Integrated assessment modeling analysis plays an important role in the development of Thailand NAMA. In addition, the production of electricity from renewable sources from solar, wind and hydro is targeted in the 15-year Alternative Energy Development Plan (AEDP) of the Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency (DEDE), Ministry of Energy.
Thailand ’ s 20-Year Energy Efficiency Development Plan
To achieve this goal in the revised AEDP plan, the Ministry of Energy has provided financial support and mechanisms to promote the generation of electricity from renewable sources in the form of "adders" on top of feed-in tariffs. The largest share of electricity capacity will be 4,800 MW from the production of electricity from biomass (see table 6.1).
Thailand Power Development Plan (PDP) 2010 – 2030
Environmental Sustainable Transport System
AIM/Enduse Modelling of Thailand ’ s Energy System
Designing a National Policy Framework for Thailand ’ s NAMAs
Criteria/Selection of CO 2 Countermeasures
Domestically vs. Internationally Supported NAMAs
Economic Assessment of Domestic and Internationally Supported NAMAs
For energy efficiency (EE) countermeasures, the payback periods of EE lighting, EE cooling and EE motors in industry were calculated (see Table 6.4). The payback periods of the proposed EE NAMA countermeasures in the industry were found to be satisfactory.
Framework for Thailand ’ s NAMAs .1 NAMA Pledge to UNFCCC
Seeking Financial Support
The first is the 'Energy Conservation Promotion Fund' (ENCON Fund), which was established by the Energy Conservation Act to provide financial support for the implementation of energy security and the development of renewable energy. The second fund is the 'Energy Service Company Fund' (ESCO Fund), which is supported by the Ministry of Energy.
Building Consensus Among NAMA Stakeholders in Thailand
The implementation of measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions within the renewable electricity generation sector and energy savings in industry and the construction sector can be achieved using two approaches: 'project-based NAMAs' and 'sectoral NAMAs'. On the other hand, Thailand has yet to familiarize itself with 'sectoral NAMAs' as most actions are non-market mechanisms where the structure and process of GHG mitigation measures are set up by the government. The sectoral NAMAs can be adapted for use with other policies in the energy sector, e.g.
Co-Benefits of Thailand ’ s NAMAs .1 Energy Security Aspect
Environmental Aspect
It was also found that Thailand's NAMA actions will not only result in reduced CO2 emissions, but also reduced CO, NOx and SO2 emissions.
Economic Aspect
However, energy efficiency measures will help to reduce the import of fossil fuels and gain more benefits compared to the reduced GDP and also increase Thailand's energy security. Analysis covering the increase in energy efficiency of cooling systems through the installation of building envelope insulators and of lighting systems through improved light bulbs in the construction sector shows that there is no increase in economic stimulus, which will reduce GDP by 18.59 billion Baht. decreasing the value of exports by 6.84 billion baht and decreasing the value of imports by 0.49 billion baht. In addition, increased energy efficiency will reduce the private and public consumption sector by 6.67 billion baht and domestic production by 18.59 billion baht.
Social Aspect
This means that Thailand can reduce the amount of imported fossil fuels, which will outweigh the reduced GDP.
Layout of Roadmap to Thailand NAMA 2020
MRV of Thailand ’ s NAMAs: The Road to Success
Limmeechokchai B, Winyuchakrit P (2014) Developing Thailand's Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Measures (NAMAs) for a low-carbon society: energy security and co-benefits aspects. As the leading economic region in Malaysia, IM aims to develop a Low Carbon Society (LCS) and lead to reduce its carbon intensity by up to 58% by 2025 from 2005 levels through the implementation of LCSBP-IM2025. Keywords Low Carbon Society (LCS) • Science to Action (S2A) • Iskandar Malaysia • Low Carbon Society Roadmap • Academia-Policy Maker Partnership • Extended Snapshot Tool (ExSS) • Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction • Green growth • Urban region • Lessons learned.
Introduction
About Low Carbon Society Blueprint for Iskandar Malaysia 2025
The Low Carbon Society Blueprint for Iskandar Malaysia 2025 is a written document that presents comprehensive climate change mitigation policies and detailed strategies to guide the development of Iskandar Malaysia towards becoming 'a strong and sustainable metropolis of international status' by 2025, in accordance with the city region's development vision. LCSBP-IM2025 incorporates various related national policies, the South Johor Economic Region Comprehensive Development Plan CDP (Khazanah Nasional 2006) and 24 Iskandar Malaysia plans to transform IM into a sustainable, low-carbon metropolis built on solid economic foundations (for more details of the political context and framework for the Blueprint, see section 7.2). It aims to coordinate and guide the implementation of a total of 281 programs organized under 12 Low Emission Policy Actions in Society (LCS) in IM to lead the urban region towards achieving a targeted 50% reduction in the greenhouse gas emission intensity of GDP by 2025 based at the 2005 level.
Low Carbon Society (LCS)
A society that demonstrates high levels of energy efficiency and uses low-carbon energy resources and production technologies. Low carbon society is a new society that uses relatively small amounts of resources (raw materials, energy and water) to minimize greenhouse gas emissions to avoid negative effects of climate change. Specific low-carbon community transformation strategies for one city will differ from another city in terms of their geographic, economic, political and socio-cultural contexts.
Iskandar Malaysia (IM) in Brief
It highlights existing human activities as the main contributors to global greenhouse gas emissions and therefore calls for efforts by today's society in all sectors to shift their mass consumption behavior and lifestyle to a new consumption pattern that entails less damage to the environment. It is expected that IM will be a strong and sustainable metropolis of international stature and will become an integrated global hub that synergizes with the growth of the global city-state of Singapore and the Riau-Batam region of Indonesia. through rapid annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth of 7 to 8%, which will almost quadruple the urban region's GDP to MYR 141.4 billion by 2025. The urban region's administrative jurisdiction falls under five local authorities (which are also the respective Local Planning Authorities (LPAs) for their areas), namely Johor Bahru Municipal Council (MBJB), Johor Bahru Tengah Municipal Council (MPJBT), Pasir Gudang Municipal Council (MPPG), Kulai Municipal Council (MPKu ) and Pontian District Council (MDP) (see Figure 7.3).
Integrating Low Carbon Society Blueprint into Existing Policy Framework
Since the Honorable Prime Minister of Malaysia made the pledge of voluntary reduction of the country's carbon emission intensity at COP 15 in 2009, a series of national-level climate change responses and low-carbon initiatives have emerged in the form of policies, frameworks and guidelines (Fig.7.4, column 1). It is in this light that the Low Carbon Society Blueprint for Iskandar Malaysia 2025 is formulated to be the crucial policy link between the country's global and national response to climate change (Fig.7.4, column 1) and Iskandar Malaysia's regional and local level provide development. plans and policies. The Blueprint also takes special note of the recently launched Iskandar Malaysia Smart City Framework which shares the general features of Fig.
Policy Design for Low Carbon Society Blueprint in Iskandar Malaysia
Science-to-Policy Approach to Designing the LCSBP-IM2005
Once adopted by the SPC, the plan will form a statutory policy framework for the CDP, which is currently under review, and act as the "umbrella plan" for the existing 24 IM plans, which will be progressively revised to incorporate relevant LCS policies and strategies. The main tool used to predict GHG emissions from different scenarios in IM – the Extended Snapshot tool (ExSS) – will be explained in more detail below (see Sections 7.3.2 and 7.3.3). A total of five rounds (nine sessions) of FGDs have been held until the final draft of the Blueprint was ready for consideration by the State Planning Committee (SPC) for approval and subsequent mainstreaming (see UN-Habitat 2012) into the existing development planning framework for implementation.
Creating LCS Scenarios – The Extended Snapshot (ExSS) Tool
These are then fed into ExSS, which then calculates various socio-economic indices of the target year, including population, GDP, production by industry, passenger and freight transport demand. IM2025, the technical data used are based on that of a previous study in Japan's Shiga Prefecture due to the limited availability of IM-specific information and, more importantly, the similarity in the industrial structure and population size of the Shiga and IM regions. The available policy depends on the context of the municipality, region or country it is aimed at.
Structure of Extended Snapshot (ExSS) Tool
Population is determined by demand from outside the region, labor market participation, demographic composition and the ratio of commuting to outside the region. The estimated results of the future socio-economic indicators and energy demand in 2025 are based on the modeling of the socio-economic variables and the energy balance table in 2025. Most of the socio-economic indicators and the energy balance table for Iskandar Malaysia are obtained from official and published statistics and secondary sources.
GHG Emissions in Iskandar Malaysia
Structure of GHG Emission Mitigation Options
Meeting this challenge was the primary goal and underlying philosophy of the LCSBP-IM2025. Narrative of growth scenarios, policies, measures and programs to achieve a minimum targeted 50% reduction in carbon emission intensity by 2025, based on the 2005 level. For details of the 12 policy actions, sub-actions, measures and programs (altogether around 400 policy items), readers are referred to the Full Report and Summary for Policymakers (SPM) of the Blueprint (UTM-Low Carbon Asia Research Centre2013a,b).
GHG Emission Mitigation Options
Scenario-based modeling and projection of carbon emission reductions that can be achieved with ExSS (see Section.7.3.2). With the implementation of the 281 LCS programs identified in the Blueprint, a 58% reduction in carbon emission intensity, from 319.33 tCO2eq/MYR1mil in 2005 to 133.66 tCO2eq/MYR1mil in 2025, is projected as the Iskandar, which is higher than Malaysia's 50% reduction targeted at the start.
Beyond Science and Policymaking: Implementing the LCSBP-IM2025
Selection of Priority Projects
Conceptually, when plotted in a four-quadrant plot along the axes of emission reduction potential and implementation barriers (Fig. 7.12), these projects fall within the middle-top left area of the plot. Another fundamental criterion underlying the selection of the ten implementation projects is that they must together equally span all three main themes – Green Economy, Green Community and Green Environment – and the Blueprint's 12 LCS actions. For that purpose, a 'Project versus LCS Action mapping' exercise has been carried out, which shows a well-distributed coverage of all three main themes and ten out of 12 Actions of the Blueprint of the ten projects (Fig.7.13).
Selected Projects for Implementation in IM (2013–2015)
Successful implementation of these projects will be vital as positive demonstrations to the local and business communities in IM that will potentially strengthen their trust, acceptance, ownership and support of the other LCS programs in the Blueprint. A key emphasis of the project is active community involvement in the formulation and subsequent implementation of a 12-action low-carbon village blueprint for promoting a low-carbon lifestyle within the rural community. This program seeks to improve the implementation of the Integrated Solid Waste Management Blueprint 2009 in the Pasir Gudang area by developing an integrated and sustainable framework for the management of solid waste generated in the area.
Lessons Learnt
This could be important for the long-term promotion of the LCS agenda in the country, with strong endorsement from the central government, potentially leading to more effective reduction of GHG emissions. In the case of the LCSBP-IM2025, a standalone LCS policy was prepared and then mainstreamed into the local planning mechanism. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
