VAN BIA HOC DIEN HANG T O N G CUA TONG SON BINH: NGUON TU* LIEU CO GIA TRI TRONG NGHIEN ClTU VE HOC DIEN d N u ' d e TA
NGUYEN H U U M U r * '
Tom tdt: Hgc diln la loai rupng phue vu muc dich hpc tap trong nen giao due khoa cd Nho hgc d Viet Nam giai doan 1075- 1919. Trudc day viec dat hpc diln do ngudi dan trong xa hoac thdn dam nhiem, nay can cu tu lieu van bia cho thay d tdng cung d^t hgc diln: Tdng Son Binh, huyen Lap Thaeh, tinh VTnh Yen. Theo do 6 xa trong dia ban cdng Cai Tdng Hoang TTnh da dat 16 mau rupng lam hpc diln cho ting Son Binh. Su kien nay diln ra vao nam 1854, dudi trilu vua Tu Ddc (1848 - 1883).
Day la tu lieu cd gia tri, gdp phin nghien cdu vl hgc dien d Viet Nam them day dd.
Tic khoa: Hgc diln, tdng San Binh, giao due khoa cd, VTnh Yen.
Abstract: School-ovmed land is a type of rice-field used for the purpose of learning in Vietnam Confucianism competition-examination in period of 1075-1919.
In the past, school-owned land setting was believed being done by people in the commune or hamlet, however, the epitaph data now shows that people in canton also set up school-owned land: for example in Son Binh canton. Lap Thaeh district, Vinh Yen province. According to that evidence, people from 6 communes ruled by Canton Chief Hoang Tinh set 16 hectares (about 57.600 square meters) for school-owned land at Son Binh canton. This event occurred in 1854 in Tu Due Reign (1848 - 1883). Such documentation is very valuable and have great contribution to make the study of school-owned land in Vietnam more complete.
Key words: School-owned land. Son Binh Tong, Competition-examinatioa Vinh Yea rgc dien ^ W la logi rugng dung hda, gid gin phong tue, y trim rit
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^vao muc dich hgc tap trong nen chuong nhu vay. Nay quy ehe d kinh do giao due khoa cd Nho hgc d nudc ta da du ma d chau huyen thi cdn thilu, lam trudc day. Theo ghi chep trong chinh sd, the nao rpng dudng giao hoa cho dan?viec dat hpc diln d nudc ta co tu kha Nen lenh cho cac phu 16 San Nam, Kinh sdm. Dgi Viet sic ky todn thu ghi nhan Bic, Hai Duong dlu dat mpt hpc vao nam 1397, dudi ddi Trin Thuan quan, ban cho quan diln theo thd bac Tdng (1388-1398), vua xudng chilu ndi khac nhau: phd chau ldn thi 15 miu, phu ring: "Ddi xua, nudc cd nha hpc, dang chau vda 12 mau, phu chau nhd 10 miu cd nha tu, toai cd nha tudng de td rd giao (*i-rc i;-- M L-- - ... ^,-
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VAN BIA HQC DIEN HANG TONG CUA TONG SOlN BJNH...
de chi dung cho viec hgc trong phu chau minh (mpt phan de cdng ngay mong 1, mgt phan cho nha hgc, mgt phan cho den sach). Lp quan va quan doc hgc hay day bao hpc tro cho thanh tai nghe, cu den cuoi nam thi chpn ngudi uu tu tien cd len trieu dinh, trim se than hanh thi chgn va cat nhac"" \
Sau su kien nay hon 300 nam, den ddi Le Trung hung, chua Trinh Cuong (1709- 1729), vao nam 1723, lai "Cap rupng cho trudng qudc hgc va huang hpc, nhieu it khac nhau (trudng qudc hgc dugc cap 60 mau, [trudng huang hgc] phd ldn: 20 miu;
phu vua: 18 mau; phu nho: 16 mau"*^'.
Do la nhiing thong tin ve dat hpc dien tgi cac trudng hgc 6 cac phu Ig do nha nuac quan ly, cdn dat hgc dien tai cac lang xa do chinh quyen dia phuong dam nhan co tu bao gid hien chua ro. Nam 2008, chdng tdi gidi tiiieu van bia Hpc xd dien tho bi ky
^•#•31 J L « ^ 1 £ , tao nam Chinh Hoa thd 23 (1702), dat d xa Van Trung huyen Bach Hac, dugc xem la van bia cd nien dai sdm nhit d l c£^ dSn dat hgc dien d cap lang xa cua nudc ta''^'. Kl tu thdi diem dung tim bia nay trd v l sau, viec dat hgc dien cda cac lang xa xuit hien ngay mgt nhieu, ghi nhan tren vSn bia cung nhu chep trong huong ude cua cac dfia phuong, dac biet la tai vdng ddng bing Bic Bg va Bac Trung Bp.
Gan day trong qua trinh nghien cuu d l tai khuyin hgc d Viet Nam giai doan 1075-1919, chung tdi nhan thay mot tam van bia ghi dat hgc diln hang tdng cua tdng Son Binh huyen Lap Thaeh tinh Vmh Yen (tdng nay nay thupe dia ban cua 3 xS: Van Quan, Dinh Chu va Trieu D I cda huyen Lap Thaeh tinh VTnh Phdc). v a n bia do Tnidng Vien dong
Bac c6 (EFEO) in rap tai chinh van tu cua tong San Binh huyen Lap Thaeh tinh VTnh Yen vao diu t h l ky XX, ky hieu No.15508 -1511, hien luu trd tai Vien Nghien cuu Han Ndm. Can cu vao thae ban cho thay day la tam bia try, gom 4 mat, khong trang tri hoa van, khd 35 x 61cm, k h i c 31 ddng chd Han d 4 mat, ude tong cgng khoang 500 chu, chu cdn dgc ro. Trong bia khac mgt so chu Ndm dung ghi ten cac xu ddng, nhu Can True ^ i t ; Giing Tang # ^ ; Ddng Chua ^ ^...
Nguyen van chu Han nhu sau:
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Phien am:
Lgp Thaeh S&n Binh tdng hgc Min ky Minh Menh sa. Boon Hiing phu Gido thu Hodng, tu Thdnh Chinh tien sinh thuy ky nghi. Tu Due Quy Sicu thu, huang hien tir v« thdnh, tie Cai tong Hodng Tinh du ky tong chi Tu vdn hpi nghi, di todi ky su. Nai luang bgt cong tu dien xa tgi nhdt xu, cdc tam mdu nhi cao.
Cai tdng nguyen cung ky gia chi dien nhdt xir diec tam mdu nhi cao. Hap bdt xii" thdnh dien nhi thdp nhi mdu tu cao, doan di nhi xu dien luc mdu tu cao cung hien tu xudn thu lue tu. Du luc xie dien thdp lite mdu tue to. ky nhgp dT bi hpc su tue thdi thiic tu chi phi.
Kim hiin tu vH ky thgch. logi kien ky so chi dgi long, du ky dien chi mdu cao, ldn ban, tinh ddng chi thgch vdn.
Ky nien Tu Due vgn vgn nien chi thdt, lui Gidp Ddn thu trung nguyin.
Gidp Thin khoa Tien sT, San Tay Hpc chinh, gia ky luc nhdt thu, Nggc Dinh Nguyin Hieu Tgo cdn thuc.
- Ti diin luc mdu tu cao:
Npi San Binh xd cung lien cong dien tgi San Binh Giing Tang xir lam mdu nhi cao. Thuang can Khu Ldm. hg can hpc diin. Id can thS khu, hiru cgn Lai Chdu ddn cu.
Npi Phan Lang xa cung tien (u dien tai San Binh xd Na Hodn xir lam mdu nhi cao. Thuang can ddn cu, hg can tu dien, td can thd khu, hihi can tho khu.
- Hpc diin (hdp lite mdu:
Noi Cai tdng Hodng Tinh cung din tu diin tam mdu nhi cao tgi San Binh Cdn True xu. Thuong cgn Lai Chdu cong diin, hg can tri linh. hieu can ddn cu, ta can tieu 16.
Npi Hg Phan xd cung lien tu diin (am mdu nhi cao tgi San Binh Giing Tang xir, thuang can li diin. hg cgn tu diin, la can tho khu, hihi can Lai Xd ddn cu.
Npi Lai Chdu xd cung tien tu diin tam mdu nhi cao tgi Lai Chdu Dong Chua xie. Thuang can Khu Chua, hg can (ho khu, (d can tu dien, hieu can Chiia Di.
Npi Trieu Xd xd cung tien cong dien tam mdu nhi cao tgi Trieu Xd Dong Chiia xu. Thuang can tu dien. hg can Khu Hodn, td can tho khu. hiru can Khu Chiia.
Npi Chu Di xd Binh Chu thdn cung tiin cong dien nhdt mdu luc cao tgi San
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VAN BIA HQC DIEN HANG TONG CUA TONG SON BINH..
Binh Cdn True xir. Thuang can tri tinh, hg can tu dien. td can cong dien, hiru can tiiu lp.
Npi Chu Di xd Binh Bo thdn cung tiin lu dien nhdt mdu luc cao tgi Chu Be xd Dong Qudn xie. Thuang can lu diin, hg can tu dien, td can tieu lp. hiiu can Khu Ldm.
Bdn long San Binh xd tu khoa Tit tdi Hodng Tiing phung thu.
Dich nghTa:
Bia ghi hoc dien tdng S<m Binh huyen Lap Thaeh Dau nien hieu Minh Menh (1820- 1840), Giao thu phu Doan Hung, hp Hoang ten tu la Thanh Chinh tien sinh, bat diu ban viec dat hpc dien trong tong. Den mua thu nam Qay Suu, nien hieu Tu Due (1853), td vu thd huang hien trong tong hodn thanh, con dng [Giao thu] la Cai tdng Hoang Tinh mdi ban dinh vdi Hgi Tu van trong tdng de tiep ndi cong viec cii. B6n lugng iiy rudng cong rupng tu tai moi xu cua tung xa, moi xa 3 mau 2 sao, Cai tdng [Hoang TTnh] tu nguyen cung tien mgt xd mdng tu cua gia dinh, cung 3 mau 2 sao.
Hgp 8 xd thanh 22 miu 4 sao rugng, trich 6 miu 4 sao rupng d 2 xu, dung lam nhu phi cung dng vao tiet xuan thu hang nam tai din thd tien hiln [cua tdng], con lai rupng d 6 xd la 16 miu, nop to hang nam, s6 con l^i bao nhi6u tra dd cho thiy giao, lam nhu phi quanh nam giang day.
Nay din thd tien hien cua tong hoan thanh, ben thuat lai viec chinh, cung s6 hgc diln cua tong, voi so mau, sao bao nhieu, g j ^ danh nhdng dau, dem khic vao bia.
L$p bia vao tilt rim thang 8, nam Giap Din, nien hieu Tu Ddc thd 7 (1854) trong van van ndm.
Nguyin Hiiu Tao hieu Ngac Dinh, do Tiln sT khoa Giap Thin (1844), ITnh chdc Hgc chinh San Tay. dugc ghi cdng mgt lan, cung kinh soan.
- Rugng te gom 6 mau 4 sao:
Trong do xa San Binh cung tien 3 miu 2 sao rugng cong, tai xu Gieng Tang xa Son Binh. Phia tren giap Khu Lam, phia dudi giap hgc dien, ben trai giap gd dat, ben phai giap dan cu thon Lai ChSu.
Trong dd xa Phan Lang cung tien rugng cong tai xd Na Hoan thugc dia phan xa Son Binh la 3 mau 2 sao. Phia tren giap dan cu, phia dudi giap rupng tu, ben trai giap gd dat, ben phai giap go dat.
- Hpc dien gom 16 miu:
Trong do Cai tong Hoang TTnh cung tiln 3 miu 2 sao rugng tu tai xd Can True thupe dia ban xa Son Binh. Phia tren giap rupng cdng xa Lai Chau, phia dudi giap xd Tri Tinh (Ao Giing?), ben phai giap dan cu, ben trai giap dudng nhd.
Trong do xa Ha Phan cung tien 3 miu 2 sao rugng tu tai xd Gieng Tang thupe dia phan xa Son Binh. Phia tren giap rugng te, phia dudi giap rupng tu, ben trai giap gd dat, ben phai giap dan cu xa Lai Chau.
Trong dd xa Lai Chau cung tien 3 mau 2 sao rugng cong tai xd Dong Chua thupe dia phan xa Lai Chau. Phia tren giap Khu Chua, phia dudi giap gd dSt, ben trai giap rupng tu, ben phai giap Chua De.
Trong do xa Trieu Xa cung tien 3 mau 2 sao rugng cong tai xu Ddng Chua thupe dia phan xa Trieu Xa. Phia tren giap mong tu, phia dudi giap Khu Hoan, ben trai giap gd dat, ben phai giap Khu Chua.
Trong do thdn Dinh Chu xa Chu De
TAP CHi HAN NOM SO 1 (134) - 2016 NGUYEN HOU H/lOl
cung tiln 1 miu 6 sao rugng cong tai xd Can True thupe dia phan xa Son Binh.
Phia tren giap xd Tri Tinh (Ao Giing?), phia dudi giap rugng tu, ben trai giap rupng cong, ben phai giap dudng nhd.
Trong do thdn Binh Do xa Chu De cung tiln 1 mau 6 sao rupng tu tai xu Ddng Quan thugc dia phan xa Chu De.
Phia tren giap rugng tu, phia dudi giap rupng tu, ben trai giap dudng nhd, ben phai giap xd Dong Khu Lam.
Hoang Tung, dd 4 khda Tu tai, ngudi xa San Binh tong Son Binh, viet chd.
IMgtsonhan xet
1. Tac gia van bia la Nguyin Huu Tao hieu Ngac Dinh, ngudi xa Ddng Ngac huySn Td Liem (nay la thdn Ddng Ngac xa Ddng Ngac quan Bde Td Liem, Ha Npi), do De tam giap Dong Tien sT xudt than khoa Giap Thin, nien hieu Thieu Tri thd 4 (1844). Ong dugc mdi bien soan van bia nay khi dang gid chuc Hgc chinh tinh San Tay, tdc mgt chdc vu chuyen lo viec day hgc d mgt tinh. Nhu the day la tac pham cua mpt nha khoa bang chuyen trach ve giao due. Cung cin ndi them, khi Nguyen Huu Tao lam quan tai tinh Son Tay, vai chuc vu Hpc chinh, sau dd thang den Ddc hpc Son Tay, dng cd ddng hgc trd theo hgc va trd thanh nha giao due noi tieng d vung nay dko tao duge nhieu ngudi do khoa bang. Nhd uy tin nhu vay, ngoai van bia hpc diln hang ting cua tdng Son Binh ndi din d day, ong cdn tham gia bien soan 6 van bia khac cho cac lang xa tren dia ban tinh San Tay. Tru van bia Ddo vH bi ky ^ ^
^ it, dl cap din ngdi milu tha hai vi La Nam Bi va Thong Phan Duong Dudng
d xa Yen Cat huyen Bach Hac" , 5 van bia cdn lai* * deu ghi ve viec dung van td, van chi trong do de cap den viec dat hgc dien cua cac xS trong vung do ong dugc mdi soan. Ndi ra dieu nay de thay ong la ngudi CO uy tin trong viec bien soan van bia thugc chd de giao due lang xa Uen dja ban tinh Son Tay trudc day.
2. van bia hpc dien cda tong Son Binh dung vao nien hieu Tu Due thd 7 (1854), trong boi canh nen giao due khoa cu Nho hpc nuac ta dang ton tai va phat trien dn dinh nhat dudi trieu Nguyin. Cu the khi vua Tu Due mdi len ngdi, trieu dinh da ke thua kinh nghiem va thanh tuu trudc do cua nen giao due khoa ed Nho hpc, md lien tiep thi Huong va thi Hpi. Ve thi Huang, ngay trong nam 1848, da cho md An khoa thi Huong tai Trudng thi Thua Thien, Gia Djnh, Ngh6 An, Thanh Hda, Ha Npi, Nam Dinh, gom 6 trudng, lay do gom 145 Cd nhSn. Cung trong nam 1848, trieu dinh to chdc An khoa thi Hgi, lay dd 8 Tien sT va 14 Pho bang. Td day den khi vua Tu Due qua ddi (1883), tong cgng cd 16 khoa thi Huang va 15 khoa thi Hpi da dugc thyc thi. Con tai cac lang xa, day cung la thdi ky ma ngudi dan 6 nhieu noi cung nhau lap hpc dien, xay dung trudng Idp, ke ca trudng dan lap lin tu thuc dien ra lien tue.
3. Npi dung van bia ghi dat hpc dien hang tong cua tdng Son Binh huyen Lap Th^ch do de xuat cua Giao thu phd Doan Hung, hg Hoang, dua ra tu dau nien hieu Minh Menh, nhung din nam 1853 mdi thyc thi. Theo do moi xa trong tdng Son Binh gom Son Binh, Phan Lang, Ha Phien, Lai Chau, Trieu Xa, Chu Bk (6 xa) 22
VAN BIA HOC DIEN HANG TONG CUA TONG SON BINH..
va Cai tdng Hoang "Hnh, moi nai bo ra 3 mau 2 sao, cgng thanh 22 mau 4 sao dat lam hpc diln. Trich 6 mau 4 sao dat lam rupng te tien hien ban tong, thuc con 16 mau darth cho hpc diln. Nhu vay ngi dung van bia cung c i p thong tin v l viec dat hgc diln hang tdng cda mgt tdng thupe vung trung du d nude ta. Viec dat hgc diln d day do d l xuit cua mgt ca nhan va do nguai dan trong tong quylt dinh, bang each moi xa thupe ban t i n g bd ra s6 rupng nhu nhau, tao thanh s6 hgc dien kha ldn, vai 16 m i u , trong do bao ham ca rudng cong va rupng tu.
Dilu nay cho thiy viec dat hpc diln hang tong giong nhu dat hpc dien hang xa, dlu dung rupng cong va rugng tu do mgi ngudi trong dia ban cung tiln, khong cd su ho trg tu phia nha nudc.
4. Thong qua van bia hpc diln hang tdng cua tdng San Binh con cung c i p thong tin ve pham vi dat hpc dien nai lang xE trong n l n giao diic khoa cd Nho hpc d Viet Nam giai doan 1075-1919.
Trudc day chung ta co kha nhieu tu lieu van bia va huang u a c de cap den viec dat hpc dien cua cac lang xa trong ca nudc, vdi trpng tam la vung ddng bang Bac Bg va B i c Trung Bp. Danh muc dat hpc diln cda cac lang xa do chung toi thdng ke ngay cang nhi§u nhung chi thay d hai c i p dp la xS va thon. Nay tiep nhan van bia hpc dien cua mgt tong da md rpng danh muc hpc dien 6 nudc ta them mpt c i p dp mdi: cap dp hpc dien hang tdng. N h u vay viec deit hpc dien d lang xa nudc ta truac day dugc hinh thanh theo ba cip dp: cap tdng, cap xd va thon. LTng vdi moi cap dp deu cd dat hgc dien phue
vu cho muc dich hgc tap tai dia phuang.
5. Cung thong qua van bia hgc dien hang tong cua tong San Binh cung cap thong tin ve boat dgng giao due cua tdng San Binh vao thdi diem giua the ky XIX a Viet Nam. Tai do ngudi dan trong tdng chu dgng mdi thay giao ve day hgc cho con em cda hg va ngudi thay dugc chu cap bang ngudn luang dua tren 16 mau rugng do chinh ngudi dan trong tdng l$p ra. Cdn ngoi trudng, du van bia khong de cap song cd the nhan thay day la ngoi trudng dan lap cap tong do ngudi dan trong tong tao dung. Ngdi trudng nay chua rd dat tai dia diem nao trong tong nhung theo chdng toi rat cd the dat ngay tai van td cua tong San Binh. Nhung du dat tai dia diem nao dii day vin la ngdi trudng dan lap cap tong dau tien phan anh tren van bia d nuac ta. Vdi tu lieu nay khong chi lam phong phd cho he thing trudng Idp trong nen giao due khoa cu Nho hgc Viet Nam, ma con gdp phan nghien cdu ve ho^t dgng khuyen hgc nudc nha giai dogn 1075-1919 them diy du**V.
N.H.M (*) Bai viet nay dugc tai trg cua Quy Phat trien Khoa hgc va Cong nghe Quoc gia (Nafosted), ditai mS si IV5.3-20I2.22. Xin chan thanh cam on.
Chu thich:
(1) Dgi Viet su ky todn thu, ban dich, tap 2,Nxb. KHXH, H. 1993, tr. 192.
(2) Dgi Viet sie ky tue bien (1676-1789), ban djch, Nxb. Hong Bang, Trung tam Van hoa ngon ngd Ddng Tay, H.2012, tr.88.
(3) Xem Nguyin Huu Mui: Hgc xd diin tho bi ky - Tdm bia de cap den viec dung trudng ddn lap vd dgt hgc dien sdm nhdt a
TAP CHi HAN NOM SO 1 (134) - 2016 nudc ta, trong Thong bdo Hdn Nom hgc ndm 2008, Ha Npi, 2009, tr. 700 - 707.
(4) Van bia nay tac nam Tir Ddc thd 13 (1860), ky hieu No.14429.
(5) Gom VTnh Tudng phu lap Thgch huyen San Binh tong tir vu bi ky, dirng nam Tu Ddc thd 7 (1854). No. 15504-07; Tir chi bi ky, dung n5m Tir Ddc thu 4 (1851), No.14417-18; Vdn chi bt minh, dyng nam Ty Ddc thd 9 (1856), No.l4405 - 6; Vdn chi bi ky, tao nam thd 8 (1855), No. 14903-04;
Dinh Xd huong hiin tic bi, tao nam Ty DLTC thd 13(1860), No.14583-4.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Cdc nhd khoa bdng Viet Nam (1075- 1919), NgO Ddc Thp (chu bien), Nguyen Thuy Nga, Nguyen Hu"u Miii. Nxb. Van hpc, HaNgi.1993.
NGUYEN HO-U ll/lOl 2. Cao Xuan Due: Quoc trieu Huang khoa luc. Nguyin Thiiy Nga, Nguyin Thj Lam dich, Cao Ty Thanh hieu dinh va gim thi?u (tai ban lin thd nhat). Nxb. Lao d^ng, Trung tam van hoa Dong Tay, Ha Noi, 2011.
3. Nguyin Huu Mui: Truyen thong hieu hgc vd he thSng vdn mieu van tie vdn chi a VTnh Phiic. Sd Van hoa The thao va Du ljch VTnh Phue (tai ban lin thd nhit), 2011.
4. Nguyin Huu Miii: Nghien cieu vdn bia VTnh Phue, Sd Van hoa The thao va Du ljch VTnh Phue, 2013.
5. Dd Van Ninh: Tir dien quan chiic Vi^l Nam, Nxb. Thanh Nien, H, 2012.
6. Thte mye thdc bdn van khdc Hdn Nom Viet Nam, t|p Vlll. Trjnh Khic Manh (chu bien). Nxb. Van hoa Thong tin, H. 2012.
HOP THU' BAN DOC
Trong thdi gian gan day Tgp chi Hdn Nom da nhan dugc bai cda cac tac gia:
Do Tuan Anh, Vu Lan Anh, Van Chit, hTguy^n Van Chidn, Vuong T§m Chiln, Nguydn Quyet Chiln, Hoang Tuan Cong, Nguy§n XuSn Dien, Trdn Trgng Duong, Trin van Dat, Le Doan Ding, ChSu Hai Dudng, Chu Xuan Giao, Tran Anh Hao, Trin Hao Hung, Nguydn Thj Hoa, D|ng Thj Hoa, Nguyen Oinh Hung, Nguyen Quang Khai, Nguyin Qudc Khanh. Phgm Van Khoai, L§ Thanh Lan, Ng6 The LSn, D 6 Phuong Lam, Nguydn Thj Lam, Nguydn Tien Lap, Phiing Di§u Linh, Nguyin C6ng Ly, Nguyin Huy My, Nguyin Phong Nam, Huang Nao, Zhon Bei Nan - Vu Thj Hul, Nguyin ThCiy Nga, Nguyin VSn Ngoan, Hoang Phu Ngpc Phan, Bui Ba QuSn, Luu Hdng Son, Nguyen Manh Son, Trin San, Trin Van Tien, Nguyin VSn Toai, Bilii Chi Th^nh, Pham Thugn Thanh, Nguyin Van Thao, Dinh Khic Thuan, Do^n Thj Thu Thuy, Nguyin Thj Anh Thu. Nguyin D6ng Trilu, Nguyin Ddc Toan, Nguyin Van TuSn.Trlm Thanh Tuin. Vo Thj Anh Tuylt, Dao Vinh Hgp. Nguyin Van Trung, Nguyen Van Trudng.
Tgp chi Hdn Nom xin chan thanh cam i epng tac cua Quy vi.
I va mong ligp tue n h ^ dugc su TCHN
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