KINH NGHIEM QUOC TC
CHE DO DOI VOil NGHI SY CUA MOT SO NtfOfC THEN THE GIOH VA NHJifNG GIA TRI THAM KHJIO CHO VIET NAM*
Phan ^^n Ngoc*
0 6 Ihi Ngpc Lan*
*TS. Pho Giam doc Trung tam Thong tin Khoa hoclap phap. Vien Nghien ciJu Lap phap
* Trung tam Thong tin Khoa hoc lap phap, Vien Nghien CLTU Lap phap Thong tin bai viet:
Tir khoa: Dai bieu Quoc hoi/nghi sy, luong, thu nhap, dieu kien bao dam.
Lich su bai viel:
Nhan bai : 12/11/2018 Bien lap : 07/06/2019 Duyetbai : 13/06/2019 Article Infomation:
Keywords: National Assembly deputies/
parliamentarians, salary, incomes, guaranteed conditions
Article History:
Received Edited Approved
12 Nov. 2018 0 7 J u n 2 0 1 9 13Jun2019
Tom tat:
Ci nhieu nuoc tren the gioi, nghi sy duoc tra luang va cac khoan thu nhap a muc cao, duoc bao dam cac dieu kien hoat dong de nghi sy CO VI the, vai tro doc lap va dieu kien thuan igi de thuc hien nhiem vu dai bi^u dan cir. Nghien ctiu ve che dp doi vai nghj sy 6 mpt so nirac CO n^n dan chu lau dai, Quoc hoi hoat dong chuyen nghiep de chung ta co them kmh nghiem xay dung, hoan thien che dp, chinh sach doi vai dai bieu Quoc hoi a niroc ta
Abstract
For several countries in the world, pariiamentarians are paid with high salaries and other incomes, to guarantee the working conditions so that they would possess high positions, an independent role and favorable conditions to perform the mandates as the resident- voted representatives. Studying the regime for the parliamentarians in a number of countries with long-standing democracy and the professional parliarment so that we have reach lessions learnt to develop and improve the regimes and policies for the National Assembly deputies in Vietnam
1. Lich sa hinh thanh che do tra lirong, thu lao cho nghj sy
Nghien ciru ve ljch su che dp, chinh sach danh cho nghj sy a cac nuac tren the giai cho thay, ban dau, cac nghi sy khong nhan cac khoan luang hay thii lao cho cong viec ciia ho. Dieu nay bat nguon tir ly do:
(i) Nghi vien khi moi ra dai chi gom nhirng nguai giau co, thuoe tang lop thucmg luxi quy tgc. Tra thanh thanh vien ciia Nghi vien da la quy§n Igi va la danh dul Tien luong hay thii lao khong phai la van de dugc dat ra. Do vay, quyen irng cu cung chi danh cho nhiing ngirai co tai san, co kha nang doc lap v^ kinh th; (ii) Nghi vien hoat dgng khong
Nghien ciiu nay la kk qua thupc pham vi Dg tai nghien ciru khoa hoc cdp Bo "Che dp, chinh sach d6i v6i dai bieu Quoc hpi - Thuc trang va giai phap" do Vien Nghien ciiu Lap phap chii tri, MSsoDTCB 2016-17
van phong Qu6c hoi, Vien Friedrich Eben (ai Viet Nam (2008), Qu6e hoi trong Nha nuoc phap quyen Cong hda Lien bang Diic, Nxb. Chinh tri Qufic gia, tr 112,
KINH NGHIEM QUOC TE
thuong xuyen, cac phien hop cua Nghi vien thi thoang mai diln ra trong nam, cong vi^c ciia Nghj vien rat I't^
Tuy vay, v[ec khong tra luong cho nghi sy da true tiep din din he qua la lam can tro qua trinh dan chii hoa. Cac dai bi8u khong bi rang bugc boi trach nhiem, hoat dong mang_ tinh "nghiep du" nen Nghi vien rat kho to chuc cac phien hgp vi nhieu dai bieu vang mat. Do do, nhihu vin d^ thuoe thim quyen quyet dinh cua Nghi vien da khong dupe Nghi vien bieu quyet thong qua. Ben canh do, quyen img cir tra nen hinh thirc vi tren thuc te quyen iing cir la dac quyen cua tang lop thuoTig luu, co nhieu tai san, Nhimg nguai CO It tai san khong co dieu kien d^ img cir va cang khong c6 dieu kien tham gia cac hoat dgng cua Nghi vien vi day khong phai la hoat dgng duo'c tra luong de trang trai cho cuoc song.
Da CO nhung cupc tranh luan lau dai a nuac Anh ve tra luong cho nhijng vi dai bieu dan cir trong the ky thir XIX cho tai dau the ky XX. Nhu'ng npi dung co lien quan da dupe dat ra tap trung vao nhimg khia canh nhu: viec tra luang cho cac hoat dpng chinh tri trong dieu kien kho khan ve tai chinh; lieu nghi sy co quyen co bieu quyet de quyet dinh muc luong cua minh; cac nghi sy co xiing dang dupe tra juong; neu duac tra luong thi nghi sy co the tranh duoc sir tac dgng chi ph6i bai cac nhom loi ich; tien thii lao tir cac to chirc cong doan ho trp cho nghi sy... Cac lap luan de xuat, iing hg viec tra luong cho nghi sy cho rang, nghi sy la nhifng nguai CO vai tro va c6 ky nang nen can duac tra luong dh hg co the cong hien vi lai ich ya nguyen vpng ciia cir tri; giiip cho hg co dieu kien hoan thanh nhiem vu dai dien; tao cho hp mgt vi tri cong viec ngang tam vai cac
nganh nghS khac va voi vi tri cong viec cua cac bp truang trong Npi cac...'*
Khoi thuy, viec tra luong cho da^ bieu chi mang tinh ch4t tupng trung. Mot so hir^
thirc thanh toan duoc cho la co the duac bat ngudn tir tha ky 13 a Anh^ Tir cuoi the ky XDC, tra luang cho nghi sy da dan tro nen khong tha thieu duoc vi nhiing con^ viec ma hp thuc hien. Hoat dgng cua dai bieu fro nen thuong xuyen hon, cong viec ciia a^i biSu toan thai gian nen hg khong co nguon thu nhap chinh nao khac. Cac nghi sy nhan cac khoan thii lao tir nhirng ngucri iing hg, tir cac hiep hoi, cong doan ma hg dai dien. Trai qua 6 ian bo phieu khong thanh cong, chong lai cac dh xuat tra luang cho nghi sy tir ngan kh6 qu6c gia, dhn nam nam ,1911, cac thanh vien cua Ha vien Anh moi b5t dau nhan miic lirong la 400 bang/nam^ Den nam 1953, lan diu tien cac nghi sy Anh dupe nhan them tien tham du hpp vai mire 2 bang Anh mot ngay'.
0 Diic, viec tra luong hay thii lao cho dai biau ciing^gap phai sir phan doi manh me o giai doan ddu. Quan diem chong doi trong mpt thoi gian dai cho rang, tra luong cho chiic danh nghi sy la khong diing. Hian phap Vuong quoc Diic nam 1871 quy di^nh cam nghi sy^Quoc hpi lien bang nhan tian cpng hoac tien luong. Co quan diam cho rang, su cam doan nay nham loai bo cac "nhan to v6,san" cung nhu "nghi sy nghe nghiep"
o Quoc hgi^ Den nam 1906, viec tra luong chg nghi sy Quoc hgi moi chinh thiic dugc chap nhan. Mire luong dugc tra luc do la khoang 3.000 Mark. Hien phap nam 1919 quy dinh Luat quoc gia se dinh ra khoan luong cho nghi sy. Mire luong duac xac dinh bang 25% luang chinh ciia Bp truong^
Su thay doi trong co che hoat dpng ciia Quoc hpi theo huong chuyen nghiep da bupc cac
Inter Paliamentary Union (2013), A survey of parliamentary salaries and allowances, p 3.
Edward Hicks (2013), MPs pay: the never ending controversy. The History of Parliament blog, https://thehistoryofpar- liament.wordpress.com/. Truy cap ngay 30/10/2018.
House of Commons Infomiation Office (2009), Members' pay, pensions and allowances, p, 2, House of Commons Information Office {2011), Members' pay, pensions and allowances, p. 2 Richard Kelly (2009), Members'pay and allowances- a bnef history, Library, House of Commons, p. 2.
van phong Qu6c hgi, Vien Friednch Eben tai Viet Nam (2008), Qu6c hoi trong Nha nu6c phap quy€n Cong hoa Lien bang Diic, Nxb. Chinh trj Qu6c gia, tr. 113.
van phong Qu6c hgi, Vien Friednch Ebert tai Viet Nam (2008), Quoc hpi trong Nha nuac phdp quyen Cong hoa LiSn bang Diic, Nxb. Chinh tnQu6c gia, tr. 113.
58 lIS^^'SiSp^issiiFfiiss
KINH NGHIEM QUOC TE nghi sy phai lam viec chuyen nghiep va toan
thai gian, khong duaj 40 tieng/tuan, _tham chi tir 80-120 tieng/tuan. Truae thuc ta nay, trong phan quyet ve "cong tac phi", Toa an Hian phap Lien bang Diic nam i 975 da ket luan: viec tra cong cho nghi sy ngay nay da tra thanh viec thanh toan cho nghi sy va gia dinh hp. Khoan tian nay dupe lay tir ngan sach nha nuac. Nghi sy khong chi dan thuan nhan dupe khoan boi thuang cho chi phi thi^c ta cua hg de thuc hien chirc nang nghi sy ma con dupe nhan khoan thu nhap. Viec tra cong ve ban chat la thanh toan cac chi phi cho viec thuc hien nhiem vu dai bieu va ca nhimg khoan tian boi thudng cho nliimg thu nhap bi thieu hutvi nghi sy khong tha tiep tuc thuc hien ngha nghiep truoc day'".
Ngay nay, lam nghi sy/dai biau la mot nghe nghiep va dupe tra luang cho nghe nghiep do. Dai bieu co vai tro rat dac biet va cong viec ciia hg cung khong giong vai bat ky cong viec nao khac trong linh vuc cong hoac tu. Do vay, hau nhu tat ca cac nghj vien cung cap chocac nghi sy ve luong v^hoac trp cap, chu yeu vi ba ly do: Truae het, ve mat ly thuyet, mpt miic luong phii hap se giup mpi nguoi dan co the tiap can duoc Quoc hgi, de Quoc hpi co tha bao gom cac cong dan tir tat ca cac tang lop trong xa hpi. Ngucri dan co the iing cii va hoan toan CO tha duoc bao dam thu nhap khi tning cir.
Cac dai biau dugc bao dam miic thu nhap de trang trai cupc song cho ca nhan va gia dinh, CO dieu kien ve thai gian de toan tam, toan y thuc hien nhiem vu cua nghi sy. Thie hai, trp cap ciia Quoc hgi nham cung cap du nguon tai chinh cho cac nghi sy thuc hien cac cong viec phiic tap, voi khoi luang ngay cang nhiau. Thiau cac nguon luc tai chinh, nghi sy se khong the thuc hien day du cac trach nhiem ciia minh d6i_vai cir tri. Thu ba.
he thong luong va tro cap phii hop se bao ve cac nghi sy khong bj chi phoi, can thiep hay hoi 16 tir cac ben co lai ich lien quan dan boat dgng ciia Nghi vien, cac quyet dinh ciia
ca nhan nghi sy xuat phat tir Ipi Ich qu6e gia, mang tinh tong the, han cha tinh cue bg, cat cir trong nghi vien, ngan ngira hanh vi tham nhung, bao dam quyan luc duac thuc thi vi muc tieu chung.
2. Che d6, chinh sach doi vol nghj sy 6"
mgt so na&c
Che do, chinh sdch doi v&i nghi sy &
Hoa Ky
Cac nghi sy dupe nhan luong tuong duong voi tham phan lian bang va cac quan chuc cao cap ciia Chinh phii. Miic luong duoc xem nhu la mgt phuang dien the hien su danh gia ve vai tro va vi tri quan trgng ciia nghi sy trong bp may nha nuoc. Ca thupng nghi sy va ha nghi sy deu nhan miic luang la 174.000 USD/ nam. Cac vj tri lanh dao trong Quoc hgi duoc nhan miic luang cao hon. Cu thi, Chu tich Ha vien nhan 223.500 USp/nara, lanh dao cac dang chinh tri (phe da s6 va thiau so) nhan luong 193.400 USD/
nam". Tir nam 2009 den nay, miic luong ciia cac nghi sy khong tang. Ngoai tian luong, cac thanh vien ciia Quoc hpi dugc huang trg cap hang nam nham trang trai cac chi phi lien quan dan viec thuc hien eac nhiem vu cua Quoc hgi, bao gom: chi phi van phong, nhan vien, thu tin, di lai giiia khu vuc bau cir va Thu do Washington, cac hang hoa va dich vu khac phuc vu cho hoat dgng cua nghi sy.
Cac nghi sy cung duac nhan cac khoan thu nhap ca nhan ngoai luang nhung khong qua i 5% mire luong co ban bac 2 theo nam trong he thong luang doi voi cac chirc vu cao nhat trong nhanh hanh phap (nam 2016, miic thu nhap ngoai bi giai han la 27.495 USD)'-. Phap luat quy dinh cam nghj sy duac huong cac khoan thu nhap tir thu lao CLia mpt so hoat dpng cu tha theo quy dinh ciia pao luat co tan "Dao diic trong ehinh quyen". Vi du, cac nghi sy khong dupe nhan thii lao bang tien hoac cac hien vat co gia tri cho cac bai phat bieu, bai bao hoac cho nhirng lan hg xuat hien truae cong chiing'^
Minh Tuan (2009), Luong ciia Nghi sy Diic Tra luong cho nghi sy - he qua cua tien trinh dan chu, Bao Dai bieu nhan dan online, co tai http://www.daibieunhandan.vn. Truy cap ngay 28/10/2018.
Ida A. Brudnick (2018), Congressional Salanes and Allowances: In Brief, Congression Research Service, p. I, Ida A Brudnick (2018), Congressional Salaries and Allowances: In Brief, Congression Research Service, p. 2 Ida A. Brudnick (2018), Congressional Salaries and Allowances: hi Brief. Congression Research Service, p.2
So 9(385)75/2019 NGHIEN CUU
-LAP PHAP
159
KINH NGMEM Q u 6 c i t
Cac khoan thii lao nay chi duoc nhan nau vi mue dich tir thien.
Chi phi cho hg nghi sy gdm 3 khodn:
(i) Chi phi ca nhan la 944.671 USD nghi sy cho tat ca cac nghi s\ (nam 2017): (ii) Cac chi phi van phong (thua van phong, nhan vien, trang thiet bi, van phong phSm...) rdt khac nhau giira cae nghi sy do su khac biet ve khoang each giira Wasington DC voi khu vuc bau cu, muc gia thue van phong o khu vuc bau cu...; va (iii) Chi phi thu tin dupe tinh theo tong so cac dia chi thu tm ciia khu vuc bau cii, Idiong bao gom cac dia chi kinh doanh. Tong chi phi cho moi ha nahi sv giao dgng tir 1.251.177 - 1.433.709 USD/'nam, voi mire trung binh 1.315.523 USD/ha nghi sy/ nam'*'. Moi nghj sy dugc thue toi da 18 niian vian giiip viec rieng (khong thay doi tir nam 1975) va co the thue them 4 nhan vian ban thoi gian (quy dinh rat ro truang hpp dupe thue bo sung). Ha nghi sy dupe nhan tat ca cac an pham dupe in an chinli thuc ciia nha nuoc. Tat ca cac chi phi cho cac nghi sy dupe cong bo cong khai tren an pham ciia Ha vien xuat ban dinh ky hang quy va dang tai tren website cua Ha vien.
Chi phi cho thucmg nghi sy (so lieu du tinh nam 2018): Tdng chi phi hoat dpng ea nhan so bo ciia thuong nahi sy khoang tir 3.192.760 USD d^n 5.052.317 USD/ nghi sy/ nam; trung binh la 3.467.971 USD/nghi sy/nam. Chi phi gom 3 khoan chinh: (i) Chi phi nhan vian giiip viee hanh chinh va thu ky la 2.587.374 USD/nghi sy/, nam (o eae bang CO it hon 5 trieu dan) dan 4.112.084 USD/ nghi sy/ nam (a cae bang eo tir 28 trieu dan tro lan); (ii) Thue chuyen gia tu vdn lap phap, ap dung chung cho cac thuang nghi sy voi miic la 482.958 USD/ nghi s\
nam; va (iii) Chi phi hanh ehinh (van phong.
di lai, thu tin) dao dpng tir 122.428 USD nghi sy/ nam dan 457.275 ,USD nghi s\
nam, phu thupc \ao dan so. khoang each giiia Wasington DC va khu vuc bau cii, so dia chi thu tin cua bang.
Moi thuang nghi sy dupe sa hiiu mpt van phong cua tiau bang tai toa nha thuge sa
hiru lien bang d cac bang. Truong hop khong CO van phong tiu'ch hap thi co the dupe bo tri mpt \ an phong o dia diem khac nhung miie gia thua khong vuot qua quy dinh cua Co quan quan ly dich \n (GSA). Cac/hupng nghi s\ dugc thue khong gioi han so lugng eae van phong d bang ma hp dai dien. Tu\
nhian, t6ng dian tieh van phong cho thupng nghi sy khona qua khoang 5.000 ft2 (464 m2)" doi vdi thugng nghi ,s> dai dien eho bang CO dudi 3 trieu dan den 8.200 ft2 (762 m2) ddi vdi thugng nghi s> dai dien cho bang CO tir 17 trieu "dan trd len. Van phong d Thii do W ashington dugc traiig bi ngi that theo quy dinh tir co quan c6 tham quyen \ a thugng nghi sy eg the trang bj them nhung phai tra ehi phi. D6i vdi cac van phong d cac bang dugc trang bi ngi that gia tri tdi 40.000 USD cho cac vin phong dia phucmg co tong dien tich dudi 5.000 ft2 va tang 1.000 USD cho 200 ft2 (18.5 m2) tang them. Trang thiet bi van phong cua Thugng nghi sy d thii do va d cac bang dugc trang bi theo quy dinh ciia CO quan co tham quyen thuge Thugng vien va can cii vao dan so bang.
Ngoai ra, Thugng nghi s\ dugc nhan eac an pham chinh thiic ciia nha nude. Tat ca chi phi eho Thugng nghi sy dugc cong bo cong khai trong bao cao diiih ky 6 thang va hang nam, dugc dang tai eong khai tren Website eua Thupng vien.
Che dp, chinh sdch doi v&i nghi sy Vuffng qudc Anh
Tir thang 5 2015. tuong ciia nghi sy la 74.000 bang/nam va se dugc thay doi theo mire thu nhap trung binh eiia khu vue cong.
Mire luong hien tai nam 2018 la 77.379 bang/
nam. Ban canh miic luong ehinh. nhiing nghj s\ dam nhan them cac cdng \iec khac dugc hudng luong bo sung. Miic luong bo sung cho ngudi diing dau cac Uy ban la 14.582 bans, nam, ciia Chii tich Ha vien la 68.827 bang/
nam (so heu nam 2011)'^.. Tit nam 2005, cac thanh vien trong Ban thudng true (Panel of Chaus) Cling dugc nhan miic luang b6 suns theo bon miic tiiy theo thdi gian ma hg cdna hian, cao nhat bang mire luong ciia Chii tich
14 Ida A Brudnick (2018), Congressional Salanes and Allowances: In Brief. Congressiim Research Service, p. 4_s 15 House of Commons Infonnanon Office (2011). Members' pay. pensions and allowances, Pg 2.
60 i;2:;;'jiS'p_/^si35i?r52S
KINH NGHIEM QUOC TE iiy ban. Luong bo sung dupe tang lan hang
nam tuang iing vdi ty le tang luong eua nghi sy. Tuy nhian, tic nam 2016, quy dinh nay da duoc tiiay doi theo hudng, cac thanh vien duoc nhan mgt miic luong bo sung nhu nhau la 15.025 bang/nam'^
Cae nghi sy con duoc nhan phu cap va cae chi phi bao dam cho viec thirc hien nhiem vu. Trong do, phu cap ve nha d (neu khong CO nha d London) toi da la 20.610 bang/ nam thue nha d khu vuc London, tir 10.410 - 15.660 bang/ nam vdi 5 miic khac nhau khi thue nha d khu vuc ben ngoai.
Nhirng nghi sy co nha, rieng, khong thua nha, dugc hudng phu cap 8.850 bang/nam.
Phu cap luu tni dugc quy dinh la 150 bang/
dam d London va 120 bang/ dem d nhiing noi khae. Nghi sy khong yau cau dupe thanh toan eac khoan ve nha d cd the yeu can thanh toan phi sinh hoat lan tdi 3.760 bang/nam d khu vuc trung tam London, L330 bang/
nam doi vdi khu vuc ngoai 6. Tien thue van phong d don vi bau cu toi da la 26.100 bang/
nam d London va 23.450 bang/nam d nhiing khii vue khac (bao gorn chi phi thue, trang thiet bi, van phong pham va van hanh van phong). Tian thue nhan vien toi da la 148.000 bang/ nam doi vdi nghi sy d London va 141.400 bang/nam doi vdi cac nghi sy kliac.
Phu cap hat nhiem ky nau dai bieu khong tai cir 46.500 bang cho cac nghi sy song d London va 45.500 bang cho cac nghi sy a cac dia phuong khac va mpt_ khoan tro cap tai djnh cu dugc tinh theo so nam phuc vu Nghj vien, moi nam dugc nhan mgt thang lucmg nhung khong qua sau thang. Ngoai ra, cac nghi sy con co ho trg chi phi chiia benh, an ninh, bao hiam, nuoi ngudi phu thupc va cae khoan thanh toan du phong...''
De bao dam cac khoan chi theo diing quy dinh cua Nghi vien, tu sau vu ba boi tai chinh nam 2009, Co quan dpc lap ve quy chuan nghj vien (IPSA) dugc thanh lap co chiic nang tham muu cho Nghi vien, xac dinh, hudng dan dinh muc va thuc hien chi
tra eac khoan chi phi doi vdi nghi sy. Cac nghj sy CO quyen yeu cau IPSA thanh toan luong va cac khoan chi phi theo hoa don yeu cau da bao dam hoat dpng theo quy dinh. So lieu ehi phi cho timg ca nhan nghi sy ciing vdi cae chiing tir co lian quan dupe cong khai vdi cong chiing tran Website cua nghi vien de bao dam tinh minh bach. Cii tri co the true tiep giam sal miic chi tieu tai chinh ciia timg nghi sy, nhat la nghi sy dai dien d khu vuc bau cir.
Che dp, chinh sdch doi v&i nghi sy Australia
Miic luong ciia nghi sy (d ea thupng vien vaha vien) la 199.040 AUD/nam co hieu luc tir ngay 01/01/20! 6. Day dupe xem la miic luong CO ban ap dung eho cac chiic vu cao cap thuge khu vue cong eiia Astralia. Cac chirc vu trong Quoc hpi nhan dugc mire luong bo sung tiiy vi tri dam nhan. Chu tich Thugng vien va Ha vien hudng them 75%, Pho Chii tjch dang doi lap trong Thugng vien 57,5%, Chii tieh dang CO han 10 nghi sy 45%, Bo trudng doi lap 25%, Thu ky Quoc hgi 25%; Chii tjch dang doi lap trong Ha vien 85,5%.; Pho Chu tjch dang doi lap 57,5%; lanh dao dang doi lap trong Thugng vien 51,5%; lanh dao cua Dang CO tu 10 thanh vien trd len 45%...'^
Ngoai miic luong ca ban va luong bo sung theo ehiie vu, cac thugng nghj sy dugc nhan phu cap hoat dgng 32.000 AUD. Cac ha nghi sy nhan phu cap hoat dpng tinh tren dien tich ciia cae khu vuc bau cu tuong iing (dudi 2.000 km2 la 32,000 AUD/nam; tir 2.000km2 dan 4.999 km2 la 38.000 AUD/
nam; va tir 5.000km2 la 46.000 AUD/nam).
Neu dai biau khong sir dung xe cong dugc phu cap them 19.500 AUD/nam cho viec di chuyan giiia thii do va khu vuc bau cir'^.
Cac nghi sy eon dugc nhan cac chi phi khac nhu: chi phi^thue van phong tai don vj bau cu; trang thiat bj van phong, bao gom ca he thong mang may tinh; bim chinh va cac djch vu chuyen phat thu; van phong cua nghj sy
16 Richard Kelly (2016), Members' pay and expenses and ministerial salaries 2016/17, Library, House of Commons, p. 16.
17 Richard Kelly (2016), Members' pay and expenses and ministenal salaries 2016/17, Library, House of Commons, p.22-31.
18 Australia Parliamenlaiy Library (2016), Research Paper "Parliamentary remuneration and entitlements, 2016 update", p, 8 19 Australia Parliamentary Library (2016), Research Paper "Parliamenlary remuneraiion and entitlements- 2016 update", p. 9
' i • ! «' .1 ! I • ^ N G H I E N C U U I M
So 9(385) T5/2019 V L A P P H A P I * "
KINH NGHIEM QUOC i t
t£ii nha Quoc hgi; luong cho 4 nhan vien giup viec; chi phi dao tao nhan vien giiip viec; phu cap xa gia dinh da lam cong viec cua Quoc hpi; chi phi di laicho thanh vian cua gia dinh nghj sy, bao g6m 9 ehuygn di dan thiido Canberra cho vp/ch6ng nghj sy;
3 chuyen di din thii do Canberra cho con eua nghi sy; chi phi in dn, phat hanh cac to tin ciia nghi sy; chi phi dien thoai ban, intemet va 2 dien thoai di dpng; chi phi bao chi; dich vu anh tai Nha Qu6c hpi; nghien ciru tham quan d nudc ngoai; cac chi phi b6 sung khac^°.
Da bao dam tinh cong khai, tdt ca cac quy djnh ve che dp ehi tiaucho nghj sy noi rieng va cac chiic vu cao cap trong bg may nha nude dugc dang tai tren website eiia nghi vien va eiia cac co quan nha nudc Australia.
Co quan djeh vu nghj vien va cac bo thuge Bp Tai chinh co trach nhiem hudng din, thuc hien ya giam sat viec thuc hien eac quy djnh ve che do, chinh sach doi vdi nghj sy.
Che dS, chinh sdch dS/ v&i nghisy Canada Trong nian dp tai chinh 2018-2019, miic luong ciia nghj sy Canada la 175.600 CAD/nam. Day eung la muc luang ca ban cho eac chirc vu chinh trj trong chinh quyen.
Theo quy dinh ciia phap luat, miic luong ciia nghj sy se dupe tang lan theo mice tang cua chi so gia tieu diing va ap dung miic luong mdi tir ngay 01 thang 4 hang nam. Luong dugc tra djnh ky 2 tuan mgt lan. Ngoai tian luong CO ban, cac chiic danh trong nghj vien dugc nhan luong b6,sung tiiy vao vj tri dam nhiem tinh tran phan tram luong co ban, nau mgt ca nhan dam nhiem nhieu chirc vu thi ehi nhan mire luong bo sung cao nhat.
Luong bd sung ciia Chii tich Ha vien la 84.000 CAD (50% luong ca ban); Pho Chu tjch, chu nhiem cac Uy ban la 43.400 (35%
luong CO ban)^';...
va cac chi phi van,phong, moi nghj sy dugc nhan mot miic co dinh la 358.200 CAD/nam d'a trarig trai eho cac khoan luong nhan vien giiip viec, hgp d6ng djeh vu, lien he vdi khu vue bau cir, di lai va cac khoaii chi phi khae co lian quan"..Ngoai ra, chi phi van phong dugc b6 sung doi vdi cac nghj sy d cac khu vue bdu cir rpng, so cir tri dong theo cac miie dien tich va so cii tri khac nhau, gia dich vu internet, hoac cac khu vuc img cii dac biet nhu cae dja hat ngoai lanh tho.
Nghj sy cung dupe thanh toan 30.240 CAD/
nam chi phi di lai, an nghi va cac khoan chi phi phat sinh^khac da thue hien nhiem vii^^^;
duge di chuyan dan nhirng dja diem lam viec hoac du ljch ciing ngudi than (toi da 64 dja diam); dupe thanh toan bo sung toi da 3%
chi phi van phong cho tian qua tang, 10%
cho viec quang ba, giir moi lien he vdi cir tri^". Nghj sy Canada khong co nha d trong khu vuc thii do se dugc nhan trg cap ve nha d tam thdi thii hai de thuc hien cac nhiem vu nghj sy. Miie trg cap tiiy thupc vao loai nha d, khu vuc thue/mua nha.
O mgt so nudc khac nhu Phap, mpt nghj sy dugc hudng khoang 11.000 euro/
thang, trong khi luong eua Thi trudng Paris, dong thdi_ la Chii tjch Hpi dong nhan dan thanh pho ehi nhan khoang 4.500 euro/
thang^^. Thu nhap trung binh cua cae nghi sy Nhat Ban trong tai khoa 2008 la 24,82 trieu yan/nam (khoang 250.000 USD)^f. 6 Singapore, nghi sy hoat dgng theo cha do ban thdi gian nen dugc quySn co cong vi?c ban ngoai nhung phai dpc lap vdi vai tro nghj sy va dupe hudng thii lao, thu nhap tir cong viec do. Do vay, nghj sy chi dugc nhan phu cap khi thuc hien cac nhiem vu nghj sy, tham gia cac hoat dgng ciia nghj vian.
20 Bao dien tii Dai bieu nhan dan (2009), Co che ho tro hoat dpng ciia Nghi sy Australia- Bao dam quyen Igi cho nghj s?
hoan thanh l6t chirc nang d?i dien. Co lai http://daibieunhandan.vn. Truy cap ngay 30/10/2018.
21 Canada House of Commons (2018), Member's Allowances and Services, Chapter 3-9.
22 Canada House of Commons (2018), Member's Allowances and Services, Chapter 4-4.
23 Canada House of Commons (2018), Member's Allowances and Services, Chapter 4-6 24 Canada House of Commons (2018), Membei 's Allowances and Services, Chapter 4-27.
25 Thiiy Hanh (2010). Nghj sy v^ nam mcri: Trgng trach dac biet gan vm che do lirong b6ng dac bifi, Bao Dai bigu nh^n dan onlme, co tai http://www.daibieunhandan.vn Tmy cap ngay 20/9/2018
26 Thiiy Hanh (2010), Nghj s j vi nSm m6i: Trpng trach dac bi?t gSn ven chS d6 lu'ong bong dac bi?t, Bao Dai hilu nhan dan online, co tai http://www daibieunhandan.vn. Tmy cap ngiy 20/9/2018
62
U P ' P H A ' P ^ S6 9(385) THZOigKINH NGHIEM QUOC TE Theo kat qua khao sat cua IPU va luong
va cac khoan phu cap, cho nghj sy vao nam 2013 cho thay: Ve tien luang ea bdn, miic luong trung^bmh nam 2012 la 62.075 USD/
nam cho moi nghj sy (so lieu trung binh ciia 110 nghj vien). O 11,0 nghj vien cd so lieu thong ka, CO 50% quoc gia co luong nghj sy dudi 50.000 USD/nam; co 14% quoc gia co luong nghi sy tren 100.000 USD/nam^'. Nlu tinh ca trp cap thi mice trung binh ciia nghj sy la 81.207 USD/ nam (theo s6 lieu binh quan eua 107 nghj vien). Miic luong trung binh va phu cdp eita Chu tjch Quoc hpi la 104.639 USD/ nam (so heu binh quan d 92 quoc gia), trong do CO 13% nhan dugc hon 200.000 USD/nam^*. Nhieu quoc gia, nghi sy dugc hudng eae loai phu cap, chi phi khac nhau nhu: phu cap du hgp, sinh hoat phi (do song xa gia dinh), di lai, nghi duang, thdng tin - lien lac, van phong d thii do va d khu vuc bau cir, chi phi thue nhan vien giiip viec, chi phi dao tao nhan vian....
3. Mdt so gia tri tham khao
Tir thue tian quy djnh va ap dung che dp; chinh sach cho nghj sy d mgt so nudc tran the gidi va qua ket qua nit ra trong cupc khao sat ve thu nhap eiia nghj sy do IPLP^ thuc hien, co tha rut ra mgt so nhan xet tham khao;
- Thu nhdt, lam nghj sy la rnpt nghe va nghj sy dugc nhan lucmg tir ngha nghiep ciia minh. Viec nghj sy dugc nhan luong hay cac thii lap hoat dpng bat nguon tir ba ly do:
(i^Tao diau kien da mgi cdng dan deu co the thuc hien duoc quyan iing cir va co co hpi da trd thanh nghj sy; (ii) Cong viec ciia Quoc hpi ngay cang nhieu va cang phiic tap;
(iii) Ngan ngira tinh trang tham nhiing. Tra luong, thii lao va chi phi cho nghj sy d mgt so quoc gia dupe quy dinh trong Hian phap va xem day la nguyan tac hien djnh.
- Thd- hai, lam nghj sy la mdt nghe nghiep dac thii, mang tinh ca nhan, dpc lap va lam viec trong diau kien eud^g do lao dpng cao, thudijg xuyen di chuyeri, xa gia dinh, gap gd, tiap xiic vdi nhiau doi tugng, N^hj §y d Dire co tha lam viec ,tu' 80 - 120 gio/tuan-'". Thep mgt khao sat gan 700 nghj sy tren toan the gidi do IPU thue hien nam 2011, nhirng ngudi .dugc hoi cho rang, via,c phuc vu cu tri chiem nhiau thdi gian nhat trong cac hoat dgng ciia hg. Ben canh c^c hoat dgng cua nghi vien, cac ijghj sy deu danh khoa;ig 30-40 gid moi tuan cho viec gap go, tiep ;cuc cir tri^'. Do vay, can phai CO nhiing che do dai ngo va dieu kien lam viec mang tinh uu dai da nghj sy hoan, thanh nhiem vu ciia mirjh. (3 cac nudc co nen dan chii lau dgi, Quoc hgi hoat dpng chuyen nghiep, che do, chinh sach co vai tro quan trgng trong viee bao dam hi.eu qua h.oat agng cu^ nghj gy- Cac nghj sy deu cho rang, viec thipu nguon luc,san co cho hg la trd ngai ldn nhat hg phai doi ma| da hoat dg.ng co hieu qua. Diau nay cho thay miie trp c^p eua nghj vien CO the co tac dgng dang ka dan hieu qua cua nghj vien-'^.
- Thu ba, nghi sy, dugc nhan .miie luong cap so vdi mat bang chung ve thy nhap nghe nghiep trong xa hgi, O mgt so nudc, Hian phap va luat qu^ dinh mire luong ciia nghj sy tuong duong vdi mire luong ciia Bg trudng, Tham phan toi cao, Thj trudng thanh pho... Ty le chenh lech eiita luong eiia nghi sy vdi miic luong trung binh d Italia la 4„95 ian; Hoa.lCy la 3,1 lan; T^hat Ban la 3 l^n". Ngoai tien luopg, dai bieu nhan dupe rat nhiaq cac phu cap va cac chi phi khac nhau (diau kietj bao dam). Mire thu nhap va ehi phi cao tjia hien su dai ngo xiing aang ciia xa„hpi doi vdi vi tri, vai t^o eiia nghj sy, vira the iiien tinh dae thu nghe nghiep. Diau dang luu y la eac phu cap va ehi phi dugc tra mpt each cong^bang va tuan thii day dii c^c tieu chi djnh san nhu phan djnh viing mien
27 Inter Paliamentary Union (2013), A survey of parliamentary salanes and allowances, p. 5 28 Inter Paliamentary Union (2013), A survey of parliamentary salanes and allowances, p. 6 29 IPU: Lien minh Nghi vien Th^ giai (tieng Anh: Inter-Pariiamentary Union)
30 Mmh Tuan (2009), Lucmg cua Nghi sy Dire: Tra luong cho nghi sy - he qua cua ti6n trinh dan chii, Bao Dai bi^u nhan dan onlme, co tai http.//www.daibieunhandan.vn
31 Phan Van Ngoc (2015), dl t^i ca so "Mdi quan h | giiia dai bieu Qu6c hpi vol cir tn - Thuc trang va Giai phap", Vien Nghien ciiu L^p phap, tr. 52.
32 Inter Paliamentary Union (2013), A survey of parliamentary salanes and allowances
33 Annalisa Mereili (2014). In Italy, members of parliament make five times more than the average worker, Quartz, co tai https://qz.com, tmy d p ngay 15/8/2018.
, NGHIEN cini I e n So 9(385) T5/2019 V_ LAP P H A P ' * ' ' '
KINH NGHIEiW Q u 6 c i t
vol thu do, nong thon vdi thanh thi, khoang caeh dia ly, so lugng dan cu cua khii vuc hku cu, chi so gia tieu diing timg khu vye...
f- . •.^^1.^'^'™^ ^^^ nghj.sy la mot nguyen tae hien dinh va miie luong cua nghi sy phai ngang bang nhau. Viec tra luang cho nghi sy nham bao dam su dge lap cua nghj syi
"khoan tian luong nay phai la nhu nhau doi vol cac nghl sy; no phai bao dam su doc lap cua nghj sy va the hien nghi sy la ngudi dai dien cho toan the dan tgc;'^^ Chinh vi vay, luong ciia nghj sy d nhi^u qu6c gia duoc xem la luong ca ban ciia cac chiic vu chiiih trj. Cac chinh tri gig noi chung va cac vj tri lan^i dao trong Quoc hgi, cae Uy ban ciia Quoc hgi dau nhan dupc^mgt mire luong CO ban nhu nhau nhung vin dugc nhan cac khoan phu cap hoac miic luong b6 sung trach nhiem theo timg vj tri eong viec ma hp dam nhiem.
^, - Thii- tu. .ngoai viec quy ^inh trong Hiaij phap, da so cac Quoc hpi deu c6 thim quyen quy djnh ve mire lugng, cac khoan thu nhap, eac khoan phu cap va cac dieu kien bao dam hoat dpng cho nghj sy. Jheo khao sat ciia IPU, co 69 trong tong s6 119 nghi vien quyat djnh luong ciia nghj sy, 96 75 t.rong tong so ,122 nghj vien c6 quyen quyat dinh phu cap^^ Dieu nay khac vdi tham quyan cua ehinh phu quy djnh cac cha do, chinh sach cho cong chirc hanh chinh trong bg may eong quyan. Tuy nhien, viee quy djnh cho Quoc hgi tu quyen quyat djnh muc luong va cac diau kien bao dam hoat dpng cua minh,kh6ng phai la mot quy dinh tiiy tien. Hau het cac quoc gia, viec xac djnh miic luong, thu nhap, cac diau kien uu dai, bao dam hoat dpng cho nghj sy do mpt ca quan dpc lap ciia Quoc hpi thuc hien dua tren cac tieu chi dugc dinh san. Vi du d Anh, tian luong ciia eae nghi sy dupe quyet djnh bdi Ca quan tiau chuan doc lap cua nghi vien (IPSA)'^
- Thii ndm, ben canh su dai ngp, uu tian va thu nhap va eae dieu kien bao dam hoat dong cho nghi sy, yau cau ve tinh ,c6ng khai, minh bach trong thuc hien che dp, ehinh sach va kiem soat chi tiau ciia cac nghj
sy rat dupe quan tam nham bao dam sy co"8 bang va ngan neiia tham nhiing. Cac che do, chinh sach doi vdi nghj sy dupe eong bo eong khai tren cac website ciia nghj vien.
Cac nghi sy co trach nhiem cong khai thu nhap va chi tieu ciia mmh cho cac boat dpng nghe nghiep tren website ca nhan va bao cao tai ehinh,dan co quan co tham quyan. Luat phap nhiau nudc quy djnh cam cac nghi sy thue nhan vian giiip viec la ngudi than. Viee eong khai nay dugc thirc hien thudng xuyan hang thang, hang quy. 0 Anh, thong tin cong khai chi tiat dan timg hda don chi tieu eua nghj sy. Do vay, cac ben cd lian quan, cac eg quan hiiu quan va ca cii tri eo tha tim biau, giam sat cac khoan chi eua nghj sy, kh5c phuc viec sir dung ngan sach sai muc dich, tranh ba boi tai chinh nhu da xay ra nam 2009.
- Thif sdu. sii dung dung muc dich cac nguon luc tai chinh va diau kien bao dam la yey cau dat ra khat khe doi vdi cac nghi sy nham han che tinh trang tham nhiing, lang phi hoac anh hudng d,an sy dge lap ciia nghi sy. CJ Hoa Ky, mot so khoan chi bj nghiem cam theo quy dinh ciia phap luat. Vidu,, nghi sy khdng dugc sir dung trg cap dai biau de chi tieu ca nhan hoac trang trai eho ,eac boat dpng tranh cir (trir khi dupe su chap thuan cua Uy ban dao due); sir dung quy tai trp da thanh toan chi phi cho hoat dpng dai bilu; sir dung tai, khoan khong chinh thirc; tiap nhan c4e nguon tai tro, ho trg tir khu vuc tu nh4n da thuc hien cac nhiem vu dai bieu; sir dung chi phi dugc cap cho ca nhan da thanh toan cac thu tin mian phi hoac da dugc chi tra..."
Nhu vay, d.cac quoc gia co nan dan chu lau dpi, Quoc hgi hoat,dpng chuyan nghiep, cha dp, chinh sach doi vdi nghi sy dugc quy djnh rat day du, co nhirng diim tuong dong ve npi dung va each thiic thuc hi^en. .Mac dii co sir khac nhau va dac dia'm he thong chinh,trj, ca cau to ehiic bo may nha nudc va cha do hoat dgng ciia dai biau, nhimg nhiing kinh nghiem tran, co'gia tri tha,m khao da nghian eim, sira dpi, bo sung che dp, chinh sach doi vdi dai biau Qu6c hoi d nudc ta hien nayB
34 Van phong Qu6c hpi va Vien Fnednch - Eben tai Viet Nam, (2008), "Qufic hp! trong Nha nuoc phap quy^n Cong hoa Lien bang Diic", Nxb Chinh trj Qu6c gia tr 114.
35 Inter Paliamentary Union (2013), A survey of parliamentary salaries and allowances, p. 8 36 Inter Paliamentary Union (2013), A sur/ey of parliamentary salaries and allowances, p. 9
37 Ida A. Brudnick (2018), Congressional Salanes and Allowances: In Bnef, Congression Research Service, p. 4
64
I HOtHtH CUUI LAP PHAP- S69(385)T5/2019
