'i vdi moi SV, Ho phai biet each xay dung ban ke'hoach HD cu the trong thang, tuan, dac biet la nhung npidung dien ra trong mpt ngay eiia Ire, Cac HO nay phai dua tren hdng thu, nhu cau, nguyen vpng cung nhu muc ddva kha nang phat Irien nhan thdc cija Ire, sd lupng Ire, cac loai dd dung, dd chai va trang thiet bi tfong tap, thai gtan to chuc cac HD... Ngoai ra, GV phai trao ddi vdi phu huynh de thdng nhat cac ndi dung hpc tap va vui choi cho Ire, chuan bi dd diJng, dung cu va do choi cho Ire HD.., Ke hoacti HO trong mpt ngay phai dam bao dupe mdi lien he mat thidt vdi kehoach HO cua tuan, thang va nam hpc. De xay dyng dupc k i hoach HD trong mot ngay phi) hop va kha thi, SV can nSm chSc mot so nguyen tac CO ban sau:
• Ke hoach HB trong ngay ciia tung ngay phai lien quan mat thiet vdi nhau. lao cho Ire cam giac thoai mai, vui tuoi khi liep thu tri thdc va kinh nghiem, Oac biet tre phai nhan biet dupc khi ket th tie mpt HO thi HD tiep theo sau dd phai la HO nao.
- Then gian bieu trong ke hoach HD ngay phai phan anh dugc nhung nhu cau sinh ii co ban cua tre nhugidan, gid dive sinh, gid vui choi, gid hpc tap, gid ngij.,. Tre em rat de rai vao linh trang qua say me va HD mpt each tich cue thai qua vdi cac trd choi cung nhu cac HD ma ehtlng hung phan, thich thii (vi chua, CO kha nang dieu chinh cac nhu cau sinh li thiet yeu cua ban than) nen Ire cd the qua hung phan hoac qua uc che (vi du, khi Ire qua met moi hoac ddi khai chung se rat de ndi ndng, cau gat, khdng lam chu dupe ban than cung nhu cac hanh vi cua minhUVi ' Khoa Giao dgc mam non, Tnrifng CDSP TW Nha Trang
-(kil-9/201^
the, ke hoach HD ngay phai dupe xay dyng m pt each chu djnh, phu hpp vdi dge diem phat Irien lam sinh li cua Ire M N d liing dp tuoi,
- Kehoach HB Irong ngay phii dam bao tinh can bing theo thi/ tu va ndidung giiJa cac HB: HO tinh/
HD dpng; HD trong Idp/HO ngoai trdi; HO ca nhan/
HD theo nhdm Idn, nhdm nhd; HO GV lua chpn/HD tre dupc tu do lua chpn... Khi quyet djnh thu ty cac HD,GV phai bd tri dan xen caeHD vdi nhau. Vidu, sau gid HD ehurg phai la gid HO ngoai trdi hoac cac HO van dpng than the.
- Ke hoach HB ngay phai co cac HD tac dong Usang ho tich cue giua tre vdi tre, giua ca nhan tre vdi G V, giua nhdm tre vai G V. Dae biet, phai lao cho tre CO hoi dupe hop tac, giao luu vatraoddi mpt each tich cue vdi GV, nhung ngudi Idn xung quanh,..
- Kehoach HB ngay phai dugc tien hanh mol each linh hoat, \(iy\heo sy thay ddi cua thdi tiet, ht/ng thu cua tre de dieu chinh thdi gian cho HD dd nen keo dai ra hay ml ngan di. Tuy nhien, dtj HO nao ddcd hap dan, hutig tiiu den dau cung khdng nen keo dai qua lau vi nd se anh hudng true tiep den sue khde eiJng nhu se lam giam hung thiJ eua tre Idi cac HO tiep theo sau dd.
3} KN to' chuc cac HD dien ra trong ngay cho tre:
'KN to cht/c cac HD CO chu dich:-Kh\(\enharih cac HO nay, GV khdng nen phan chia rieng re Wng npi dung HO ma tatca cac HD phaidupc lien ket va tien hanh mptcach tich hop nham giiJp tre phat trien loan dien. Vidu, thay vi viec phan chia va tien hanh rieng biettung npidung mithuat,am nhgc, tao hinh, loan hoc..., GV nen lien kel tat ca cac npi dung nay vdi nhau va xay dyng ke hoach HO cho Ire nham giup tre phat trien va trudng thanh mptcach loan dien, Mudn lam dupc dieu do, SV phai nim chac dupc nhung yeu cau ca ban nhu sau: - Lua chpn dupe cac phuong phap, bien phap.
hinh thuc va phuang tien giang day phu hpp de tiien khai cd hieu qua cac npi dung GD; - Cac phuong phap, bien phap, hinh Ihuc va phuang lien giang day phai dupe su dung mdt cac linh hoat va mang lai hieu qua, phai biet each khai thac triet de tinh nang va hieu qua ciia ehiJng; • Phai xem xet vacan nhac den viec hinh thanh nhdm tre, Nghia la, khi to'chuc HO cho Ire se lua chpn nhdm tre nhu the nao: dudi hinh thuc ca Idp, theo cac nhdm nhd haytu'ngca nhan...; -Quan lam dac biet den viec chuan bj dd dung, dd chai, hpc lieu va giao cu,,,,
-Biet bai tri mdi trudng GD dep ve mat hinh thdc, phong phij ve mat ndi dung. Bai tri cac gdc chai hpp li vdi he Ihdng dd dung dd chai va hpc lieu sinh dpng, hap dan va Idi cudn lam cho ire tham gia vao HO mpt each tich cue va htJ'ng thtj; - Sau khi da quyet djnh dia diem to chdc HO phai hinh dung Irudcve hoan canh mditrudng td'ngtheeuaealdp hpc; - Phai quyet dinh hinh thai ddng cohpc tap- Caimacd the duy tri dupe lau nhat hung thtJcua Ire Idi cac HO vui choi va hpc tap.
- KN to chdc cac HB theo nhu cau hung thu cua /re.TS. Shin Eun Soo (2001) qua rat nhieu cdng trinh nghien cuu cua minh daehi ra mplsoKN can thiet maGVMN phai nam vung deldchUc cac gidHO theo nhu cau va hiJng thu eua tre nhusau: • GV phaiquan sat thai dp cung nhu mpi hanh ddng cua tre khi tham gia trd chai, Vdi nhung Ire em khong hung Ihu, khong tap trung vao HO choi, gay on ao, ma't trat ty, gay go hoac tranh cudp dd choi cija cac ban, G V phai kip thcri nhac nhdihat nghiem khac Odngthdiphai trd chuyen trao ddi vdi Ire de tim hieu nguyen nhan khien tre khdng hung thu, khong m udn tham gia, qua dd, ddng vien khich le tre, tao ra cac tinh hudng gay dupe su chu y va hung thiJ eua tre de treed the tham gia vao HO chai tich cue, ehij ddng va sang tao; - Khi Ire cd hung thu chol cac trd chai mdt minh, GV phai biet each chai vdi Ire nhu mdt ngudi ban (bang each ngdi canh Ire, cung su dung cac dd choi, trd chuyen va thao luan cung tre) qua do gian tiep hudng dan cho tre each hda nhap vdi cac ban; - Biet each bai tri va sap xep do dung, dd chai diJng vdi ndi dung HO choi, thudng xuyen thay ddi, md rong va tich hpp npi diing cac gde choi vdi nhau nham tao ra mpt san choi tdng the, - odi vdi nhung trd choi ddng vai, ddng kjch (ddi hdi cd su tac dpng tuang ho mot each tich cue giua tre vdi nhau), GV phaiquan sal mpt each chat che va bao quat mpi hanh ddng chai cua Ire, khich le, ddng vien Ire kip thdi khien trelutin vao ban than vasay me vui chai hpc tap hon, Ben canh dd, phai khen ngpi nhiJng ket qua choi ma Ire dat dupc, tao dieu kien Ihuan ipi nhat de Ire dupc tham gia tich eye vao cac HD hpc tap tin kiem, kham pha thdng qua vui choi; - Vao thdi gian choi ty do, cho tre dupc tudo lua chpn cac trdchoi ma chiJng Ihich. Khi mudn hudng Ire sang cac HD choi khac, GV phai khai gpi hung thiJ cung nhu cosy chuyen hudng sang cac trd choi khac mdt each hpp li; - De khich le va phat huy dupc tinh luchu, lich cue, chu ddng vasang tao eua tre trong khi tham gia vao cac HO vui chai phai
(ki 1-912013)- Tap chi Gido due so 317 27
tao ra san pham nhucacHD tao hinh, thao tac phai giam tdi thieu sy can thiep cung nhu cac menh lenh cuaGVtdiHD ciia tre.
4) KN thiet kecac gdc choi va bai tri do diJng do Choi trong cac gdc. Mdt trong nhung KN khdng the thieu ddi vdi GVMN la KN thiet keva bai tri mdi trudng GD decho Ire HO, De thidt keva bai tri dupc mpt mdi trudng GD phii hpp cho Ire HO, SV phai nim dupc cac nguyen tac khi thiel ke nhu sau: 1)Tat ca mpi dd dung, dd choi, dung cu hoat lap ciing nhu cac trang thiet bj trong trudng trong Idp phai sach dep ve sinh va an loan vdi tre khi HO, du vesdiupng va dam bao vd chat lupng; 2) Phai tao dupc mdi trudng GD phu hop vdi dac diem phatlrien tam sinh li, kha nang nhan thuc eua Ire dtung dp tuoi. Nghia la khi bai Iri, lao mdi trudng GD cho tre trong Idp cung nhulrong trudng mam non phaiquan tam den nhung dac trung phatlrien tam sinh li,nhan thuc, hung Ihu cung nhu dac diem rieng cua tung dUa Ire, Ban ghe, ke, tu, gia dyng giay dep phai dupc sap xep va bai tri dung vdi chieu cao trung binh cua tre, dij khdng ed sugiup dd cija GV tre van cd the su dung dupc mot each de dang, thoai maivalhuan tien; 3) Phai chuan biva bo Iri duoc khong gian rdng rai, thoang mat, da dang day du va dep mat, thu hiit dupc hung thii ciing nhu tao dupc an tupng va su chii y d tre. Phai bd tri don gian nhung dep m^l va hap din de Ire cd the de dang lydo vuichoi, tim kiem, kham pha, tranh cau ki, rudm ra phuc tap lam cho tre cam thay khdng thoai mai khi tham gia cac HO; 4) Viec thlel ke, to chuc va tao mdi trudng GD cho Ire HO vua phai mang tinh sang tao vua phai dam bao cho sue khde va sy an loan cao nhat. Ddng thdi phai tao duoc mpt mdi trudng hpc tap vui chai sinh dpng, linh hoat vcfl da dang cac loai dd dung, do choi va trang thidt bj.
Khi thiet keva bai tri khdng gian cac gdc HD trong Idp cho tre HD can phai dua vao nguyen lac cau thanh cua 4 yeu tdnhu tren de xay dung ra cac gdc HD cho Ire:- Gdc HD tinh (gdc /J.-Dpc sach, xem sach, xem tranh anh, nghe bang, trd chuyen trao ddi, viet chu, choi cac trd chai hpc tap...;- Gdc lap ghep xay dung f'fi'dcc'/'trdchoilap ghep xay dung, trdchoi thompc,,.;
- Gdc HB dong (gdc 3): Tro choi ddng vai, hat, mua, bieudien van nghe,,,;-Gdc WO caned nt/dc (•gdc 4 / HD tao hinh, ve tranh bang mau nude, cac thi nghiem khoa hpc can c6 nude, trd choi vdi nude, trd chai vdi eat, gde thien nhien,,,
5) KN giao tiep, trd chuyen, trao doi chia se kinh nghiem vdi tre thong qua cac HD. SV trong qua trinh thyc tap phai hpc dupc each lang nghe
281 Tap chi Gido due so 317
nhung thdng lin tu phia tre, dua theo nhu cau, hdng thii, vd'n kinh nghiem, su hieu biet cua Ire de to' eht}c cac HO. Tre phai ludn ludn dupc dat vao vj tri trung tam cua cac HDGD, SV phai hpc lap va thuc hanh each thuc giao tiep va trd chuyen vdi Ire mpi noi mpi lue, hpc each chia se kinh nghiem vagiai dap mpi thSc mac trong mpi linh hudng. Qua dd, cac em se nSm b^t duac dac diem phat then cija tung ca nhan, nhucau, nguyen vpng,hungIhiJsd Ihich ciJa chung de thiet ke va tochiJc cac HO phu hpp, phal huy cao dp tinh tich cue, ehij ddng, sang tao eua tre t<hi dupe tham gia vao cac HO nia chung mong mudn vayeu Ihich,
6) KN lam do diing, do choi, dijng cu hpc tap.
Viec thudng xuyen sudung cac dd dung dd chai CO san, lap di lap iai trong nhieu ngay, nhieu gid se (am cho Ire nham chan. Vi vay yeu cau dat ra ddi vdi GV la phai tao ra duac nhieu dd dung, dd chai mdi la, hap dan ma khdng can qua cau ki (ehi can dau tuve thdigian va cdng sue, GVcd the tao ra rat nhieu do dung dd choi phong phii da dang tu rat nhieu cac nguyen vat lieu don gian), Trong qua trinh dithyc tap tai cac trudng M N, SV phai biet van dung nhimg kien thuc da hoc ve li thuyet, tan dung thdi gian nay de thuc hanh KNlh let kedd dung, dd chai detoeht/c caeHD cho tre.
3. Tren day la mdt sd KN nghe nghiep cp ban,can cd d mpt GVMN. Cac KN nay khong phai dpi den khi trdthanhGV dung Idp true tiep day Ire mdicddupcma cdn phai dupc trau ddi va ren luyen ngay trong qua trinh hoc nghe ddi vdi cac SV. •
Tiii lieu tham khiio
1. Nguyen Thi H6a. "'Phai huy linh lich ci,rc cua sinh vien gido dvc milm non irong gio (hue hiinh bO mOn
"giuo dye m6m non"", (rich k! y^u hOi ihao: "Md Idnh nhdn cdvh gido vien ilu'ri k'l hdi nhdp quSc tC TruimgDai hpc supham Hh Nfli,20l2.
2. D6 Thj Minh LiCn, "Quy irinh ren luy^n ngliifip vu sir pham cho sinh viCn Ithoa Giao dye m^m nun Trudng dai liOL- SIT pham Wx NOi", irich kil yC'u h6i ihao: "Wd Innh nlidn each gido vien ili^i kt hdi nhdp qud'c tt.
Trirnng Dai lioc sir pham Ha NOi. 2012.
SUMMARY
Pedagogical practice is an Indispensable activity content in teacher training in pedagogy, especiallyin the Faculty of preschool education. However. In reaJ- ity. the majority of students still lack many basic skills.Therefore. improving the skills of teachers' behavior Is a critical requirement for Science stu-.;,-^
dents of preschool education. ''-%
