NghtSn cthi - Trao doi
T R A O D O I V E COIMG V I E C T H I E T KE sAlM P H ^ M V A HAIMG H O A COIXIG IMGHIEP TROIMG KIIVH T ^ T H ! T R L T O I M G
T
hiet ke la vigc tao ra sin pham (se dUpe che tao) tren b i n ve v i b i n thuyet minh. TU do dan den mpt ket luan quan trong la san pham hang hda (sau d i y goi tat l i sin pham) phai dUpe ngUdi thiet ke, chu nhigm de t i i , cdng trinh sU, ky sUtnidng... tren cd sd myc dich SLf dung san pham ma hlnh dung de cap khdi sUdng du d o i n mpt c i c h t o i n dien bao gom c i c chi tieu, c i c ye'u td, dieu kien, khia canh lien quan. San pham h i n g hda dUdc che tao ra phy thupc trUdc het vao quan diem, dao dUc nghe nghiep, nang lUc cua ngUdi chju trach nhiem thiet ke ra sin pham va hang hoa va ngUdi duygt thiet ke do. Thiet ke bao gdm thiet ke phan thie't bi (phan cUng) va phan chuong trinh ky thuat may tfnh dieu khien (phan mem) neu c6. Tiep theo thiet ke san pham la thiet ke quy tnnh cdng nghe bien san pham tren ban thie't ke thanh vat t h i t qua qua trinh san xuat che' tao.NhQng va'n de dupe neu dudi day khong nhOng dap dng dUdc c i c sin pham cong nghiep vdi qui mo Idn nhu c i c cong trinh li&n hop cong nghiep Idn, tU cac sin pham c6 hang chuc nghin chi tiet trd len cho de'n c i c s i n pham cong nghigp (SPCN) chl co mot chi tiet nhu chia van det, td phuc vu cong nghiep, kinh te an ninh qudc ph6ng den ddi so'ng dan dung, van hoa xa hpi, sinh hoat, dd choi tr^ em.... Mot SPCN la sU phoi hpp ve cau trdc cung nhu hoat dong cua he thd'ng Idn cho den c i c bp phan va cac chi tie't rieng le, vl vay cho nen p h i i dUpc de cap khong nhUng chl tdi sin pham hoan chinh ma con phai de cap tdi tUng chi tiet rigng Ig cho den mdi quan he giOa chung; giOa cac s i n pham hoan chinh trong td hdp cua no, trong moi trUdng vat pham va vdi con ngUdi.
Thiet ke' tdt la dU bao dUpc va de tao ra dUpc cha't lUdng tdng hpp cua sin pham va hang hoa cong nghiep (CLTHSP) bao gom cac tinh chat tao ra gia tri sU dung, noi len mUc dp ma san pham cong nghiep thoa m i n nhu cau nha't djnh nao dd trong nhflng dieu kien xac dinh cua sin xua't, sd dung va tieu dung CLTHSP va h i n g hoa cong nghiep the hien thong qua cac chl tieu sau day vdi dp tin cay cua chung: Chf tieu chat lUdng ky thuit chuyen nganh v i phUc hpp, Chl tieu chat lUdng ergonomie (quan he sin pham va con ngUdi sd dung), Chl tieu cha't lupng tham my cong nghiep, Chl tieu chat lupng thupc pham vi c i c vat lieu tao ra sin pham va n i n g lUdng sd dyng, Chi tieu chi't luong thupc pham vi cong nghe chg't^o, Chi tieu chat lUpng kinh te, Chl tieu cha't lupng thupc pham vi tinh chat x i hpi, cua san pham. Ddi vdi mpt sin pham cu the, c i c chl tieu ky thuit, ergonemie, my thuat cong nghiep, vat ligu la cac yeu td tryc tiep tao thanh tfnh cong dung cua sin pham.
Ddi vdi tUng loai sin pham cy the, viec can n h i c tdi UU CLTH thong qua viec dmh lupng cho H$ si quan
• LE TRuaNG saN - TS Ba tan
trong cua tdng chl tieu c h i t lUdng neu trgn. D l c6 the san xua't hang loat, mdt loai sin p h l m mdi, can p h i i c6 giai doan che tao thd sau dd hoan chinh t h i l t ke d i ^ chinh lai cac chl tieu chat lUdng trong mdi quan hg tdng hdp tdi UU va quyet djnh chfnh thUc cho sin xui^t loai Idn.
Khi mpt ban thig't ke da dUdc duygt d mot cap linh dao nao dd cd tham quydn quyet djnh thi khi mudn thay ddi thiet k l cung p h i i dUOC cap dd ddng y. Khi thiet ke, da dUpc duygt thi b i n q u y I n cda ngudi thiet ke dUdc dam bao. Khi xet duyet c i c thay ddi sau niy so vdi thiet ke ban dau, v i du nhU s i n g kien c i i tien thi phai bao dam nguygn tac l i c i c thay ddi do kh6ng|
l i m cho CLTHSP bi g i i m d i , trU c i c trUdng hpp ngo^iJ le, bdi vi c i c chi tieu chi't lUdng ngu tren quan hg rat chat che vdi nhau, khi thay ddi chl tigu n i y c6 i\\$
lam tang h o i c giam chl tieu k h i c , dieu n i y dan d i n ' l viec nang cao h o i c g i i m CLTHSP cda s i n phlm.';i;
Tfnh chat to'i Uu cua CLTHSP mang tfnh Ijch si!f, no' phu thuoc vao trinh dp p h i t trien KHKT nen sin xujft va nhu cau xa hpi trong tUng giai doan lich sCf.
Tuy 6 cac mdc dd khac nhau, c i c s i n pham cdng nghiep thudng la cac sin pham phUc hpp h$ t/idngkj*
thuat cd khf - dign td quang hoc - hoa - sinh v i t hpc. Sin .•;
pham CO/;yt^uatphu'c hpp thudng do ngudi cd kythu&t chuyen nganh khac nhau phdi hop thie't ke dUdi sUdilu khien cua mpt ngUdi chju t r i c h nhiem (chCi nhigm d4 t i i , ky sU trUdng...). Thiet ke ky thu^t dUpc d l c^p tdi mdt each cu the nhUng hien tupng, q u i trinh se x i y ra trong q u i trinh tdn tai v i hogt dong cCia sin p h l m v l c i c phuong dign vat \</, hda hpc, sinh v i t hpc b bSn trong sin pham v i trong quan hg sin pham vdi m8i trUdng l i m viec cCia nd eung moi trUdng sinh t h i i .
Q u i trinh nghien cdu p h i t trien (R&D)-thilt ke sil dung cac cong cu tinh t o i n , c i c ly thuyet v i cic ky thuat chuyen n g i n h , c i c quy l u i t van dOng, c i c m6\
lien he giOa c i c chuyen nganh k h i c nhau, c i c phUOng
MQt^jiet cua xe tfii thao -inh milk-
1 6 I Tap (hi Doanh nghlQp Cd khi & DAI stfng - So 4/2014
tign thi nghigm, do lUdng, k i l m tra... c i c n h i thiet ke neu ra djnh tinh, dinh lupng, cho c i c van d l cOa chi tigu ky t h u i t nhU: c i c thong sd hoat dong nang suit s i n lUdng, higu suat n i n g lUdng SLf dyng. Trinh dp tign tien, mdc dp higp dai, t y dpng hda, dieu khien, dieu chinh, dd bSn ca hpc, vat ly, hda hpc, sinh v i t hpc, dd chinh xac, dd nhay, do 6n dinh trong trang thai cSn bing ddng, tan sd' dao ddng cdng hudng, tuoi tho cua sin pham v.v... ngUdi ta khuyen rang can sCf dung cac si va day so UU tien trong viec thiet ke ky t h u i t (TU nam 1964 da cd Tieu chuan Vigt Nam TCVN 142:1964 ve Sd UU tign va day sd UU tien do Uy ban Khoa hoc Nha nudc ban h i n h ; TCVN 7298:2003,...
Hudng dan lUa chon day sd Uu tign va day cac gia tri quy tron cda sd Uu tign- Guide to choice of series of preferred numbers and of series containing more rounded values of preferred numbers).
Ve phUdng dien n i y , ddi khi ddi hdi ngUdi ta c i n c6 c i c b i l n p h i p b i o d i m bf mat cua t h i l t ke nhu c i c hd sd mat, hoac s i n pham tu p h i huy khi bi t h i o ra... Ben canh dd, s i n p h l m cung doi hdi c6 k h i nang nhat djnh d l cd the chiu dUng v i vUpt qua dUdc mpt sd hien tUpng mdi la n i o do trong qua trinh hpat dpng va tdn t^i cCia nd. Sin pham p h i i co k h i n i n g chjU ddng v i dupc b i o vg trong moi trUdng khf h i u trong dieu kien v i moi trUdng cong t i c . Mpt sd s i n pham c6 yeu cau rieng khi phyc vy an ninh qudc phong.
De nang cao chi't lUpng s i n p h l m , ngUdi ta i p dyng phuong phap phdng sinh hpc (bionic). Trong q u i trinh nghign cdu thie't ke', c i c nha khoa hpc cho r i n g the gidi sinh v i t dupc thien nhien tao ra la h i t sUc h o i n thign, chdng tdn t^i d tr^ng t h i i c i n b i n g ddng ci!ia mdi trudng sdng ty do, the gidi sinh vat trd t h i n h h i t sdc hi'p dan vi chiJng ta c6 the hpc t i p b^t chudc, tham k h i o c i c s i n pham tuygt digu l y cua thign nhign ma dinh cao ! i bp nao con ngudi.
T h i l t k l chl tieu ky thuit lien quan chat che vdi cac chl tigu khac. Vf dy hlnh dang c i c phUdng tign giao thdng v i n t i i co tdc dp cao p h i i phii hpp vdi cac tinh t o i n thdy khi dpng hpc, k i t qua do thUdng cho hlnh d i n g dep v l m i t tham my cong nghiep. Chl tieu ky thuat co vai trd quan trpng tao ra cdng dung cilia sin pham mpt khi k h i n i n g n i y cao hdn nhu cau sd dyng thUc te thi chl tigu kinh t l bi vi pham, tdc l i bi lang phf trong sin xua't v i tieu dCing. Vdi cung tinh nang ky thuat, san p h l m n i o cd k i t ca'u don g i i n thi se kinh te hon. Vigc x i c djnh c i c hg sd an t o i n khi t h i l t ke c I n dUpc chu trpng trong mdi quan hg tdng hpp cCia chi't lUpng tdi UU, an toin cho ngUdi si!f dyng, cho sin pham va tinh kinh t l , xa hpi.
T h i l t k l v l cdng t h i i hpc cho s i n pham: con ngUdi ygu c l u l i c i c s i n pham dUpc c h l tao ra p h i i phu hpp vdi ngudi sO dyng. Hp p h i i dupe b i o vg an t o i n trong quan hg vdi s i n pham. Sin pham p h i i phu hpp va thda man c i c ygu c l u ve cd t h i , tam sinh If, t h u i n tign khi sildyng...Bgn cgnh dd s i n pham khong dUpc l i m d n h i l m mdi trUdng v i c i c phUdng dign v i t If, hda hpc, sinh v§t hpc, p h i i chu y quan hg giUa s i n pham
v i tfnh on dinh can bang ddng cua moi trUdng sdng m i trong dd cd s i n pham ay.
N g i y nay khi ndi ve thie't ke SP cong nghiep ngUdi ta b i t bupe p h i l chu y den thie't ke my thuat cdng nghiep (TMCN). Trong c i c linh viic thiet ke, sin xuat, tieu dung, ngUdi ta ngay c i n g nghigm k h i c vdi t h i i do thd d hoac bd qua, coi nhe chl tieu nay. Thuc te chf ra rang co n h i l u sin pham bj xa hoi loai trU do MTCN khong cdn phu hdp, trong khi do nhieu loai sin pham dupc tigu thy nhanh tren thi trUdng do MTCN cao, trong sU so sinh ciing tinh nang ky thuat vdi c i c sin pham khac cung chung loai. Cac van de cua t h i l t ke MTCN khong nhUng chi lien quan den thj giac ma con ca dg'n thfnh giac, co g i i c v i n dong ni^a.
Khi nen san xui't va sU phit trien cua x i hoi dat d i n trinh dp nao dd thi ngudi ta con mong mudn moi sin pham cong nghigp cdn la mpt t i c pham nghe thuat nUa.
VI v i y , de d i p Ung nhu cau do cac nha t h i l t ke c i n co c i c am hieu ve nghe thuit nhu hpi hoa, nan tUdng, am nhac... cung nhu cac quy luat cam xuc tham my.
T h i l t ke' ve vat lieu bao gdm vigc tlm ra, iUa chon cac chat lieu cu the tao thanh san p h l m . Chat lUdng cda chung can dap Ung cho cac chl tieu ky t h u i t , ergonomie my thuat, kha nang cong nghiep che' tao, tfnh kinh te va xa hpi. Viec ehpn vat lieu phai nam trong c i c mdi quan he dd. Khi thay ddi vat lieu co t h i d i n den sU thay ddi cac chl tieu chat lUpng k h i c . Nhieu khi t h i l t ke' doi hdi phai co cac loai vat lieu mdi v i sU xua't hien cac vat lieu mdi md dudng cho t h i l t ke CO cac sang tao phong phu.
Sau thiet ke san pham la thiet ke quy tr'inh cong nghd chi tao ra s i n pham va nang lUpng sCf dung.
Ndi de'n cong nghigp c h l tao, can hieu bao gdm cd m i y , t h i l t bi cong nghg, ky t h u i t cdng nghe, con ngUdi thUc hien hoac dieu khien q u i trinh cong nghe.
Q u i trinh cong nghe che tao ra san pham cd sU dung c i c phuong tien tfnh t o i n , kiem tra, do lUdng, c i c thiet bj dieu chinh, dieu khien, dn dmh khdng che, c i c thong sd cong nghe, dieu hoa vi khi hau... cho nen khi thiet ke', can quan tam den cac k h i n i n g tren. Nhieu qui trinh cong nghg cung vdi may mdc v i thiet bl can p h i i gid bf m i t do yeu cau cua kinh te- an ninh -qudc phdng.
Cac chl tieu trong thiet ke cung can dUdc theo tieu chuan. He thdng tieu chuan chat lUdng va hg thdng q u i n ly chat lUdng can ddng bp va viec ap dung no cung vay.
C i c s i n pham tieu thu dUdi dang hang hoa p h i i tuan theo cac quy djnh cua nha nUdc ve mat ihUdng nghigp nhu dong gdi, bao bi, van chuyen, hUdng dan sd dyng, bao q u i n , canh b i o nguy hiem neu co.
Vigc SLf dung m i y tfnh dien td vao qua tnnh thiet ke va dieu khien s i n xua't la cho CLTHSP dupc nang cao nhay vpt va dem lai hieu qua kmh te cao.
Cong vigc thiet ke va duygl thiet ke doi hdi lao dpng CO tUduyb^ tho'ng diy tri tug sau rpng, d^odUc nghe nghigp cao ca, vdi tfnh ty my, can man v i v6 cung t r i c h nhigm la nhUthe.A •
Tiip chl Doanh nghlep Co khi & Dili stfng - sd 4/2014 M 7
