THU TY DE DANH KY:
NGUON T l / LIEU CO GIA TRI
v u THI LAN ANH'*
Tom tdt: Tai kho tu lieu Han Ndm d Thu vien Quoc gia Viet Nam hien con mgt cuon sach mang ten Thu d di danh ky m.itM.Zi?., ky hieu R.I32. Cuin sach nay dii khong trgn ven nhung co the coi la tai lieu duy nhat hien con cua mang dang khoa luc Trung khoa con ghi chep dugc ngudi d6 miy chyc khoa culi trieu Le va mgt si khoa nda diu trieu Nguyen ciia trudng thi Thanh Hoa (bao gdm ca Ninh Binh). Ngoai gia tri cung cap hg ten 1509 ngudi do thl Huong (gom 1359 ngudi cua 53 khoa thi chinh thdc va 150 ngudi d phin truy ghi vl cac khoa thi trudc do), chiing ta cdn c6 the tim hieu vl trudng thi Thanh Hoa cudi Le - diu Nguyin, cac khoa thi co ngudi dia phuong do va la tu lieu dli chdng dl chinh ly hp ten, que quan ngudi do ddi vdi Quoc trieu huang khoa luc v.v...
Tickhda: Thu ti, ngudi dl, trung khoa, trudng thi Thanh Hoa...
Abstract: In the Han-Nom documentation store ofthe National Library of Vietnam, diere remains one copy of die book Thu ti di danh ky :^Att:^-^ it, code R.132. This book, although incomplete, can be considered as the only extant record on the Bachelor examinations of the Thanh Hoa Examination School (also including Ninh Binh), documenting the names of successful examinees from the dozens of such examinations held during the period of late Le Dynasty and the first half of Nguyen Dynasty. In addition to the information of names of 1509 successful examinees (including 1359 persons from 53 official examinations, and 150 persons from previous exams (retro- recording)), we can learn about the Thanh Hoa Examination School during the Late Le - Early Nguyen dynasties, the examinations having local successfiil examinees and also that is miportant document lo check and edit the names and places of birth of these examinees for the Quoc triiu huang khoa liic.
Keywords: Thu ti, successful examinees, Bachelor examinations, Thanh Hoa examination school.
Ddng khoa luc^f^^ la thuat ngu Hi?" chung ta cdn bilt cd 7 bg sach, bao dung d l chi chung Ioai sach ghi chep hg ten, go"i 18 van ban khac nhau mang ten dang que quan, hanh trang cda ngudi dii do trong ^ho^ 'dc, trong dd Ddng khoa liic sao bdn cac khoa thi cda chi dd khoa cu xua. • t - # ^ ^ # - ^ la bg sach dugc bien soan sdm Td thdi Le sa, nguai d5 dai khoa da "Mt, khoang diu ddi Chinh Hoa (1680-1704) dugc sd gia luu tam ghi chep ixt lit sdm. '**ThS. Vien Nghien cdu Han Nom
25
TAP CHI HAN NOM SO 1 (134) - 2016 VO TH! LAN ANH
va Dinh khiit Dgi Viet lich triiu ddng khoa luc ^m^^&^^^'^^f do nhdm Tiln sT Nguyin Hoan bien soan cudi doi Canh Hung la tap dai thanh danh sach ngudi dd trilu Le'". Sang trilu Nguyin, tu nhdng khoa ttii Hgi diu tien da dupc Than Tu Ttin Van Vi^*, Chi Trai Le Nguyen Trung*^' va Tmh Trai Le Huu Thanh''" bien soan c|p nhat de in ndi vao sach dang khoa luc trilu Le. Cudi thl ky XIX, Thugng thu Cao Xuan Duc*^' la ngudi hoan tit viec bien soan danh sach ngudi do dai khoa trieu Nguyen, dat ten la Quoc trieu khoa bdng luc
@ ^^^^^- Viec bien soan dang khoa luc trung khoa trieu Nguyen dugc nhieu ngudi chd y. H6 Dinh Vmh Trai chu nhan'^', Bui Phue Trai''', Pham EMnh Toai'^' la nhung r^udi diu tien lam cong viec nay; Thugng thu Cao Xuan Due, con trai la Phd bang Cao Xuan Tieu va con re la Hoang gjap Dang Van Thuy da tap dai thanh bg sach ghi danh tinh hon 5 nghin Cd nhan: bg Qudc triiu huang khoa li^c M19 ^ ^ f ^ (vilt tit: QTHKL).
Dd la ndi ve tai lieu ghi chep ngudi do Tien sT va Cd nhan trieu Nguyen. Cdn voi ngudi do thi Huong trieu Le la nhdng Huong cong, Sinh do va Td tai trieu Nguyen thi khong cd dugc may man nhu vay. Vi so lugng nguoi do qua Ion, 1^
khong dat hgc vi cao nen duong thdi khdng dugc quan tam ghi chep. Ten tudi cung que quan, su nghiep cda hp chi dugc ^ chep rai rac d mgt vai cuon Ddng khoa luc dia phuang hien cda hoSc trong cac tai Ueu ^ a phucmg chi, gja pha dong hg, bi ky ma thoi.
Tai kho tu lieu Han Ndm d Thu vien Qudc gia hien con mgt cudn sach mang ten Thu ti di danh ky ^}i^tM.Zit, ky
hi8u R.132. Bp sach nay du khong trgn ven, chi ghi chep dugc nhimg ngudi do m i y chuc khoa cuoi trieu Le va mot s6 khoa nua dau trieu Nguyen cua trudng thi Thanh Hoa (bao gom ca Ninh Binh) nhung lai rat gia tri. Tai lieu duy nhat hien con cua mang dang khoa luc trung khoa nay ngoai cung cap hp ten 1509 ngudi do thi Huang (gom 1359 ngudi cua 53 khoa thi chinh thdc va 150 ngudi d phin truy ghi ve cac khoa thi trudc do), ehung ta con co the tim hieu ve trudng thi Thanh Hda cuoi Le - dau Nguyen, cac khoa thi cd ngudi dia phuang dd va la tu lieu doi chdng de chinh ly hp ten, que quan ngudi do ddi vdi Quoc trieu huang khoa luc v.v...
1. Van ban va tac gia
1.1. Van ban: Ten cuon sach cd nghTa la ghi ten nguoi do ky thi mua thu. Trong ehe dp khoa cu, cac khoa Uii Huong thudng md vao miia thu, cho nen gpi la Thu ti ^;Ic,tb(de ddi vdi thi Hgi md vao mua xuan, gpi la Xuan vi ^ S l ) . Sach giay ban, kho 25 x 13 cm, net chu cua cimg mgt ngudi vilt chan phucmg, de dgc, toan van chu Han, gdm 64 td (128 trang), cd danh sd tu td I den td 52 (phan ghi nguoi do thi Huang), td td 53 ve sau (ghi ve i^^idi dd dii Hpi) khong danh so.
Trong sach mgt so khoa hi ghi nhim nam can chi h o ^ sd thd tu nam cda nien hi?u:
Canh Ngp Tu Due thd 23 thanh Tu Ddc thd 20, Quy Dau Tu Due thd 26 dianh Tu Ddc thd 23, At Hgi Tu E)uc thd 28 thanh Tan Mui Ty Ddc thu 28. Th$m chi khoa n5m IVIinh Menh ghi " a ^ # - h r : # - 6 ^ T , W ' (Minh Maih lh£^ luc nien At Mui Dinh an (?) khoa), sau sua lai thanh T W ^ (Dinh Dau khoa) nhung van de lai chd At Miii!
Ngi dung gom: bai Ttm\ phin chinh ghi 26
THV TYDEDANHKY- NGUON TU LI$U C6 GIA TRI
nguai dd thi Huong (truy ghi 150 ngudi do trudc dai Chinh Hda thu 23 (1702), khong phan biet cac khoa), nguai do td khoa Nham Ngp nien hieu Chinh Hda did 23 (1702) trieu Le den khoa Nham Ngg nien hieu Tu Ddc thu 26 (1873) trilu Nguyen. Nhu ten gpi cua cuon sach thi npi dung chi can ghi nhu vay la du, nhung tac gia da bien soan them phin cac vi do d^i khoa td Bang nhan Le Van Huu trieu Tran den Tdng Duy Tan dd Tu Due At'^' Hgi (1875) va cudi sach la phu chep bai Vinh Thanh Hoa thdp tam huyen dia phuang thi i^i^-ft
•f ^M'l^-^i^l (tha vinh 13 huyen cda tinh Thanh Hoa).
Sach khdng co nien dai, nhung d phan ghi ve ngudi do Cu nhan trieu Nguyen cd ghi: BS-^^if-fb^^^-^^l) JrjirT^P^
™^^4>^'^-'^-^'i"-t^/Lugc soan trudng Thanh Hoa - Ninh Bmh thi chung, td nam Gia Long Dmh Mao den nam Ty Ddc Canh Ngp, gdm 26 khoa*"" [td 38b]. Tilp liln dd la dong cudc chu cd ghi: ij '^'^^r^Mk ^
^^mfTix khoa [Tu Ddc) Quy Dau (1873) vl sau khi khac se bien noi [td 38b]. Nhu vay thong tin dua ra da ro rang: sach ket thuc 6 khoa Canh Ngp nSm Ty Due thu 23 (1870), va theo le thudng thi nam bien soan sach se sau do mgt vai nam, trudc khi cd khoa Quy Dau nam Ty Due did 26 (1873).
Vi vay, cd thl xac dinh sach dugc bien soan xongtrongkhoang nam 1871 -1872.
Thl nhimg, sach con ^ them khoa Qay D|iu nam Ty Due thd 26, ghi tilp Uln td voi khoa truac, va chi cd mgt nguai do la Nguyen Huy Chieu. Kiem chdng dieu nay, chung ta CO the ddi chieu vdi sach QTHKL.
Danh sach Cd nhan trieu Nguyin cho thiy tnrdng Thanh Hoa nam ay lay do 15 ngucri
chu khong phai chi cd mpt ngudi nhu Thu ry 1^ ghi. Phin ngudi dd thi Hgi lai cung chi ghi mpt ngudi do Tien sT la Tdng Duy Tan, cdn D6 Thien K I do Pho bang cijng khoi^
cd. Vi sao lai co tinh trang dd dang d ca 2 phin va d giua cudn sach nhu vay? Dieu nay khiln chung toi nghi den kha nang van ban hien con la ban sao lai cda mpt ban goc chi dimg d khoa Canh Ngp Tu Ddc thd 23 (1870), va chi co phin ghi ngudi dd thi Hirong. Ngudi sao chep, sau khi hoan thanh cdng viec lai cd nha y bo sung them danh sach ngudi do nhiing khoa sau, ca ngudi do dai khoa, nhung vi ly do nao do nen dung lai va sau cung la bai tha vinh 13 huyen cua tinh Thanh Hda - phan ma tap the tae gia Van hgi chic chan khong dinh dua vao bp suu tap cua minh.
Ngudi ddi sau sao chep tai lieu roi bo sung them theo y rieng la tmh trang kha pho bien voi loai sach Han Nom, nen viec lam cua ngudi sao chep Thu ty cung la dieu de hieu.
1.2. Tac gia
Nhu tren da ndi, ngay td dau trieu Nguyen da cd mpt s6 sach dang khoa luc huang khoa toan quoc, tac gia deu la nhdng ngudi timg do dat, lam quan trong trieu ngoai tinh it nhieu co dieu kien thu thap tai Ueu vl ngudi do. Loai sach khoa lyc dia phuang hien chi cdn ba quyen, hai trong so do co ghi ro tac gia. Qudng Binh khoa luc ; t f - ^ ^ " " g h i ngudi dd Cu nhan que tinh Nghe An va Ha TTnh do nhom Hoang Mien Trai, Hoang Dau Tudng, Nguyen Hanh Chi, Luu Ky Huu thyc hien va Tie Liem huyen ddng khoa chi B'$iU-^^ik^ do Cd nhan Bui Xuan Nghi bien soan ve nhung nguai do
27
TAP CHI HAN NOM SO I (134) - 2016 Tien sT, Huong cdng, Sinh dd, Cu nhan, Tu tai que huyen Tu Liem"^l Quyen con lai, Thu ty so vdi hai quyen kia xet ve khia canh nao do cd gia tri dac biet hon, nhung lai khong ghi ro tac gia, khien cho nhdng ngudi lam cong viec nghien cdu lay lam tiec.
Tim hieu ky bai Tua a dau sach, chdng toi chu y den doan: sJ S 51 ^ ^ '"S
^ ^ — & - # - 0 ^ 3 : t ^ , g i £ " / Nay nhan cd Van hpi suu tam sau rpng, pham tu nam Nham Ngg tai nay, thu tich ghi chep cd the td tudng, truyen ngon cda cac bac ky lao cd the khao dugc, nhat rgng hoi nhilu, khong may chdc ma dd, lam thanh mgt quyln, dat ten la Thu ty de danh ky"
[td 3a]. Dd la manh moi quy cho thiy dau i n cda cong viec bien soan. Thong tin nay cho phep chung toi cd the xac dinh tac gia cudn sach la tap die cda Van hgi hay con gpi la Hpi Tu van. Khong thay noi ro day la Van hdi cua cap nao, nhung tiieo chung tdi cd le hgp ly nhat phai la Van hgi cua cap huy6n cua mpt huyen nao do d Ninh Bmh hoac Thanh Hoa dung ra bien soan.
V^y till cd the coi day chinh cong trinh tgp the tac gia da day cdng suu tam tu lieu, qua nhieu ngay thang, ngudi nhieu ke it de lam nen cuon Huong khoa luc cho mpt dia phuong.
Cdng vi§c bien soan cac tai lieu thupe mang sach dang khoa luc la su ddi hoi rit nhieu thao tac ti mi td khau thu thsip tu lieu, hoan thi6n va xd ly thong tin, qua do pliin nao thay dugc nhdng khd khan gian khd ciia t^ip the soan gia.
2. Ngi dung va gia trj 2.1. Ngi dung
VUTHtLANANH Sach ghi v l nguoi dd thi Huong va phin trich luc tiii Hgi, nhung vi tuih chit ciia bai vilt nen chung toi chi tap trung gidi thieu phin npi dung ghi ngudi dd tiii Huong.
Phin diu danh sach duy ghi ve ngudi dd trong cac khoa tiii duoc nam Chmh Hda tiid 23 (1702), gdm 150 ngudi. Vi tfioi gian lau xa, lai khong cd tu lieu gdc nen viec ghi cy till khoa do cua tung ngudi va sip xIp danh sach theo lich dai la viec khd tiiuc tiii.
Vi vay ma tap till tac gia da dung giai phap bien soan theo each ma hp co the lam: ghi hg ten va que quan ngudi do. Tuy vay cung cd mpt vai trudng hpp truy ghi dugc khoa dd, ca biet cdn ghi dupc quan tudc: Le Lenh Dy ^ ^ # , nguoi xa Van Lgc huyen Dong Son, do khoa Canh Ngp nien hieu Chinh Hda tiid 11 (1690), lam quan den chdc Tham nghi [td 5b]; Tran Tuin fi^-f^, ngucri xa Trieu Xa huyen Ddng San, do khoa Binh Ty nien hieu Chinh Hda tiid 17 (1696) [td 6a]; Nguyin Kiem My P L ^ J ^ , ngudi xS Van Ldc huyen Dong San, do khoa Ky Mao nien hieu Chinh Hda tiid 20 (1699) [td 5b] va Nguyin Quang Te 1^.?^?^, ngudi xa Mao Xa huyen Ddng Scm, d6 khoa Ky MSo nien hieu Chinh Hda thd 20 (1699) [td 5b].
Phin chinh cua cuon sach ghi nhdng khoa cd ngucri Thanh Hda va Ninh Binh tiri do, theo lich dai, td khoa Nham Ngg nien hieu Chinh Hda 23 (1702) trilu Le din khoa Qu^ Dau nam Tu Due 26 (1873) trilu Nguyen, tong cgng 53 khoa vdi 1359 ngudi thi dd. Ngi dui^ nay chia lam 2 mye: muc ghi ve "tien tiieu" (tdc trieu Le) va "ban trilu" (die tiilu Nguyin). D I cd thl de dang tim hieu tiiong tin ve nam td chdc, dudng thi va ngudi do tung khoa, chung toi da l?p bang ke, tach rieng hai trieu dai.
* Trilu Le: 27 khoa: Chinh Hda tiid 1, 28
THV TV BE DANH KY- NGUON TU' LIEU CO GIA TRI Vinh Thinh thu 5, Bao Thai thii 3,
VTnh Khanh thii 1, Long Diic thii 2, Vinh Htm thii 1, Canh Hung thii 14, lay d6 1080 nguoi.
+ Khoa Nham Ngo nien hieu Chinh Hoa thii 23 (1702), % dS 43 nguoi
+ Khoa At Dau nien hieu Vihh Thinh thii 1 (1705), iiy d5 56 nguoi
+ Khoa Mau Ty nien hieu Vmh Thinh t h i 4 (1708), Iiy do 23 ngucri..
+ Khoa Tan Mao nien hieu Viiih Thinh thii7 (1711), lay dd 12 nguoi.
+ Khoa Giap Ngo nien hieu Vinh Thinh thii 10 (1714), iiy d5 9 ngucri
+ Khoa Dinh Dau nien hieu Vmh Thinh thii 13 (1717), iiy da 58 nguoi
+ Khoa Canh Ty nien hieu Bao Thai thii 1 (1720), iiy d6 60 nguoi
+ Khoa Quy Mao nien hieu Bao Thai thii 4 (1723), iiy do 12 nguoi
+ Khoa Binh Ngo nien hiSu Bao Tliai thii 7 (1726), iiy do 64 nguoi
+ Khoa Ky Dau nien hieu Viiih Khanh thii 1 (1729), iiy dd 60 nguoi
+ Khoa Nham Ty nien hieu Long Diic thii 1 (1732), iiy dS 17 nguoi.
+ Khoa At Mao ni&i hieu Long Dilc thii4 (1735), iiy do 60 nguoi
+ Khoa Mau Ngo nien hieu Viiih Huu thii4 (1738), Iiy d6 59 nguoi
+ Khoa Quy Hgi nien hieu Canh Hung thii4 (1743), iiy do 35 nguoi
+ Khoa Dinh Mao nien hieu Canh Hung thii 8 (1747), iiy do 58 ngucri
+ Khoa Canh Ngo nien hieu Canh Hung t h i i l l (1751), iiy do 25 nguoi
+ Khoa Quy Dau nien hieu Canh Hung thii 14 (1753), Iiy do 37 nguoi
+ Khoa Binh Ty nien hieu Canh Hung thii 17 (1756), iiy do 51 ngucri
+ Khoa Ky Mao, nien hieu Canh Hung
thii 20 (1759), iiy d6 37 nguoi
-^ Khoa Nham Ngo nien hieu Canh Hung thii 23 (1762), iiy do 53 nguoi
+ Khoa At Dau nien hieu Canh Hung thu 26 (1765), iiy do 43 nguoi
+ Khoa Mju Ty nien hieu Canh Hung thil 29 (1769), iiy dd 40 nguod
+ Khoa Tan Mao nien hieu Canh Hung thii 32. (1771), iiy dS 35 nguoi
+ Khoa Dinh Dau nien hieu Canh Hung thii 38 (1777), iiy d§ 39 nguoi
+ Khoa Ky Hoi nien hieu Canh Hung 40 (1779), iiy d6 32 nguoi
+ Khoa Canh Ty nien hieu Canh Hung thii41 (1780), Iiy do 17 ngucri
+ Khoa Quy Mao nien hieu Canh Hung thii 44 (1783), iiy do 45 nguoi
*Tri6u Nguyen; 26 khoa: Gia Long 3, Minh Menh 7, Thieu Tri 5, Tu Diic II (trong d6 CO 4 An khoa va mot so khoa thi gop voi truang Nghe An hoac Ha Npi); lay d6 279 nguoi.
+ Khoa Dinh Mao nien hieu Gia Long thii 6 (1807), iiy d6 2 ngucri
+ Khoa Quy Dau nien hieu Gia Long thii 12 (1813), iiy d5 9 nguoi.
+ Khoa Ky Mao nien hieu Gia Long thii 18 (1819), iiy d6 16 nguoi.
+ Khoa Tan Ty nien hieu Minh Menh thu2(182I),liydol9ngudi.
+ Khoa At Dau nien hieu Minh Menh thii 6 (1825), iiy do 14 nguoi.
+ Khoa Mau Ty nien hieu Minh Menh 9(1828),liyd6 11 nguoi.
+ Khoa Tan Mao''^* nien hieu Minh Menh thii 12 (1831), iiy d6 9 nguoi.
+ Khoa Giap Ngo nien hieu Minh Menh thii 15 (1834), thi chung voi t u o n g Ha Noi, iiy do 5 ngucri.
+ Khoa Dinh Dau nien hieu Minh 29
Ti^P CHI HAN NOM SO 1 (134) - 2016 VQ THI LAN ANH Menh tiiu 18 (1837/''", thi chung vdi
trudr^ Nghe An, lay do 6 r^udi.
+ Khoa Canh Ty nien hieu Minh Menh tiid21 (1840), liydd 3 ngudi.
+ Khoa Tan Sdu nien hieu Thieu Tri thd 1 (1841), thi chung voi trudng Nghe An, lay do 8 ngudi.
+ Khoa Nham Dan nien hieu Thieu Tri thd 2 (1842), tfii chung vdi trudng NghS An, lay do 4 ngudi.
+ Khoa Quy Mao nien hieu Thieu Tri tiid 3 (1843), iiy dd 9 ngudi.
+ Khoa Binh Ngg nien hieu Thieu Tri thd 6 (1846), thi chung vdi truang Nghe An, lay do 4 ngudi.
+ Khoa E)mh Mui nien hieu Thieu Tri tiid 7 (1847), till chung vdi trudng Nghe An, lay do 7 ngudi.
+ Khoa Mau Than nien hieu Ty Ddc tiid 1(1848), liydd 16 ngudi.
+ Khoa Canh Tuat nien hieu Tu Due tiiu3 (1850), iiy do 16 ngudi.
+ Khoa Nham Ty nien hieu Tu Due tiiu 5(1852), iiy do 12ngudi.
+ Khoa At Mao nien hiSu Ty E)uc thd 8(1855),liyddl2ngudi.
+ Khoa Mau Ngg nien hieu Tu Ddc tiid 11 (1858), Iiy do 12 ngudi.
+ Khoa Tan Dau nien hiSu Ty Ddc tiiu 14 (1861), tiii chung vdi trudng Ha Npi, iiy do 7 ngudi.
+ Khoa G i ^ Ty nien hi6u Ty Ddc thu 17 (1864), liydd 15 ngudi.
+ Khoa Dinh Mao niSn hi^u Ty E)uc thd20(1867),liydo ISngudi.
+ Khoa Mau Thm ruen hieu Ty Due tiiu21 (1868), iiy do 15 ngudi.
+ Khoa Canh Ngg nien hieu Ty Due tfid23"^*(1870),liyd6 15ngudi.
+ Khoa Quy Dau nien hieu Tu Ddc tiid
26"^'(1873),laydo 15 ngudi.
Trong chd dp khoa cd xua, tiidng thudng cu 3 nam md mgt khoa, nam trudc thi Huang nSm sau thi Hpi. Thdi Le Trung hung deu dan 3 nam md mpt khoa, nhm^
nhm vao bang ke trSn cd thl thiy thilu khoa Giap Ngp nien hieu Canh Hung thd 35 (1774) va khoa Buih Ngp nien hieu Canh Hung thu 47 (1786).
Ve khoa thi nam Canh Himg thd 35, chui^ toi da tra tim thdng tin trong cac tai lieu lien quan. Sach Tir Liem huyen ddng khoa chi va Le trieu huang tuyin %^^
i S . ' " ' deu CO ghi hg ten ngudi dd cua nhiing trudng tiii khac. 0 day khdng till giai tiiich bing ly le thong tiiudng la trudng Thanh Hoa khong cd ai thi do khoa nay. Vi v^y chur^ tdi quay sang tim trong sd sach.
May thay, bg su chinh thdng cudi tri^u Le la Dgi Viet sic ky tue bien con ghi ro vao nSm i y "Thang 10 tiii Huong, hpc trd trin Thanh Hoa dot pha trudng tlii"''^l Cung sach iy ghi vao nam Canh Hung tiiu 38 (1777)
"Ngudi h ^ Tiianh Hoa dang tiiu ty nhan tgi va xin tiia tpi khda dirdc pha trudng tiiL Trieu dinh lai cho hpc trd trin ay dugc thi Huang". Tu nhung thong tin xac tiiuc do, cd till kit luan nam Canh Hung tiiu 35 (1774) hgc tro truang Thanh Hoa khdng tiii, phai den khoa sau mdi l^i dugc thi nen s^ch Thu ty khong cd la hoan toan hpp ly.
Ciing chinh bg su nay lai khdng cd tiidng tin nao v l khoa Canh Hung did 47, m ^ dd nam sau - nam Dinh Mui nien hieu Chieu Thdng tiid 1 (1787) da td chuc liln 2 khoa tin dai khoa: chi khoa va tiiudng khoa Co le do tinh hinh xS hgi luc do cd nhilu bien dgng nen su gia khong cdn luu tam ghi chep ve thi cu.
2.2. Gia tri 30
THU TY BE DANH KY- NGUON TU" LI$U CO GIA TRI Nhu tren da ndi, Thu ty la 1 trong 3
cuon dang Idioa luc dia phuong hien cdn cac sach nhu: Qudng Binh khoa li^c, ngoai gia tri cung c%) danh sach i^udi do Cu nhan cda hai tinh Nghe An va Ha Tuih tu diu trilu Nguyin cho din nam 1910, mdi khoa cdn ghi ro dia dilm thi, S l u le thi, chdc danh quan trudng va diem thi cda tung bai. Tie Liem hi^in ddng khoa chi cda Bdi Xuan Nghi tuy chi la khoa luc cua mgt huyen nhimg led sini tap dugc diy dd nguai do cda cac trieu. Ngoai danh sach Tien sT td trieu Ly den Nguyen, Cu nhan dilu Nguyin ti:u ^ a tri Ion nhit cua sach nay la bg suu t ^ 397 Huong cong va 54 Sinh do dieu Le, 152 Tu tai trieu Nguyin. Vdi Thu ty, vi la cong sue cda ca mpt tap the n&i quy mo ldn hem rit nhieu. Ngoai gia tri dSc biet la danh sach 1509 i^;udi do thi Huang, chung ta con cd the tim hieu them mgt so gja tri khac nhu truang thi Thanh Hoa trieu Le, truyen thing khoa cu cua timg dia phitcmg tren manh dit xd Thanh giau truyen tiiong hieu hpc v.v...
2.2.1. Trudng tiii Huong va trudng Thanh Hda:
Thi Huang d nuac ta bit diu cd td cuoi trilu Trin, nam Quang Thai thd 6 (1396) ddi Trin Thuan T6ng*'^\ Cijng tii do cho
^ n khoa thi cuoi cung nam 1918 trieu Nguyen, d d luc cd biln loan, quy chi kha on # i h !a ba nam md mgt khoa, cu nam tnrdc thi Huang thi nam sau thi Hgi.
Sd sach khong ghi dugc tiidi Tran va Le sa c6 miy trudng thi, gom nhdng trudng nao. Ddi Trung hung thudng to chdc 7 trudng: Phyng Thien, Thanh Hoa, Nghe An, Son Nam, Son Tay, Kinh Bac va Hai Dirong. Ddng thai vai thi cu d Dang Ngoai, nam Canh Hung tiiu 38 (1777) nha Le cung
cho t l chuc trudng thi Huang d xd Thuan Hoa theo ldi tau cda Trin thu Thuan Hda Pham Ngo Ciu. Nhu vay, cudi trilu Le co tiiem trudng tiii Thuan U6sP^\ Cac tai Ueu Han Ndm ghi dugc trieu Tay Son to chuc dupc mgt khoa tiii nam Ky Dau (1789) d xu Thanh - Nghe'^'*. TriSu Nguyen tiiudng to chuc 6 trudng, cung cd khi 5 hoac 7 trudng, c6 khoa lai chi 4 trudng do tinh hinh xS hgi bat 6n'^*. Dd mgt sd khoa cuoi trieu Nguyen phm thi chung vai trudng Nghe An hoac Ha Ngi nhung Thanh Hoa trieu Le, Thanh Hoa trieu Nguyin bao gom tinh Thanh Hda va Ninh Binh van la trudng thi ldn, dugc td chdc td rat sdm.
Sd ghi nam Mau Ngp nien hieu Chinh Tri t h d 1 (1558) Ifip trudng tiii Hirong d xa Da Lgc huyen Yen Dinh' ', nam Nham Tuat nien hieu Chdih Tri thu 5 (1562) l^p tnidng thi Huang d cua nam thanh Tay
£j^(24) j ^ ^^ ^g g^^ trudng Thanh Hoa deu dan dugc to chuc cho den het trieu Le.
Nhung khoa dau trieu Nguyen, tu Gia Long den Minh Menh van nhu le cu. 5 khoa ddi Thieu Tri deu thi chung voi trudng Nghe An va 1 trong so 11 khoa ddi Ty E)uc thi chung voi trudng Ha Ngi.
Nhu vay 27 khoa trieu Le td chdc trudng thi d trin Thanh Hoa, cdn 26 khoa trieu Nguyen thi cd 6 khoa khdng to chdc a trudng Thanh Hda ma sT td tiii chung vdi tnrdng Nghe An hoac Ha Npi.
2.2.2. Ngudi do va truyen thong khoa cd cua dia phuong
Dua vao ghi chep tu Thu ty, chdng toi da lap bang thong ke ngudi do tung xa (dan vi cu) tix khoa Chinh Hda tiid 23 (1702) din Tu Due tiiu 26 (1873), cu till nhu sau:
- Tinh Thanh Hda:
31
TAP CHI HAN NOM SO 1 (134) - 2016 VUTHfLANANH 1 xa 58 ngudi (Bpt Thugng), 1 xa 39
ngudi (Nguyet Vien), 1 xa 34 ngudi (VTnh Tri) 1 xa 31 ngudi (Bien Thugng), 1 xa 29 ngudi (Bgt Thai), 1 xa 25 ngudi (Cd Doi), 1 x5 20 ngudi (Van Lgc), 1 xa 18 ngudi (Lan Khe), 1 xa 17 ngudi (Thaeh Khe), 1 xa 16 ngudi (Quy Chd), 1 xa 13 ngudi (Duong Son), 2 xa 12 ngudi (Dia Linh, Quang Chieu), 4 xa 11 ngudi (An Hoach, Chan Bai, Hai An, Tu Mmh), 2 xa 10 ngudi (Bach Ciu, Yen Lang), 5 xa 9 ngudi ( D ^ Khanh, Gidi Cu, Ha Duong, Khn Vyc, Phu Chin), 9 xa 8 ngudi (Bit Quan, Hanh VT, Lam Cau, Nggc Doi, Nguyen Xa, Phdc "Dig, Thu Nhat, Tuan La), 5 xa 7 ngudi (Dai Trung, Ddng Dgi, Mau Lam, Td Da, Y6n Dinh), 4 xa 6 ngudi (Du Trudng Trung, Sdc San, Thugng C6c, Trinh San) va 16 xS 5 ngudi (Bang Trmh, Bao Da, Canh Hoach, Dai Ly, D6 Bai, Mao Xa, Nggc Ho^ch, Phdng c i u , Quang Han, Quynh Bdi, Thaeh Tuyln, Thanh Duong, Van Ha, Xudn Phd, Yen Lam, Yen Xa).
- ITnh Ninh Binh:
2 xa 14 ngudi (Coi Tri, Yen Khe), 1 xa 10 r^ydi (Bdng Hai), 1 xa 6 ngucri (La Mai), 2 xa 5 ngudi ( T h ^ h Ldi, Trinh Nu), 3 xa 4 ngudi (B6 Xuyen, Khang Thugng, Thien Tri), 6 xa 3 ngudi (Cung Lilu, Ngn Khe, Kim Tri, Tien Yen, Trat Ciu, Yen Mo), 4 xa 2 ngudi (Dai Hoang, Tri Npi, Yen Li?u, Yen Vg), 20 xS 1 ngudi (At L 3 , B ^ h Bat, Bi (?) Duong, Binh Hai, Bmh (?uang, Cam Thd, Dang Duong, Dao Khe, Gia Giang, Lyc Gia, Ngpc Ddng, (Juang Cdng, Thanh Quylt, Thien Nghe, l l i I Mat, Thugng Hda, Tra Tu, Yen Dien, Yen Dar^, Y6n Lam).
Nhin vao bang thing ke cd till tiiiy huySn Hoai^ Hoa cd nhieu ngudi do hon ca (358), tilp din la E)6ng San (161), Yen 32
Dinh (80), Nga San (60), Ndng Cdng (60), Vmh Lgc (55) v.v... cdn tinh Ninh Binh tfii tap trung d 3 huyen: YSn Khai^ (54), Yen Mo (49) va Gia Viln (18).
Du khong phai la dat cd tiiiyen thong khoa cd nhu Thanh Hda hoac mot sd ^a phuong khac, nhung nhung tu lieu ve 79 ngudi dd Huang cong trieu Le cda Ninh Binh that dang quy. Cung vcri Cdc nhd khoa bdng Viet Narrf \ Qudc trieu huang khoa luc v.v... Thu ty de danh M se gdp phin vao viec lim hieu diy du ban ve nhung ngudi do dat cua tinh nay.
Thanh Hoa la vung dat cd truyin thdng khoa cu tu rat sdm. Ngay td nhiJng khoa thi dai khoa diu trilu Trin da cd ngudi do Thai hpc sinh nhu Luu Dilm, Luu Mien (ngudi xa VTnh Tri huyen Hoang Hda), Le Van Huu (ngudi xa Phd Ly huypn Dong Son) do Bang nhan v.v... Td do ve sau trong cac khoa thi td Idn den nhd, khong khi nao ving bong sT tu xd Thanh vdi hang ti-am ngudi dd dai khoa, hang nghin ngudi do trung khoa. Dan gian cd cau "Thi Hoing Hda, khda Ddng San" la muon ndi viec hpc hanh, do dat cua 2 huyen Hoing Hda va Dong San. Cdn nhu cau "Voi ngua chau ve Bong Bao" Id ndi ve lang Bien Thugng huyen VTnh L6c nhilu ngucri do cao, lam quan to v.v... Nhin vao danh sach CO thl thay Bgt Thugng (Ke Quang) xa Hoing Lgc huyen Hoang Hda - que huang cda Trgng Quynh dung diu danh sach vdi 58 ngudi dd. Nhihig cai ten Nguyet Vien, VTnh Tri, Bien Thugng, Bgt Thai v.v... noi tioig ca nudc vdi tmyen tiidng hieu hgc, do dat nhilu. Khdng hilm nhdi^ nha cd cha con, anh em mgt, hp hang cung thi do nhu Nguyin Quynh d Bgt
THU TYBEDANHKY- NGUON TU" LI$U CO GIA TRI Thugng. (2 con la Nguyen Tong Han,
Nguyen Tong Nghi; artii em hg vdi Nguyin Vien, Nguyen Huy Diem, Nguyen Quy va Nguyen Thyc) hoac 3 tiie he nha Nguyen Khan d xa Van Lgc huyen Dong San (con la Nguyen Nhung, chau la Nguyin Yen) noi nhau thi do hoac hai anh em Nguyin Trgng Hoing, Nguyin Ba Khai d Bgt Thai cdng do mpt khoa v.v...
Ke sT mudn dem tai tri giup ddi thl tien than bang con dudng khoa cd la chinh dang nhat, vi vay ma hg phai nd luc hpc hanh. Nhung khdng t h l khdng k l d i n truyen thong hieu hgc va chinh sach khuySn hpc ciia hau hit cac dia phuang trong xu.
2.2.3. Nhung thong tin khac td Thu ty Mac dd chi ghi dirge 26 khoa thi Huong tridu Nguyen vdi 279 Cd nhan nhur^ thong tin cung co di biet voi bg sach quan phuang QTHKL cua Cao Xuan Due, chd yeu ve hg ten, que quan ngudi do.
Chur^ toi chia nhung di biet ay lam 3 loai:
- Hg ten (thong tin ghi trudc la cua Thu ty., thdng tin sau la cua Quoc triiu Huang khoa luc; ve que quan cilng v^y), ciia 9 tiirdt^hgp:
Thilu Nguyin Dieu 4S ^ ^ Nguyen Dieu R*t^
Hoang B a N g h i -^'itsi^ - Hoang Ba Nghi ^'iti^
Ld v a n Gia ^X^ - Le Nguyen Gia ^ 7 t ^
Le Quynh ^ i]"] (chd Quynh cd bp nhan ddng) - Le Khic Quynh ^ ^ if"]
Vu Danh Ba ^ ^ ^ Vu Danh P h a n ^ ^ J t
Nguyen Ba Cuang R -(& 5f Nguyin Tu Cudng R & 51
Nguyin Van Ngoan ?^ X^ iJt - Nguyen Huu Ngoan R ^ ^
Nguyen Phd R - ; # - Nguyin Van Phd I 5 t ^ i f
Nhu Nhu Thuat ik-hiH - Nhu Tri Thuat i i r ^ P i i
- Que quan, 6 trudng hgp:
Xa Hoang NghTa f A ^ - xa Hoang Dao ?i. j ^ (Nguyin Huy Lich)
HuySn'My Hda jlr-ft - huyen Hoai^
Hda ?A -ft (Dang Quoc Lang, Le Triet, Vuang Dinh Chieu, Dang ST Dong)
Huyen Ddng Scm .^ i - huyen Hoang Hoa ?A -ft (Le Nhu Chuin)
Xa An Vyc ^iit. - xa NghTa Son ^ Jj (Do Xuan Cat)
Xa Quy Chd ^-^ - xa Thai D6 l ^ i t (Le van Ngan)
Xa Quang Ha ^j^T - xa Hoang Thanh
^Aii (Pham Huy Tl)
- Ca hp ten va que quan, 1 dudng hgp:
Ehrong Huy Than # # ' f ^ xa An Trung - Thang Huy Than ; # # i ^ xa HoSng Trung.
Nhu tren da noi, Thu ty di danh ki la cdng trinh tap the cua Van hpi trong tinh. Vi la ngudi dia phuang nen viec suu tap, trsL cuu hg ten cdng que quan ngudi dd cd the tin la chinh xac. Vi \By nhdng thdng tin trong Thu rj) la ca sd de dinh chinh cho bg sach Quoc trieu Huang khoa luc cda tac gia C ^ Xuan Due.
K i t lu^n:
Mgt vai nham lan nhd khong lam anh hudng den gia tri cua cudn sach duy nhit ve nguai do cua mgt trudng thi Huang nua cuoi Le den nua dau Nguyen. Tap the tac gia khong chuyen da bd ra nhieu cdng sue va thdi gian suu tam, bien soan de cuoi cung cung cap cho chdng ta mgt danh sach
33
TAP CHI HAN NOM SO 1 (134) - 2016 VQ THI LAN ANH diy du, dang tin cay ve ngudi do cda hai
tinh Thanh Hoa, Nmh Binh. Hg ten, que quan va khoa tiii cda 1509 ngucri do tiii Huong da lam nen gia tri dac biet cda cuon sach ma chung tdi vira gidi thieu trong bai viet nay.
V.T.L.A Bai viet dugc hoan thanh dudi su tai trg cua QuT Nafosted. De tai mang Ma sd:
IV5.99.2013.06 (04/2014/1V/HDXH). Nhan day xin tran trpng cam an!
Chu thich
(1) Xin xem: Nguyen Thuy Nga, Nghien dm vdn bdn hgc ddng khoa luc Viet Nam, Vien Nghien cuu Han Nom xuat b^n, H. 1999.
(2) Tran Van Vi: Ngudi lang E)6ng Cac, huyen Thp Xucmg, Ha Npi, do Cd nhan khoa At Dau ddi Minh Menh (1825).
(3) Le Nguyen Trung: hien chung toi chira tra cdu dugc ve tac gia nay?
(4) Le Huu Thanh: ngudi xS Thugng Tan huy?n Thanh Quan tinh Nam Djnh. Nay thugc xa Ddng Phong huyen Dong Hung tinh Thai Binh. Cd nhan khoa Canh Tuit (1850) ddi Ty Ddc, 37 tuli do D$ nhj giap Tiln sT xuat than (Hoang giap) khoa Tan Hgi nien hi^u Ty Due thu 4 (1851)- Trai cac chdc:
Tuin phu Ninh Binh, B6 chinh Ha Ngi.
(5) Cao Xuan Due: Cao Xuan Due (1841-1923): t u T u Phat, hieu Long Cuang, ngudi xa Thinh MT huyen Dong Thanh tinh Nghe An. Thi Huang dd Cd nhan ddi Tu Ddc. Trai cac chdc: Tong die San- Hung- Tuyen, Ting tai Qudc sd quan, Thugng thu b$ Hpc, tudc An Xuan td.
(6) Ho Dinh VTnh trai chu nhan: Hien chua ro ten that. Ong tdng lam quan den chdc Han lam vien true hpc sT, sung Sd quan Toan tu ddi Ty Ddc.
(7) Bui Phue Trai: co le la Bui Thdc Kien (1813-1892), ngudi xa Yen D6ng huyen La Scm, nay thupe Chau Phong, huyen Ddc Thp, tinh Ha TTnh. Do Hoang giap nam Ty Due thir 1 (1848), lam quan trai cac chdc: D6c hgc Binh Djnh, Tuan phu Hung Yen, Le bg Thugng thir, Tong ddc Ha Ninh v.v...
(8) Pham Dinh Toai: ty Thieu Du. hieu Song Quynh (khong ro nam sinh, nam mat), con trai Tien sT Pham Dinh Trpng, que d xS Quynh Doi, huy?n Quynh Luu, tinh Ngh?
An. Nam Nham Din (1842), ong do Cir nhan, dugc bo lam Tri huyen, roi trai qua cac chdc: Tri phu Lam Thao (1866) Bo chanh Son Tay, An sat Scm Tay.
(9) Van ban chep nhim thanh nam Tir Ddc Tan Miii.
(10) Nguyen ban them chu ^ ^ sau chif "luge soan" va nham thanh 27 khoa do cong nham Minh Menh cd 8 khoa.
(11) Ky hieu Vien NCHN: VHv.1272, VHv.291. Sach nay theo cac tac gia trong Thu muc de yeu luge thuat la sach ghi chep nhting ngudi thi do ciia tinh Quang Binh.
Thuc ra npi dung sach ghi ngudi thi dl ciia hai tinh Ngh? An va Ha TTnh. Chung toi xin dugc dinh chinh lai.
(12) Ky hieu Vien NCHN A.507 va A.2869. Nguyin Hihi Miii, Nguyen Thuy Nga dich va bien soan, Nxb. Dantri, H. 2010.
(13) Van ban ghi nhim la nSm Quy Mao.
(14) Chinh van ghi " 8 3 # ' + 7 T - ^ 6 ^ T S ^ " Minh M?nh thgp luc nien At Miii Dinh An khoa (An khoa nam At Miii Dinh (?), Minh Menh 16). Ghi nhu vay la nhim, vi nam Minh Menh 16 chi cd trucmg Gia Dmh dugc trien han ma thoi.
Dii ngudi sau da dung but Idng sua chiJ
"luc" thanh chu "bat" va sda chu "an" thanh 34
THU TYBEDANHKY- NGUON TULI$U CO GIA TRf 2h& "D^u" nhung cha "Dinh" trong chinh van
van gay sy kho hilu vi so xuit cua van ban.
(15) Van ban nham thanh Ty Ddc thu 20.
(16) Van ban nhim thanh Ty Ddc thd 23 va ghi lay d l 15 ngudi nhung chi cd hp ten mpt ngudi la Nguyin Huy Chilu.
(17) Ky hi?u Vien NCHN VHv.313/1-4.
(18) Ngo Thl Long - Nguyin Kim Hung djch va khao chdng, Nguyin Dong Chi hi^u dinh.Nxb. KHXH, H. 199l,tr.374.
(19) Xin xem: Phan Huy Chii, Lich triiu hiin chuang logi chi - Khoa muc chi T6 phien djch Vi?n sd hpc phien djch va chu giai, Nxb. KHXH, H. 1992, T. 2, tr. 154.
(20) Xem them Nguyin Thuy Nga, Thi Huang thai cdc ehda Nguyen. Tgp chi Hdn A^dm, s i 2/2013, tr. 49.
(21) Xem them Nguyen Thuy Nga, Gido due vd khoa cie trieu Tdy Scm. Tgp chi Hdn Nom, sd4l20\3,tr. 57
(22) Xem Muc luc sach Qudc trieu huang khoa lyc, Cao Xuan Due.
(23) Xin xem Dgi Vi^t sir Id todn //w(ban dich), T^p III, Ban ki tyc bien, q. XVI, tr. 131.
(24) Xin xem Khdm dinh Vi^t sir thong gidm cuang muc (bkn djch), T^p 1, Chinh bien, q. XXVIII, tr. 648.
(25) Ngd Ddc Thp (chu bien) Nguyen Thiiy Nga - Nguyen Hdu Miii, Nxb. Van hgc 1993, tai ban 2006
Tai lieu tham khao
* Ch& Han: Thu ti di danh ki^-kYLM.
Si^, ban goc luu t^i Thu vi?n Qudc gia Viet Nam, kihi$u:R. 132.
* Tieng Vift:
[1] Bill Xuan Nghi, Tir Liem huy^n Ddng khoa chi. Nguyin Huu Miii - Nguyin Thiiy Nga djch, NXb. Dan tri, H. 2010.
[2] Cao Xuan Dye, Qudc trieu Huang khoa luc, Nxb Lao dgng, Trung tam van hoa ngon ngir Dong Tay. H. 2011.
[3] Dgi Viet sir ki todn thu, t|ip III, Nxb. KHXH, H. 1998.
[4] Dgi Viet sie ki tue bien, Ngo The Long - Nguyin Kim Hung dich va khao chihig, Nguyin Ddng Chi hieu dinh. Nxb KHXH, H. 1991.
[5] Dia chi Thanh Hoa, Tap 2, Van hoa xa hgi. NXb. KHXH, H. 2004
[6] Khdm dinh Viet sii- thdng gidm ctrang muc, Chinh bien, quyln thd XXVIII, tap ],H. Giao due, 1998.
[7] Cdc nhd khoa bdng Viet Nam: Ngd Due Thp (chii bien), Nguyin Thuy Nga, Nguyin Hdu Miii. Nxb. Van hpc, H. 2006 (tai ban).
[8] Thu muc sach Hdn Ndm d Thu vien Qudc gia, Ngo Ddc Thp (chu bien), Nguyen Thiiy Nga, Vu Thi Lan Anh, Nguyen Ddc Toan, Thu vi?n Qudc gia- Tai lieu luu hanh npi bp, Ha Npi 2002.
[9] Nguyen Thiiy Nga, Nghien cuu vdn bdn hgc ddng khoa luc Vi^t Nam, Vi$n Nghien cdu Han Nom xuat ban, H. 1999.
[10] Nguyen Thi Chan Quynh, Khoa cu Vi$t Nam (Quyen thugng) Thi Huang. Nxb Van hpc, Trung tam nghien cdu Qudc hgc, TPHCM 2003.
[11] Phan Huy Chu, Lich trieu hiin chuang logi chi. Nxb KHXH, H. 1992, tap 2.
[12] Trin NghTa-Prof Fransois Gros, Di sdn Hdn Nom Viet Nam- Thu muc de yeu, Nxb. KHXH, 1993, tap 2.
[13] Tran Van Giap, Lupc khdo khoa cir Vi$t Nam. tir khdi thuy den khoa Mdu Ngp (trong sach Nhd sir hgc Trdn Vdn G/«/)j, Nxb. KHXH, H. 1996.
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