V ^ tro ciia n g ^ hang trong phat trien tai chinh toan dien t^i Viet Nam: Thu'c t r ^ g va khuyen nghi
Nguyen Thuy Dydng Nguyen Thj Thu Trang Khoa Ngan hang, Hoc vien Ngan hang
Bdi viet tim hiiu mot sd quan diim vi tdi chinh todn dien cdng nhu lam ro vai trd cua ngdn hdng trong phdt triin tdi chinh todn dien. Tir do bdi viit phdn tich vai trd cua ngdn hdng dot v&i phdt triin tdi chinh todn diin tgi Viet Nam trong tuong quan voi cdc qudc gia trong khu vuc. Thuc trgng duoc phdn tich thong qua hai nhdm chi tieu: mue dp bao phu cua ngdn hdng vd mii-c dp su dung sdn phdm dich vu ngdn hdng qua giai doan nghiin cieu 7 ndm, tic 2012 din ndm 2018. Kit qud cho thdy ngdn hang da dong vai trd quan trpng trong thuc day tdi chinh todn diin, tuy nhien muc dp phdt triin tdi chinh todn dien tgi Viet Nam vdn thdp hon so v&i mdt sd qudc gia trong khu vuc nhu Thdi Lan, Malaysia, Indonesia. Bdi viet eiing neu mot sd khuyin nghi nhdm thuc day tdi chinh todn diin qua ngdn hdng tgi Viet Nam trong giai dogn tdi.
Tie khda: ATM, ehi nhdnh, ngdn hdng, tdi chinh todn diin
Roles of bank in financial inclusion development: Current situation and recommendations Abstract The paper explores a number of perspectives about financial inclusion as well as clanfies the role of banks in financial inclusion. Besides, the paper has analyzed the role of the bank in developing financial inclusion in Vietnam, compared with other regional The situation Is analyzed through two groups of indicators:
the bank's coverage and the use of banking products and services through a 7-year research period from 2012 to 2018, The results show that the banks in Vietnam has played an important role in promoting financial inclusion in Vietnam, but the level of financial inclusion is still lower than some regional countries such as Thailand Malaysia and, Indonesia. The paper also outlines some recommendations to promote financial inclusion through banks in Vietnam
Keywords-, financial inclusion, banks, ATM, branch.
Asscociate Professor Duong Thuy Nguyen, PhD.
Email' [email protected]
Dean of Banking Faculty, Banking Academy of Vietnam Trang Thi Thu Nguyen, MEc.
Email: [email protected]
Banking Faculty, Banking Academy of Vietnam
Ngay nhgn. 04/12/2019 Ngay nhan ban si^a- 18/12/2019 Ngay duyet dang- 20/12/2019 3 Hoc vien Ngan hang Tap chi Khoa hpc & Dao tao Ngan hang
3 1 So 216-Thang 5. 2020
Vai tro cua ngan hang trong phat trien tai chinh toan dien tai Viet Nam; Thdc trang va khuyen ng
1. IMot so quan diem vk tai chinh toan dien va phat trien tai chinh toan dien Lign Hiep qudc (2006) dinh nghia tai chinh toan dien (financial inclusion) la kha nang tiep can danh muc dich vu tai chinh vdi chi phi hgp ly ciia tat ca hd gia dinh. Dich vy tai chinh eo ban bao gdm dich vu tiet kiem, cho vay ngan han va dai han, cho vay mua nha, cho thue tai ehinh va bao thanh toan, dich vu bao higm, huu tri, thanh toan, chuygn tien trong nudc va kigu hdi. Ngoai ra, tai chinh toan dien cdn cd muc tigu giup cho cac td chue kinh doanh an toan va hieu qua, dugc quan ly bdi hanh lang phap ly va nhirng tigu chuan boat ddng nganh ro rang, giup cho ben vimg the che va tai chinh, dam bao tinh lien tyc va chac chan cua hoat dgng dau tu.
Theo quan diem ciia Md. Ezazul Islam, Salim Al Mamun (2011), tai chinh toan dien dugc hieu la kha nang ca nhan tiep can djch vu va san pham tai chinh phii hgp.
Higu biet ve su phii hgp dich vy va san pham tai chinh bao gdm sy nhan thuc vg tai chinh, higu biet ve ngan hang, kgnh dich vu ngan hang va Igi ich khi sii: dyng dich vu tai chinh qua ngan hang. Tuy nhign can hieu chat lugng dich vu tai chinh trong he thdng tai chinh toan dien dugc cung cap vdi gia ca hgp ly, thuan tien va dam bao chat lugng cho khach hang. Tai chinh toan dien can dugc quy dinh va giam sat chat che nliam dam bao kha nang va muc do sir dung dich vu tai chinh (European Commission's Report, 2008). Word Bank (2017) cho rang tai chinh toan dien la viec cac ca nhan va doanh ngliiep cd the tigp can dugc vdi cac san pham dich vy tai chinh hiru ich vdi gia ca phai chang, dap ung dugc cac nhu cSu cua hg bao gdm: chuyen tien, thanh toan, tiet kiem, tin dung, va bao higm- dugc cung cap mgt each cd trach nhiem va bgn vung.
Khai niem vg tai chinh toan dien da dang theo tii'ng qudc gia phu thudc vao muc tigu cua timg nudc ddi vdi tai chinh toan dien.
Tuy nhign, theo each higu chung thi tai chinh toan dien la phuong tien cung cap djch vu tai chinh tdi nhung doi hrgng thigu tiep can djch vu tai chinh va bao ham ba yeu td cau thanh cdt loi ia hgp can, su dyng va chat lugng djch vu tai chinh. Tai chinh toan dien khdng chi gidi ban trong viec cai thien klia nang tigp can tin dung, ma bao gdm ca nang cao higu bigt ve tai chinh cho ngudi dan va bao ve ngudi tieu diing. Trign khai tai chinh toan dien giiip cho t^t ca mgi ngudi cd quygn hdp can va sir dung hieu qua cac san pham, dich vy tai chinh phii hgp vdi nhu cau, cd ch4t lugug, tien Igi, nhanh chdng d mifc chi phi chap nhan dugc.
Theo quan digm ciia nhdm tac gia trong bai viet, tai chinh toan dien la viec dam bao tat ca ngudi Viet Nam truang thanh, bat kg dja vi, gidi tinh, thu nhap, sac toe, cd quyen tiep can va su dung hieu qua cac san pham, dich vu tai chinb co ban, chinh thuc, phii hgp vdi nhu cau, cd chat lugng, tien Igi, nhanh chdng d mii'c chi phi chap nhan dugc. Nhu vay phat trign tai chinh toan dien thg hien dudi hai khia canh cung va can nhu sau: Mpt Id, tai chinh toan dien thiic day ngudi dan tir khdng sir dung dich vu ngan hang chuyen sang sii' dung dich vu tai chinh chinh thuc de hg ed co hdi tigp can dich vu tir tiet kiem, thanh toan dgn tin dung, bao hiem (Hannig and Jansen, 2010). Hai la, tai ehinh toan dien la qua trinh dam bao tiep can dich vu tai chinh va nhu can tin dung dugc dap irng cho ddi tugng ygu hon nhu nhdm khach hang cd thu nhap thap vdi chi phi hgp ly.
Nhirng digu nay dugc the bien d kha nang tigp can tai khoan ngan hang nhu tai khoan tigt kiem, tigp can tin dung va he thdng thanh toan qua ngan hang (Khan, 2011).
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NGUYEN THUY DUONG - NGUYEN THI THU TRANG
2. Vai tro cua ngan hang Am vol phat triin tai ehinh toan dien
Nhu da dua ra khai niem d tren, tai chinh toan dien duge dinh nghTa theo quan diem rgng la tiep can toan dien vg dich vu tai chinh vol chi phi hgp ly, trong do dich vu tai chinh khdng chi la san pham ngan hang ma ca san pham khac nhu bao hiem hay dau tu cd phieu. Tuy vay, rat nhigu nghign cuu chi ra rang ngan hang ludn ddng vai trd quan trgng trong viec thuc day tai chinh toan dien tai cac qudc gia nhu nghien ciru cua Neha Garg (2015), Hastak va Gaikwad (2015), Ravikumar (2012), Abbey va cdng su (2014). Vdi Igi the mang ludi rgng rai, san pham dich vu da dang, ngan hang ddng vai trd chu ygu trong viec cung cap cac san pham ngan hang tai ehinh cho ngudi dan trong ngn kinh tg.
Neha Garg (2015) da chi ro bdn try cot thg hien vai trd cua ngan hang ddi vdi thiic day tai chinh toan dien, theo do tap trung vao cac try cdt co ban nay se cai thien su tham gia cua ngudi dan vao dich vy tai chinh. Bdn try cot do la:
Thu- nhdt, sy san cd san pham ngan hang, theo do se xem xet su san co 5 san pham ca ban ciia ngan hang bao gom tigt kiem, cho vay, thanh toan, bao hiem va dau tu.
Cac nhdm khach hang khdng cd Igi thg thudng khdng cd nhu cau eho ca tat ca san pham trgn. San pham phii hgp cd the giup cho cac nhdm trgn tiep can dugc he thdng ngan hang.
Thie hai, higu biet vg he thdng tai chinh.
Bg phan khach hang khdng cd Igi the nam ngoai he thdng ngan hang do sy thieu hieu biet ve he thdng tai chinh. Cung cap dich vy tim higu ve tai chinh la chuc nang cdt loi cua td chuc tai chinh. Hieu biet vg tai
chinh xem la kien thuc bat budc vg quan ly tai chinh ca nhan. Muc tigu cudi cung la mang lai cho ngudi dan hieu dugc Igi ich ca nhan khi hg sir dyng djch vu tai chinh.
Chue nang chinh dugc thye hien bdi cac ngan hang trong viec nang cao higu bigt cua ngudi dan ve tai chinh bao gdm: (i) Cung cap day dii thdng tin lign quan dgn dich vu tai chinh va khai niem cac san pham ngan hang ndi chung vdi cac ddi tugng khach hang khac nhau bao gdm hgc sinh phd thdng va hgc sinh tigu hgc, phu nu a khu vuc ndng thdn va do thi ngheo.
(ii) Md rdng giao due tai chinh bao gdm:
can thiet tigt kiem, Igi ich cua ngan hang va cac td chire tai chinh chinh thuc; san pham tai chinh dugc cung cap bdi ngan hang lien quan den tien gui, cho vay ung trude. (iii) San pham tai chinh dien tu nhu ATM, Smart card, mobile banking, (iv) Lgi ich/ tien ich khi sir dung tai khoan.
Thu- ba, kha nang tiep can. NhiJng qudc gia cd muc do tai chinh toan dien thap do nhdm khach hang gap khd khan hoac mat nhigu thdi gian, cdng sue hem trong viec tigp can vdi cac djch vu tai chinh va kgnh phan phdi cua ngan hang. Su phat trien he thdng vign thdng cd the giiip dam bao tigp can dich vu tai chinh.
Thii- tu, quan tri riii ro. Nhin nhan va danh gia lich sir tin dung trong qua khit ban chg cac td chii'c tin dung (TCTD) cung ckp cac san pham cho ddi tugng khach hang khong cd lgi thg. Khi nii ro tin dung dugc loai trie, cae TCTD san sang tham gia cung c§p dich vu tai chinh cho ddi tugng khach hang trgn.
Ngoai ra, Raihanath.MP, K.P.Pavithran (2014) bd sung thgm mdt sd try cdt danh gia vai trd cua ngan hang ddi vdi tai chinh toan dien bao gom:
j - Thang 5 2020- Tap chi Khoa hoc & Dao tao Ngan hang 3 3
Vai tro cua ngan hang trong phat then tai chinh toan dien tai Viet Nam: ThUc trang va khuyen ng
Thu nhdt, tu van tin dung. Cd hai loai dich vu tu van tin dung la tu van dy phdng va tu van xir ly. Tu van du phdng cung c4p nhan thiic ve chi phi tin dung, sy san cd ciia cac san pham tin dyng trgn co sd kha nang hoan tra co ban ciia khaeh hang vay vdn. Tu van xir ly tin dung xem xet kg hoach quan ly ng ca nhan ddi vdi danh muc ng ma khach hang khdng quan ly dugc bang kg hoach tai cau tnic cae khoan ng thuc hien bdi cac ngan hang phii hgp vdi mire do thu nhap ciia khach hang va quy md tin dung.
Thu hai, chi nhanh ngan hang. Cac quy dinh thanh lap chi nhanh ngan hang tai cac qudc gia (kem theo cac dieu kien ve quy md ciing nhu trang thiet bi) giiip cho viec mang cae san pham djch vu tdi ngudi dan, dac biet tdi cac khu vuc cd it su hien dien eua eac ngan hang. C) mdt sd qudc gia tren the gidi, mat do dan sd trgn mgt (01) ngan hang dugc xem la mdt chi tieu danh gia muc dd hay vai trd cua ngan hang ddi phat trien tai chinh toan dien.
Thie ba, mobile banking. Mobile banking xem xet vg muc do giao dich tai khoan, kigm tra giao dich trgn tai khoan, thanh toan qua dien thoai di ddng. Digu nay khuygn khich sd lugng ngudi sir dung giao dich ngan hang qua dien thoai di dgng, mua ban hang hda qua intemet hoac tin nhan dien thoai, chuyen tign online, thanh toan hang hda tai cac digm ban. Viec sii dyng dich vu ngan hang trgn dien thoai di dgng ddi hdi cae ngan hang diu tu phat trign cac phan mgm tien ich tich hgp tren dien thoai di ddng.
Thie tu, cac yeu td khac. Bg phan ngudi dan nam ngoai tigp can san phim djch vu tai chinh can dugc quan tam vdi nhu c^-u da dang cua hg. Ygu cau vg dich vu ngan
hang trd nen nhd ban khi cac van de ve phuc vu va chi phi trd ngn quan trpng hon.
Nhu ciiu tigt kiem ciia nhirng nhdm ddi tugng nay can dugc quan tam dac biet nhu dap ling nhu chx chu ky vdng ddi, tao ra tai san, thanh toan chi phi vay mugn, dap img nhu chi ckp bach... Vi vay viec phat trien san pham dac thu cho eac ddi tugng nay nhu tigt kiem nhd, tin dung vi md, bao higm vi md la van dg vd ciing quan trgng (NurkseR, 2010).
Tuang tu, nghign cwx ciia Neha Garg (2015) va Nurkse R (2010) dg cap dgn eac each danh gia vai trd ciia ngan hang trong phat trien tai chinh toan dien cac qudc gia. Nhieu nghien eiiu khac cung dg cap dgn each thirc danh gia miic dd phat trign tai chinh toan dien thdng qua mdt sd chi tieu do ludng nhu nghign ciru cua Gortsos (2016), Beck (2007), Sarma Mandira (2012), Tamilarasu (2014), Ravikumar (2012). Bgn canh do, bat dau tir nam 2011, Ngan hang The gidi (World Bank- WB) va Quy Tien te Qudc tg (IMF) ciing xay dyng mdt ca sd dii heu do so ve tai chinh toan dien cua cac qudc gia tren thg gidi (Global Findex Database) va dugc dieu tra, danh gia dinh ki ba (03) nam mdt Idn.
3. Phat trien tai chinh toan dien thong qua ngan hang tai Viet Nam Theo WB (2017), tai Viet Nam cd 31%
ngudi trudng thanh cd tai khoan ngan hang, phan Idn cac khoan tign cua Chinh phu dugc ngudi dan nhan bang tien mat, 80% ngudi trudng thanh mua ban online nhung lai thanh toan bang tign mat. Chinh phii trong nhigu nam gan day da uu tien thuc hien cac ndi dung lign quan dgn tang cuong tigp can tai chinh va phat Iriln tai chinh toan dien tai Viet Nam. Cu the nam 2010, Chinh phu ban hanh Nghi djnh sd
3 4 Tap chl Khoa hpc & £130 tao Ngan hang- So 216
NGUYEN THUY DUONG - NGUYEN THI THU TRANG
41/2010/ND-CP hd trg tin dung phat triin ndng nghiep nong thdn. Thang 12 nam 2011, Thu tudng Chinh phii da ky ban hanh Quygt dinh sd 2195/QD-TTg phe duyet De an xay dung va phat trien he thdng tai chinh vi mo tai Viet Nam dgn nam 2020. GSn day nhit, thang 9/2016, Thu tudng Chinh phu da ky Quygt dinh 1726/QD-TTg phg duyet De an nang eao kha nang tiep can dich vu ngan hang cho nen kinh te.
De danh gia phat trign tai chinh toan dien thong qua ngan hang tai Viet Nam, nhdm nghien cuu su dyng hai nhdm chi tigu:
Thu nhdt, nhdm chi tigu phan anh mire do bao phii ciia he thdng ngan hang, phan anh kha nang cung cap va de dang tigp can vdi ngan hang va cac dich vu ngan hang ciia ngudi dan. Thu hai, nhdm chi tigu vg mire do su dung san pham ngan hang- tai chinh.
Quy mo nghien cuu ap dung cho he thdng ngan hang tai Viet Nam trong giai doan nghign cim 07 nam, tir 2012 dgn 2018.
Sd lieu duge thu thap tir ngudn thii cap tir
Ngan hang Nha nudc Viet Nam (NHNN), WB, va IMF.
3.L Muc dp bao phu cm he thdng ngdn hdng Sd lugng cac ngan hang trong he thdng cd tac dgng tdi lugng ngudi cd thg tigp can va dugc sir dung cac dich vu ngan hang tai chinh chinh thiic. Lugng ngan hang cang nhieu thi miic do bao phii cua he thdng ngan hang cang lan (Ravikumar, 2012).
Trong nhiing nam qua, he thdng Ngan hang tai Viet Nam khdng ngimg md rgng ve quy md, da dang ve tinh ehat hoat dgng va loai hinh sd hiiu. Tinh den cudi nam 2018, he thdng Ngan hang Viet Nam cd 07 ngan hang thuong mai (NHTM) Nha nude, 01 ngan hang chinh sach xa hgi, 01 ngan hang phat trien, 01 ngan hang hgp tac, 28 NHTM cd phan; 02 ngan hang lien doanh; 9 ngan hang 100% vdn nudc ngoai va 49 chi nhanh ngan hang nudc ngoai.
So vdi nam 2012, sd lugng cac NHTM cd phan cd sy sut giam nhe do tae ddng ciia Hinh 1. So lirffng ngan hang tai Viet Nam giai doan 2012-2018
m^
• Ngan hang thuong mai Nha nLh'&'CHNgan hang thi^'cng maicophSn • Ngin hang chmh sach xs hoi
• Ngan hang phattriln aNgan hang hoptac DNglnhangiiendoanh
• Chl nhanii Ngan hang ni/oc ngoai Ngan hang 100% v6n ni/o-c ngoai
NguSn-NHNN
' _ : 5 - Thang 5. 2020- Tap chf Khoa hpc & Dao tao Ngan hang 3 5
viec mua lai, sap nhap cac ngan hang ciing nhu viec tai co ciu he thdng TCTD giai doan 2011 -2015. Sd lugng chi nhanh ngan hang nude ngoai tang, sd lugng ngan hang 100% vdn nudc ngoai ciing tang, chirng td Viet Nam ngay cang thu hiit dugc su tham gia cung cap dich vu ngan hang tai chinh ciia cac ngan hang ngoai.
Dg cd thg danh gia chinh xac han vg muc do bao phii ciia ngan hang, cac chi tieu thudng dugc sir dung la miic do bao phii cua chi nhanh ngan hang va ATM theo dia Iy va dan sd. iVIirc do bao phii ciia chi nhanh vg mat dan sd phan anh sd lugng ehi nhanh tren moi 100.000 ngudi dan ndi chung hoac 100.000 ngudi tnrdng thanh.
Mire dp bao phu ciia ATM ve dan sd phan anh sd lugng ATM tren mdi 100.000 ngudi dan ndi chung hoac 100.000 ngudi trudng thanh. Tuang tu nhu vay, muc do bao phii ciia chi nhanh ve mat dia ly phan anh sd lugng ehi nhanh tren mdi 1.000 km-. Miic do bao phii ciia ATM vg mat dia ly phan anh sd lugng ATM trgn mdi 1.000 km-.
Nhirng chi tigu nay phan anh mire do san cd ciia chi nhanh ngan hang va ATM trgn phuang dien tigp can cua ngudi dan. Nhirng chi tieu nay cang cao phan anh miic do phat trien tai chinh toan dien cang cao, ngudi dan cang dg tigp can vdi cac dich vu ngan hang tai chinh. i^dm chi tigu nay da dugc rat nhigu nghign euu sir dung nhu Beck va cdng su (2007), Kiatchai Sophastienphong va Anoma Kulathunga (2009), Chakravarty vaRupayan Pal (2010).
Bang 1 cho thay nhin ehung cd xu budng tang tnrong deu dan ve mire dd bao phu cua chi nhanh ngan hang theo dia ly, cii mdi 1.000 km^ thi ed 6,4 ehi nhanh ngan hang vao nam 2012, trong khi con so nay nam 2018 la 8,64. Tuong hr nhu vay vg miic dp bao phii eua chi nhanh ngan hang theo dan sd, ngu trong nam 2012 cd 3,1 chi nhanh trgn mdi 100.000 ngudi hudng thanh thi con so nay den nam 2016 la 3,92 chi nhanh. Cd mdt su sut giam nhe vg miic dp bao phii cua chi nhanh ngan hang trong nam 2015. Nguyen nhan chinh la do, dac biet phai kg den ba thuong vy NHNN mua lai ngan hang ygu kem de tai ca cau cac ngan hang nay.
Nhu vay trong giai doan 2012- 2018, ngudi dan ndi chung va ngudi trudng thanh tai Viet Nam ndi rieng co the de dang hen trong viec den cac chi nhanh ngan hang, tir dd viec tigp can vdi cac dich vu ngan hang se trd nen dg dang va thuan tien han. Tuy nhien, nhihig con sd nay hien dang thap hon rat nhieu so vdi cac nudc trong khu vuc. Cy thg sd chi nhanh tren mdi 100.000 ngudi trudng thanh tai Malaysia, Thai Lan va Indonesia trung binh lan lugt khoang 11 chi nhanh, 13 chi nhanh va 17 chi nhanh (IMF, 2017).
Hinh 2 cho thay miic dd bao phii cua ATM theo ca dan sd va dia ly deu cd sy tang trucmg deu dan. V6 mat dia ly, nam 2012 Viet Nam cd 42,9 eay ATM trgn mdi
1.000 km- thi den nam 2018 con sd nay Bang 1. Mii-c dp bao phii ciia chi nhanh ng^n liang tai Viet Nam giai Joan 2012-2018
7^^^ Nam 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Sd lugng chi nhanh tren mdi 100.000 ngudi
trudng thanh 3,14 3,6!
So lugng chi nhanh tren mdi 1.000 km2 6,4 7,3 8,2 8,1 3,3 8.A 8,64 Nguon- WB, IMF
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Hinh 2. Miic 46 bao phu cua ATM tai Viet Nam giai doan 2012-2018
• sd lirong ATM tren mdi 100.000 ngu'ai tnfang thanh s6 lu'gng ATI^ tren mSi 1.000km2 , 8 4 5117 52 79 53 05 56.16 42 9 43 54 „ ' - p
• »a -1 I I
20 92 2212 22 96 24.01 24 5 24 31 25.41
> < • . ' .
iJ • ' • 1 • • "
2017 2018 Ngudn: WB, IMF
Bang 2. Mirc do su' dung san pham the va tien gm giai doan 2012- 2016 Nam
Chi tieu
S6 tai khoan ti§n gCpi tren m5i 100.000 ngu-ai tru'crng thanh Lu'gng the trong luu thong (trieu the)
2012
617,48 54,2
2013
667,74 66,0
2014
780,48 81,6
2015
853,64 99,5
2016
933,70 117,8
2017
970,90 132,3
2018
1.090,48 153
la 56,16. Tuffng tu nhu vay, cii 100.000 ngudi trudng thanh tai Viet Nam nam 2012 cd 20,9 cay ATM thi nam 2018 sd lugng cay ATM da Ign tdi 25,41. So vdi cac nudc trong khu vuc nhu Malaysia, Thai Lan va Indonesia thi sd lugng cay ATM trgn 100.000 ngudi trudng thanh tmng binh trong giai doan nghien ciru Ian lugt khoang 50, 110 va 50 cay ATM. Nhu vay miic do bao phii ATM ve dan so cua Malaysia va Indonesia gap ddi Viet Nam, con muc do bao phii ATM vg dan so cua Thai Lan gap han 4 lan Viet Nam.
3.2, Mdc dp sii- dung cdc sdn phdm ngdn hdng - tdi chinh
Cac chl tigu phan anh mire do su dung cac san pham ngan hang tai chinh dugc sir dung trong nghien ciiu bao gdm: (i) sd lugng tai khoan tign giri tren mdi 100.000 ngudi trudng thanh; (ii) so lugng the trong luu thdng. Rat nhieu cac nghien ciiu da sii dung cac chi tigu nay dg danh gia miic dp phat trien cua tai chinh toan dien nhu
Nguon: NHNN, IMF Ravikumar (2012), Gortsos (2016), Sarma Mandira (2012).
Miic do sir dung san pham tign gifi cd su gia tang manh trong giai doan 2012-2018.
Cu thg nam 2018, cii mdi 100.000 ngudi trudng thanh tai Viet Nam cd 1.090,48 tai khoan tign giii, tang 76,6% so vdi nam 2012. Nhu vay trong giai doan nghign ciru sd tai khoan tien giri trung binh mdi nam tang khoang 11 %, Idn hon rat nhigu so vdi miic tang trung binh 1% cua sd ngudi trudng thanh tai Viet Nam. Tde do tang trudng tai khoan tign giii trung binh tai Viet Nam Idn hem rat nhieu so vdi cac nudc trong khu vu'c nhu Malaysia (0,04%), Thai Lan (1,51%) va Indonesia (7,81%). Digu nay cd thg ly giai do miic do phat trign tai chinh toan dien tai cac nudc cao hon, da sd ngudi dan cd tai khoan tign giii nen ty le tang hudng tai khoan tidn giri khdng nhidu. Ngugc I^i Viet Nam vin dang trong giai doan dau cua phat trign tai chinh toan dien ngn ty le tang nay cao han. Nhan dinh nay cung
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Vai tro ciia ngan hang trong phat trien tai chinh toan dien tai Viet Nam: Thu'c trang va 'chuyen nc
rat logic theo sd lieu ve ty le ngudi trudng thanh ed tai khoan tai ngan bang nam 2017 tai Viet Nam la 3 1 % , thdp hon so vdi tai Indonesia (49%), Thai Lan (82%) va Malaysia (85%) (WB, 2017).
Lugng the trong luu thdng eiing tang manh, den nam 2018 tai Viet Nam cd 153 trieu the, tang gan gap 3 lan so vdi 54,2 trieu the cua nam 2012. Ben canh dd, theo NHNN (2019), tinh dgn hit thang 12/2018, Viet N a m e d 18.587 ATM, 243.123 may POST/EDC. Nhu vay cd thg khang dinh miie do sii dung hai san pham the va tign giri tai Viet Nam cd xu hudng tang trudng nhanh trong giai doan nghign ciiu tir 2012-2018.
4. Mot so khuyen nghi
He thdng ngan hang ludn ddng vai trd quan trgng trong ngn kinh tg, va la ygu td quygt dmh thanh edng hay that bai cua he thdng tai ehinh, the hien siic khde eua nen kinh te. Nhigu nghign ciiu dua ra rang cac qudc gia ed he thdng ngan hang viing manh han se phat trien hon cac qudc gia khac. Dieu nay cd thg thay ngan hang ddng gdp rat Ion trong viec phat trign qudc gia ndi ehung va phat trien tai chinh toan dien ndi rieng. Theo Quygt dinh 1726/QD- TTg nam 2016 phg duyet De an nang cao kha nang tigp can dich vu ngan hang cho
ngn kinh te, mdt sd ehi tieu dat ra trong mdi hcong quan vdi thuc hang hien tai nhu sau (Bang 3).
Tir Bang 3 cd thd nhan t h % khoang each tuong ddi xa giira hien tai va muc tieu dgn nam 2020 theo Quygt dinh 1726/QD-TTg.
Tir thuc trang nhu vay ciing nhu nhan thiic dugc su quan trgng cua cac ngan hang trong viec phat trign tai chinh toan dien, bai vigt dg xuk ragt sd khuygn nghi vdi Ngan hang Nha nude va cac NHTM Viet Nam nhu sau:
Thie nhdt, Ngdn hdng Nhd nuac can nhanh chdng ban hanh chien luge mang tam qudc gia vg phat trign tai chinh toan dien. Ben eanh dd ban than cac ngan hang can tu xay dung Chign luge tai chinh toan dien thdng qua phat tri6n md hinh kinh doanh vdi Igi thg canh tranh trgn thi trudng.
Thie hai, cac ngan hang can thiet hgp nhat chign luge tai chinh toan dien vdi chien luge kmh doanh ciia cb'nh ngan hang. Ngan hang can xem xet tai chinh toan dien nhu la mgt CO hdi kmh doanh lan va hoan thien md hinh kinh doanh, qua do can xac dinh ddi tugng nao se la ddi tirgng muc tigu cua ngan hang minh, tir dd cung ling cac san pham phii hgp vdi ddi tugng muc tigu dd.
Thu ba, cac ngan hang phai ling dung giai
Bang 3. Mot s6 chii tieu ve tai chinh toan dien theo Quyit dinli 1726/QD-TTg Muc tieu d§n nam 2020 theo Q u y j t dinh 1726/
Ch! tieu QB-TTq S6 may ATM tren m6i 100.000 nguai truong thanh khoang 40
S6 lugng ATM khoang 30.000 S f t l v g n g P O S khoang 300.000 T9 l§ nguoi truang thanh c6 tai khoan tai ngan hang 70%
Thuc te nam 2018 25,41 18.587- 243.123 3 1 % (nam 2017) Ngudn. NHNN, 2019
3 8 Tap chi Khoa hoc & Oao tao Ngan hang- So 2\i-
NGUYEN THUY D^ONG - NGUYEN THI THU TRANG
phap ngan hang Idi (core banking solution) thap va cac ddi tugng khdng cd kha nang cho tat ca cac chi nhanh va thuc hien cac tigp can dich vu tai ehinh nhu san ph4m giai phap tich hgp cho toan he thdng ngan bao higm, quy tuong hd, tai khoan tidt hang. Viec tieh hgp he thdng trgn ngn tang kiem, thSu ehi, san phSm kigu hdi.
cdng nghe hien dai nhu vay cd the hd trg
cho ngan hang dap ling tot hem nhu elu Thu ndm, cac ngan hang cSn tap trung cua khach hang, tir dd gia tang kha nang nd lire thuc hien cac chuong trinh truygn tigp can va su dung cac dich vu ngan hang. thdng hd trg giiip cho nang cao higu bigt djch vu tai chinh ciia ngan hang tdi cae ddi Thie tu; cac ngan hang can thigt phat trien tugng khach hang khae nhau, dac biet ddi san pham cho cac khach hang cd thu nhap tugng khac hang cd thu nhap tbap • Tai lieu tham khao
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11. Lien Hiep quoc (2006), "BuiMng Inclusive Financial Sectors for Development". ISBN- 92-1-204251-1 12. Mi. Ezazul Islam, SahmAl Mamun (2011), "Financial Inclusion. The Role of Bangladesh Bank". Research Department Bangladesh Bank Head Office, DhakaWorking Paper Series- WPIIOI.
13. Neha Garg (2015). "Role oj Banks in Financu^l Inclusion", International Joumal of Management and Social Sciences Research (IJMSSR) ISSN 2319-4421 Volume 4, No 6, June 2015.
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16. Quyet dmh 1126/^-TTg cita Thu ludng Chinh Phil vk "phe duyet de an ndng cao khd ndng tiep cdn dich vu ngdn hdng cho nen kinh te ", kingdy 05 thdng 09 ndm 2016, hieu luc ngdy 05 thdng 09 nam 2016
n Raihanath MP,K.P.Pavithran (2014). "Role Cf Commercial Banks InThe Financial Inclusion ProgrammeVownal of Busi- ness Management & Social Sciences Research (JBM&SSR) ISSN No: 2319-5614 Volume 3, No.5, May 2014 18. Ravikumar (2012). "Assessing role of banking sector in financial inclusion process in India "
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23 World Bank (2017), "The Global Findex Database Measuring Financial Inclusion and the Fintech Revolution
- Thang 5 2020- Tap chi Khoa hoc & Dao tao Ngan hang 3 9
